Literate Mothers Research Articles

Study of Menstrual Hygiene Practices Among Adolescent Girls in a Tribal Area of Central India.

Introduction Menstruation is an essential phenomenon in an adolescent girl's life. In India, females who are menstruating are considered impure and teenage girls are not allowed to undertake home chores or engage in religious or cultural events during their period. Up-to-date knowledge about menstruation, beginning in early adolescence, would improve safe practices and relieve the distress of millions of women. Material and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescent girls (10-19 years) residing in a tribal area of Nagpur District from January to March 2022. Three tribal residential schools (Ashram Shala) were selected from a total of six in Hingana Taluka of Nagpur District, using simple random sampling to fulfill the required sample size of 272. Demographic details, age at menarche, awareness of menstruation, sources of information about menstruation, menstrual hygiene practices, and restrictions observed during menstruation were assessed. Results The average age at menarche was 13.04+0.96 years (range 11-16 years). Only 45.17% of girls were aware of the menarche and menstrual cycle before its onset. The duration of the menstrual cycle ranged from 21-35 days in most of the girls (90.69%), and it was regular in 85.86% of girls. Duration of bleeding was two to six days for the majority of the girls (87.93%). Around 73.79% of girls were using sanitary pads, while 26.21% of girls were using clothes. The most important restrictions imposed on the girls during menstruation were not being allowed to attend religious functions (97.93%), followed by not being allowed to attend classes (65.86%). The use of sanitary pads was significantly more inlate adolescent girls than in early adolescent girls (ꭓ2=14.97, p=0.0001), girls who have literate mothers than girls with illiterate mothers (ꭓ2=5.17, p=0.02), and girls belonging to higher socioeconomic classes (class I, II, III) than lower ones (class IV, V) (ꭓ2=44.23, p<0.0001). Conclusion The tribal adolescent girls still don't exercise proper hygiene throughout their periods. During menstruation, the majority of girls are still subjected to various restrictions.

Knowledge, attitudes, and predictors of exclusive breastfeeding practice among lactating mothers in Noakhali, Bangladesh

BackgroundMothers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward exclusive breastfeeding are crucial to both child and mother’s health and wellbeing. Hence, This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices of exclusive breastfeeding among lactating mothers as well as the predictors of their exclusive breastfeeding practice. MethodologyThis cross-sectional study included 397 mothers having infants aged 0–6 months who sought care at Noakhali Sadar Upazila, Noakhali, Bangladesh. A field-tested and validated Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) questionnaire was utilized to collect information from participants. ResultsOf those evaluated; 29.0% of mothers could not define exclusive breastfeeding accurately, 11.3% and 59.3% did not know the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding for babies and mothers, respectively. More than half (51.4%) of the mothers reported feeling good about exclusive breastfeeding for six months, did not find difficulties to breastfeed exclusively for six months (39.5%) and on-demand (58.2%). The mothers had an overall favorable attitude towards exclusive breastfeeding; however, 38.3% of mothers did not exclusively breastfeed their children. Literate mothers tended to exclusively breastfeed more (AOR: 3.06, 95% CI: 1.01–9.32; P = 0.049) than illiterate mothers. Mothers having one baby were more likely to breastfeed exclusively (AOR: 3.07, 95% CI: 1.21–7.78; P = 0.018) than mothers having more than one baby. Moreover, mothers with higher knowledge and favorable attitude had more than two times (AOR: 2.58, 95% CI: 1.315.07; P = 0.006) and forty-three times (AOR: 43.18, 95% CI: 21.513–86.66; P < 0.001) the higher tendency of exclusive breastfeeding compared to others. ConclusionDespite having satisfactory knowledge and attitude, the practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers was poor. We recommend that interventions must be focused more on ensuring exclusive breastfeeding practice among mothers in addition to improving their knowledge and attitudes.

Does MaaS address the challenges of multi-modal mothers? User perspectives from Brussels, Belgium

In recent years, Mobility as a Service (MaaS) has received considerable attention in transportation research and policy. The MaaS discourse emphasizes its user-oriented nature and flexibility, which, at least in theory, fits well with the more complex mobility patterns of mothers. We use five key perspectives to analyze MaaS and compare this to the existing system and needs of multi-modal mothers: technology, transportation, economics, subject and policy. The study focuses on Brussels, Belgium where MaaS is promoted as a flexible, efficient, multi-modal alternative for private automobile users. Nevertheless, the main offers do not seem to be family-oriented, and the multi-modal and digitally literate mothers included in the study did not find shared modes useful, except for shared cars. MaaS does not seem to capture the challenge in Brussels since walking and transit are already dominant modes, and goods and services, as well as jobs and housing, are spread throughout the city. The needs expressed by participants through interviews included better station access and tram access with strollers, and better infrastructure in general. The elements of MaaS that were useful for participants (integrated fare cards, apps with better information about public transportation arrival times, and infrastructure improvements), were already present in Brussels without a change to the core idea of public transportation, marketization of transportation services, or addition of shared services. This leads to the conclusion that with the development of MaaS, it is important to not lose sight of basic transportation needs. This suggests that MaaS proponents need to focus more on how to meet users’ needs rather than trying to “reduce resistance” to MaaS.

Exploring Unknown Predictors of Maternal Anemia Among Tribal Lactating Mothers, Andhra Pradesh, India: A Prospective Cohort Study.

IntroductionAnemia is a serious public health issue in India, especially among women, adolescent girls, and young children. Tribal people reside mostly in remote underserved regions with little or no basic civic amenities which makes them a highly vulnerable group of Indians. The study aimed to identify unknown risk factors for anemia among tribal lactating mothers.MethodologyIt was a mixed method prospective cohort study for 10 months carried out among 340 scheduled tribes (ST) mothers in 10 clusters in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Data collection using a questionnaire, 24 hours dietary recall, anthropometric measurement, and hemoglobin estimation was done. Weekly local recipe talk in the mother’s kitchen, informal group discussions, was conducted for 12 weeks after baseline data collection. The audio and video tapes of the weekly local recipe talk in the mothers kitchen were transcribed verbatim and then translated into English. The individual responses were grouped as barriers related to acceptability, availability, accessibility, use and utilization, appropriateness, and nutrition environment.ResultsA total of 340 mothers were enrolled initially of which 315 mothers were studied in an end-line survey with an attrition rate of 7.3%. Over 80% mothers belonged to Yerukula, Yenadis, Lambadi/Sugali tribes, respectively. A total of 345 weekly local mother kitchen recipe talks were conducted in 10 clusters. In the present study, only few mothers mentioned food accessibility and availability issues. Surprisingly, lack of skill to cook the commonly consumed local food item among Indian mothers were recorded. Lack of time for cooking, lack of knowledge of nutritious benefits of food, and use of ready to eat food were other important key findings.ConclusionThe study documents initiation of transition of the tribal lactating mothers towards urbanization. The lack of knowledge of cooking, coupled with lifestyles of urban areas exposes the early aged, poor, low literate mothers to the trap of anemia.

STUDY ON IMMUNIZATION STATUS OF CHILDREN AGED 12 TO 23 MONTHS IN SLUM AREAS

Background: Immunization forms a critical component of primary health care and ensures nations health security. Immunization is one of the most important public health interventions and cost effective strategy to reduce both morbidity and mortality associated infectious diseases. Our national immunization programme is aimed at 100% coverage. Recent WHO estimates suggest that globally 23 million children are not completely immunized with, almost 98% of them residing in developing countries.Recently GOI introduced many new vaccines like Rotavirus, PCV in a phased manner. There is no enough data regarding immunization coverage in slum areas available. Hence this study addresses this issue and also studies the inuence of epidemiological and socio demographic factors in immunization coverage. Methodology: This study was a community based cross sectional study. The study involved interviewing the mothers having a child in the age group 12 months to 23 months. It was carried out from January 2018 to September 2019. Results: 683 study subjects were included in our study in which majority of mothers belonged to 15 to 25 age groups. Both rural and urban slum covered and equal representation is given for both. Fully immunized-were 409(59.9%). partially immunized-207(30.3%), not immunized-67 (9.8%). Individual vaccine wise-BCG=618(90.5%), PV3&amp;OPV3=578 (84.6%), MR=443(64.4%), RV=573(83.9%), More drop out for MR- 240(35 6%). Conclusion: In present study it is showed that majority of study population were immunized but it is not up to mark. The study showed that there is strong association between the mother Literacy and Immunization coverage.

Health literacy of mothers on factors associated to pre-rupture of membranes on perinatal outcomes in Vhembe district, South Africa.

Pre-rupture of membranes prior labour initiation could complicate approximately 5% of pregnancies and could be associated with a high incidence of perinatal morbidity and mortality complications. The major complications could be chorioamnionitis and cord compression resulting in hypoxia. This study aimed to assess the health literacy of mothers on perinatal outcomes following pre-rupture of membranes at Thulamela B clinics of Vhembe district. A quantitative research approach with a cross-sectional descriptive design was used. The study population comprised a total of 210 lactating mothers within 6 weeks following delivery, irrespective of the mode of delivery were purposively selected. Data were collected by the researchers through self-administered questionnaires. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 was used for data analysis. The results are presented in the form of tables and graphs based on probability allowing judgment to be made on variables. Validity and reliability were ensured. Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of Venda Research Ethics Committee and permission to access health facilities from the Limpopo Province Department of Health. Findings revealed that limited and inadequate health literacy towards pre-rupture of membranes contributes to perinatal morbidity and mortality, with associated factors like poor antenatal care attendance, delayed health seeking, defaulting, and loss of follow-up. Recommendations to emphasise the provision of preconception and antenatal care where health information on risks and danger signs of PROM to perinatal outcomes are given were made.

Maternal Knowledge and Practices for Prevention of Acute Diarrheal Diseases in Children under 5 years of age

Background: Diarrhea is the second major cause of mortality in children worldwide. Timely interventions by caregivers who are mainly mothers, can contribute towards a favorable prognosis of this condition in children.&#x0D; Aim: The purpose of conducting this study was to assess maternal knowledge and the practices regarding prevention of diarrheal diseases in children under the age of 5 years.&#x0D; Setting: This study was carried out in three hospitals at Lahore, Pakistan.&#x0D; Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from January to July 2020 and a convenience sampling technique was used for data collection. Data was collected from 158 mothers of children under 5 years of age by using a self-structured, pre-tested questionnaire. Chi square test was applied and p-value &lt;0.05 was taken as significant.&#x0D; Results: A total of 158 mothers responded to the study questionnaire; mean age of the participants was 28.4+ 7.6 years, 22.8% were illiterate, 84.2% were housewives, and 37.4% had income more than 31000 rupees/month. The majority (43.1%) had ‘poor’ knowledge, 24% had’ poor’ attitudes and practices while 12% had better practices. Significant associations were observed between mother’s knowledge with education (p-value=0.004), income (p-value=0.001), frequency of diarrhea in a child (p-value=0.053) and practices with education (p-value =0.039).&#x0D; Conclusion: This study showed the direct relationship between mother's literacy level and family income with better knowledge and feeding practices of children regarding prevention of diarrhea. It has highlighted the role of mothers in the management of acute diarrheal diseases.

Knowledge of Essential Newborn Care Among Rural Mothers

Background: Components of essential newborn care and neonatal resuscitation are proven interventions for reducing neonatal mortality and stillbirth. Objective: To assess the level of knowledge of essential newborn care among the rural mothers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out during January - December 2019 in Panchagarh district of the Rangpur division in Northern Bangladesh. A total of 354 rural postnatal mothers were purposively selected for the study. Rural mothers were interviewed with a semi-structured pre-tested questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the mothers was 22.1±3.2 years where 33.1% were illiterate and 83.3% were house wives. Majority of the mothers (76.3%) had taken antenatal care visit,48.3% delivered their children at home, 70.9% had normal delivery and 56.5%had taken postnatal care. Only few mothers (11.0%) knew about kangaroo cares, 83.9%mothers did not know that baby should be given first bath after 24 hours of birth, 26.3%mothers knew that the umbilical stump of baby should not be covered a cloth/bandage. Majority of the mothers (57.1 %) knew that one should start breast feeding immediately after birth and 62.4 %mothers knew that one should start vaccination just after birth. Less than half of the mothers (41.2 %) knew that one should not use any substance like Kajol to eyes. Majority of the mothers (59.3%) had inadequate knowledge regarding ENC while 40.7% had adequate knowledge. Literate mothers involved in job, family members &lt;6 with monthly family income &gt; 20,000 taka had significantly more adequate knowledge than others (p&lt;0.001). Again, mothers who took ANC, delivered their babies at private hospitals, underwent cesarean section and took postnatal care had significantly more adequate knowledge than others (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Majority of the mothers had inadequate knowledge regarding essential new born care. Health education and behavioral change communications on essential newborn care are recommended. Health workers should give special emphasis on thermal care by Kangaroo care, naval care and early breast feeding. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2021; 47(1): 34-41

Evaluation of Mother's Complementary Feeding Knowledge and Occlusion.

Aim:Mothers' understanding of feeding methods and how they affect deciduous dentition were the focus of this study.Materials and Methods:This study looked at people from different parts of the population. In total, 230 moms of children aged 6 months to 5 years who completed an oral health questionnaire were included in the study. Mothers' awareness of feeding patterns and their impact on deciduous dentition were examined in the study.Results:Illiterate moms' children showed a significant difference in the quality of their occlusion compared to similarly raised children of literate mothers. Children who began supplementary feeding before the age of 6 months were more likely to have occlusion changes.Conclusion:Malocclusion prevalence was shown to be unrelated to meal behaviors. However, further research is required as there are just a few studies currently available.

Factors Predicting Mothers' Intention toward Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination of Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study Among Iranian Families.

Background:Adolescents are prone to Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) such as Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Although HPV is a preventable disease, the vaccination rate is low. As parents should vaccinate their children to prevent HPV, the goal of this study was to identify the factors related to mother's intention to vaccinate adolescents against HPV.Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study was performed in Qazvin from 2019 to 2020. The participants included 126 literate mothers who had a daughter between 12 and 14 years and health system information registry. To collect the data, a questionnaire was made based on the educational model of behavioral intent. Parents were interviewed in person in health centers or via phone at home. Data were analyzed using Spearman's correlation.Results:The mean (SD) age of the mothers, fathers, and girls were 39.60 (6.18), 43.51 (7.58), 13 (0.82) years, respectively. They hadn't received education regarding HPV. The mean (SD) of the knowledge, attitude, and HPV vaccination intention scores were 27.77 (18.08), 67.38 (10.25), and 15.44 (18.44), respectively. The factors related to HPV vaccination intention were parents' knowledge (r = 0.29, p = 0.001), positive attitude (r = 0.22, p = 0.010), parents' education (r = 0.22, p = 0.050) and family income (r = 0.21, p = 0.010).Conclusions:The high cost of vaccines, economic problems, and lack of knowledge were strong limitations for HPV vaccination. Thus, health workers should have informed parents and teens of the benefits of HPV vaccination. This process should be supported by policy makers.

Association between Mother’s Literacy and INFANT &amp; Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices and Nutritional Status of Urban under 5 Year Children

Aim: To assess the association of mother’s literacy status with infant &amp; young child feeding (IYCF) practices and nutritional status of urban under 5 year children.&#x0D; Methods: A community based cross- sectional study was carried out among 356 urban children under 5 years from 30 randomly selected Anganwadi Centres (AWCs) in Hyderabad, during 2017-18. The information regarding infant &amp; young child feeding (IYCF) practices was obtained from the mothers of under 5 year children. Anthropometric measurements such as height and weight of all the children were measured adopting standard procedures and using standard anthropometric equipment.&#x0D; Results: About half of the mothers reportedly initiated breast feeding to their newborns within one hour of birth. The proportion of mothers fed pre-lacteals and colostrum to newborn was 35% and 96% respectively. A higher proportion of literate mothers (45.1%) exclusively breast fed their infants for the first 6 months as compared to their illiterate counterparts (32.9%). Significantly a higher proportion (63.3%) of literate mothers initiated complementary feeding to their infants soon after completion of 6 months as against 50% in illiterate mothers (p&lt;0.05). The proportion of children with undernutrition i.e. underweight, stunting and wasting was 38.5%, 40.6% and 16.8%, respectively. The prevalence of underweight and stunting was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher among the children of illiterate mothers as compared to literate mothers.&#x0D; Conclusion: In general, mother’s literacy was significantly associated with the IYCF practices as well as nutritional status of their children. Therefore, respective Governments should initiate appropriate measures to increase female literacy levels in India.

Preferences and Practices regarding Delivery Place: A community-based cross-sectional study in Agra city, Uttar Pradesh

Background: Understanding preferences and practices for delivery place among women would assist in better resource utilization for skilled attendants. Objectives: To study factors influencing women’s preference and practice regarding their place of delivery. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Agra from 1st October 2018 to 31st October 2020. Multi-stage random sampling was used. Data was collected using semi-structured interview schedule. Both bivariate and multivariate analysis was done. Result: Majority (72.67%) of women had preference for delivery at government hospital while 19.67% for private hospital and only 7.67% for home. In actual practice, 58.33% had delivered at government hospital and 32.33% delivered at private hospital while 9.33 % at home. On multiple-logistic regression analysis, parity found to have significant association with preference of delivery at government hospital. Preference for delivery in private hospital was found to be significant with OBC caste and in women whose husband has skilled/highly-skilled occupation. In actual practice, Government hospital as delivery place found to have significant association with parity and presence of ASHA. Private hospital as a delivery place found significant with literate mothers and parity. Conclusion: Majority had preferred and practiced institutional delivery, preferring government hospital over private hospital. In actual practice, delivery at private hospital as well as home delivery out-numbered the preferred proportion.

Examination Of Health Literacy Levels Of Mothers: An Interdisciplinary Study With A Child Developmental Perspective

Introduction and aim: When health literacy is considered in terms of family and especially mother, its importance increases even more. Because the health literacy of the mother and the health of the child are related to each other, the probability of the children of mothers with high health literacy to be healthy is also high. Considering this situation, it is emphasized that health literacy is an important concept for child development professionals, who are one of the health professionals working with children. Because child development professionals involve families and especially mothers in the process while working with children, health literacy can also affect mothers' involvement in the process. Determining the health literacy of mothers and handling it with a child development perspective; It is thought that it will also guide interdisciplinary research on health literacy. In this study, it is aimed to determine the health literacy of mothers and to discuss them with a child development perspective. Method: In the study, residing in Mamak district of Ankara were included 100 mothers. Mixed method was used in the research. Quantitative data were collected with the “Adult Health Literacy Scale”, and qualitative data were collected through the “Questionnaire Form”. Ethics committee approval was obtained before starting to collect data in the study. Afterwards, the participants were given detailed information about the research and consent forms were signed. The research was conducted on a voluntary basis. After the quantitative data were collected, they were processed into the SPSS package program, and whether the data showed normal distribution was examined with the kolmogrov smirnov test. Since the data showed a normal distribution, Anova and t tests, which are parametric tests, were used in the analysis of quantitative data. Qualitative data were analyzed by descriptive analysis method. Results: As a result of the research, it was found that the health literacy levels of the mothers differed significantly according to the variables of education level, education level of the spouse and having a chronic disease. It has been determined that mothers consult physicians for health issues, receive support from health professionals about their children's health problems, and explain the concept of health as physical, mental, social well-being and protection of health. Conclusions and recommendations: In line with the results obtained from the research; preparing early intervention programs as child developers to increase mothers' health literacy levels, conducting health literacy screening in clinical settings and including the assessment of mothers' health literacy in the child's assessment process, it may be recommended to plan studies involving fathers on health literacy.

Efficacy of mobile app-based training on health literacy among pregnant women: A randomized controlled trial study.

: Health literacy of mothers during pregnancy shows social and cognitive skills indicating the motivation and ability of mothers to receive and use useful knowledge to maintain and promote the health of themselves and their children. The present study was conducted aimed to determine the effect of mobile app-based training on health literacy among pregnant women. A random allocation clinical trial was conducted on 140 eligible mothers. All participants were randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups. Data collection tools included personal information and maternal health literacy questionnaires. The questionnaires were completed and then a mobile app-based training intervention was performed for the experimental group. The participants of the experimental group were asked to read the contents of the software once a week for 8 weeks. The questionnaires were completed again after 8 weeks of the training intervention. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21. Independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon, Fisher, Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and one-way analysis of variance was used for this purpose. The participants showed no statistically significant difference in terms of demographic-social information (p > 0.05). The mean change in health literacy scores after the intervention was statistically significant between the experimental and control groups (p < 0.001). Also, the mean change in health literacy scores before and after the intervention in the experimental group was statistically significant (p < 0.001). But this change in the control group was not statistically significant (p = 0.609). For the first time we used mobile app-based training and results showed that it is effective in the health literacy of pregnant women especially in situations like the Corona Virus pandemic. Therefore, it is suggested that health care providers, especially midwives, use this training method to promote the health literacy of pregnant women.

Environmental risk perception of mothers and presence of risk factors in rural and urban areas in Adana, Turkey

ABSTRACT This cross-sectional study with an open-ended manner aimed (1) to evaluate the environmental risk perception levels of mothers having at least one child and living in Adana and (2) to determine their awareness of the risk factors in their environment. Of mothers, 30.2% did not know the concept of environmental risk factor. Most frequent perceived risks were violence (17%), air pollution (15.5%) and undefined pollution (15%). The most common mentioned problems in their environment were air pollution (9.9%), violence (7.9%) and municipal service problems (8.4%). Mothers living in the urban area reported more violence, air pollution and undefined pollution as environmental threats than those living in the countryside. The place of residence, the education level of the mother and the number of people in the house significantly were related with the risk perception. There is a need for studies in other regions to determine the environmental literacy of mothers.

Health literacy among mothers of under 3 years old children at the Hanoi Medical University Clinic: A latent class analysis

Health literacy refers to the degree to which people can access and understand health information, as well as communicate their health needs to service providers. The scale has been standardized and divided into 3 groups: Health care, prevention of disease, health promotion. Children under 3 years have immature immunological system, which can affect their development in the future. However, the health management, diseases treatment, and diseases prevention of children younger than 3 years of age depend signifcantly on the health literacy of their mothers. This study aims to describe the health literacy of mothers who have children under 3 years and some factors affecting their health literacy. Data were collected on 389 mothers of children younger than 3 years who take their children to the vaccination clinics at Hanoi Medical University and latent analysis was conducted to identify class of health literacy within the sample. Three health literacy classes were identifed. The lowest mean health literacy index was within the disease prevention dimension, where the largest number of respondents showed limited health literacy. Three distinct health literacy level were identifed and termed low (n = 35.9%), moderate (n = 243, 62.5%) and high health literacy (n = 111, 28.5%). We found that higher scores of Health Literacy Scores (HLS) closely correlated with higher educational levels, the job of mothers, the age of children and the frequency of searching for health information using the internet. There were signifcant better overall scores in HLS among parents with higher education levels (university degree or higher with more than under high school graduated).

The relationship between spiritual health and social trust among students

Social trust and spiritual health play an important role in social communication. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between spiritual health and social trust among Iranian students. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Sanandaj, in the West of Iran, in 2018. 686 students from 5 universities were included in the study through simple random sampling. The data were collected using established, reliable instruments for the assessment of social trust and spiritual health. Logistic regression models were applied to assess the association between social trust and spiritual health. We reported estimated logits and Odds Ratios (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The students with a literate father had substantially higher odds of social trust (OR=1.98, 95% CI=1.19-3.28, p&lt;0.01). Also, similar findings were obtained for students with a literate mother compared to those with an illiterate mother (OR=2.09, 95% CI=1.33-3.28, p&lt;0.01). The odds of social trust also increased with the father’s employment status (OR=13.06, 95% CI=4.16-41, p&lt;0.01). The odds of social trust increased with religious health (OR=1.05, 95% CI=1.03-1.08, p&lt;0.01). It is essential to increase spiritual health and the parents’ literacy to promote social trust among the students.

Polio Vaccination Literacy Among Mothers of Selected Barangay Health Centers in a Component City

Every health worker strikes hard for every child's death, most notably when it is due to a disease that is readily preventable with a safe and effective vaccine. The tragedy is hard to accept when health practitioners see the consequences of children missing out on vaccination first-hand. This research was intended to bridge the literature gap on the knowledge, and the reasons mothers comply with polio vaccination. The study was intended to assess the level of literacy on polio vaccination of mothers in selected barangays in Bago City when they are taken as a whole and grouped according to age, educational attainment, distance to health facility, number of children, family income, and barangay location administered. A descriptive-comparative research design using a very highly reliable and valid researcher made questionnaire was administered to respondents. The level of literacy of mothers on polio vaccination in selected barangays of Bago City when grouped according to age, educational attainment, the distance of health facility, number of children, family income, and barangay location was very high. The major reasons for compliance of mothers with polio vaccination can be attributed to health workers who can give follow up through home visits and any health professional who can give the polio vaccine. Due to reported vaccine scare and the current pandemic the study will benefit rural health administrators, community health nurses, and future researchers. Findings could provide rural health administrators with insights to conduct a re-assessment of the implementation of vaccination programs initiated by the Department of Health

The Development of a Teaching Competency Scale in J University

IntroductionChildren are born idealistic. They absorb the ideas of their parents and imitate their ways of life. They are quick to access values to evaluate character. The child's first school is home from where primary impulses and feelings are learnt. The family members are the first social contacts for the child and mother is the first teacher and caregiver for children. She is primary teacher of skills that their children need to acquire. The interaction between mothers and children is highly educative. She influences their children in wrong or right direction (Blenkin & Kelly, 1988; Grace, Evindar, & Stewart, 2003).The early days of childhood are very critical. Mothers can strongly influence direct and indirect learning of their children. Mother-child relationship plays an important role in social, psychological and emotional development of a child. The initial experience of child with his mother determines whether he will develop a sense of personal security and of beings loved and accepted (Batool, 2003). The mother is the primary agent in the transmission of the culture of the group to the child, and the socialization of the child.It is a common view that literate mothers play significant role in the education of their children, because they are actively involved in the education of their children. They can better nourish and care their children with respect to their health and hygiene. They try to flourish learning abilities of children enormously and provide equal opportunities to their daughter for schooling. While illiterate mothers are generally coincides with lower level of children's enrollment, less involve in the education of their children, which can hinder children' education and lower level of children's learning already in schools (Bilal, 2013). Illiterate mothers have more stress in their lives and this stress is a hurdle to interact with all the aspect of their children' education.Different studies show that mothers' literacy has significant impact on the education of their children. Literate mothers stay more in schools of their children and they are more involved in the education of their children (Benjamin, 1993). Children of literate mothers show great concern in cognitive and language skills of children. Literate mothers have knowledge about child's development and therefore can solve the problems in better way. She knows how to use home as a learning environment for children (Islam & Rao, 2008). Literate mothers can infuse higher moral values in their children. They also influence their child's schooling by being in touch with their teachers (Blenkin & Kelly, 1988). They can discuss educational and extracurricular activities with their school teachers. They can interact with teachers to improve learning of her child at school. The physical and mental health of children is another major concern for mothers (Hildebrand, 1985). Literate mothers are more conscious about the health of their children and can take care of their children in a better way. They know about the health services and can read and understand health related issues.Pakistan has the lowest literacy rate in the south Asia and the rest of the world. It is one of the five world nations with lowest literacy rate and among the twelve world nations that spend less than 2-2.5 per cent of its gross domestic product on education. According to Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey (2013-14) female literacy rate in Pakistan is 47%. Keeping in view this statistics, this study was designed to find out the impact of literate and illiterate mothers on the moral development, education, health and social development of their children.Significance of the StudyMothers' literacy has a very important role in the development of their children. This study will help to indicate factors where literate mothers have to pay attention for the better development of their children and highlight the factors where illiterate mothers lack in attending their children regarding the educational progress of their children. …

Study on nutritional status among children up to five years at tertiary care hospital, HIMS, Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh

Background: Undernutrition makes children in particular much more vulnerable to disease and death; around 45% of deaths among children up to 5 years of age are linked to undernutrition and these mostly occur in low and middle-income countries. Malnutrition increases health care costs, reduces productivity, and slows economic growth, which can perpetuate a cycle of poverty and ill-health. Objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of underweight (weight-for-age), sociodemographic profile and to determination of differences exist by gender.Methods: The present study was hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from June 2019 to December 2019. The sample size calculated was 410, and accounting for 10% nonresponsive, the sample size calculated was 451. The data obtained were compiled and entered in MS-excel 2010 and analysed by using institutional SPSS (22.0).Results: Male children 230 (51.0%) was observed higher proportion as compared to female children 221 (49.0%) and same preponderance difference was found among underweight children. Literate fathers belong to 332 (73.6%) children and illiterate fathers belong to 96 (53.0%) underweight children. literate mother belongs to highly significant 283 (62.8%) children and illiterate mothers belong to highly significant 105 (58.0%) underweight children. Majority of father occupation belongs to other type job 294 (65.2) whereas labour occupation mostly belongs to underweight children 109 (60.2%) highly significant and most of the housewives belong to normal children 361 (80.1%) and underweight children 119 (65.8%) highly significant.Conclusions: Health education on nutrition to parents would be beneficiary for underweight children.