Mothers In Poland Research Articles

Misrecognition and labor market inclusion of refugee mothers

AbstractOne lakh eighty five thousand refugees from Ukraine have started working in Poland since the Russian war began. Drawing on Bourdieusian concepts of capitals, misrecognition, habitus, and the field, the paper theorizes the subjective and objective terms of inclusion across intersectional interplay of motherhood, ethnicity, and refugee status. In particular, we explore how intersectional marginalized identities of individuals shape their negotiation power over terms of their labor market inclusion. Using qualitative interview data from 10 Ukrainian working mothers in Poland who became refugees following the Russian war in Ukraine in 2022, we demonstrate that misrecognition leads to uneven relations of power curtailing working refugee mothers' agency to negotiate the terms of their inclusion.

UKRAINIAN MOTHERS IN POLAND. NEW CHALLENGERS FOR SOCIAL POLICY

The aim of this article is to analyse and assess the socio-economic situation of Ukrainian mothers in Poland. It deals with the presentation of the housing situation, difficulties in finding a decent job for highly educated women, deficiencies in universal access to Polish language learning, unequal opportunities in the process of education and care for the young generation and health care. Consequently, the recommendations formulated become challenges for national social policy.

The Virgin Mary in the narratives of contemporary Catholic and Muslim mothers in Poland

In this paper, we demonstrate how the figure of the Virgin Mary functions as an important element of the lived religion of contemporary Catholic and Muslim mothers in Poland. Based on the analysis of in-depth interviews and observational data we argue that the figure of Mary is recognized as a religious ideal and a role model by mothers identifying with both religions. We trace similarities and differences between Catholic and Muslim mothers in their reflexive engagement with ideas, symbols, and prescriptions attached to Mary and discuss how they reinvent the figure and ascribe it with personalised meanings: embrace some of the traditional attributes of Mary, challenge, and contest others, and construct new meanings firmly embedded in their daily life mothering experiences.

The link between knowledge of the maternal diet and breastfeeding practices in mothers and health workers in Poland

BackgroundThere are multiple misconceptions concerning the breastfeeding mother’s diet and its adverse impact on breast milk composition and the breastfed child’s health, which might lead to breastfeeding cessation. Although prophylactic maternal dietary restrictions are not recommended, mothers all over the world are often recommended to avoid certain foods, due to cultural beliefs, social pressure and even outdated or ambiguous medical recommendations. In Poland, there is no systematic approach to breastfeeding education in the form of nationwide educational programs for particular social groups. It was estimated that in 2017 only 3–4% of Polish infants were exclusively breastfed at 6 months of age. The aim of this study was to recognize the scale of common dietary misconceptions among lactating mothers in Poland and to compare knowledge and opinions between medical staff and mothers who have ever breastfed a child. In addition, the paper is an attempt to identify factors contributing to the still current practice of recommending prophylactic dietary restrictions to breastfeeding mothers by medical staff.MethodsThe study was conducted in Poland, in January – February 2019. The study used a diagnostic poll method and was conducted mainly in an electronic form. A total of 1159 completed questionnaires data were analyzed: 35.1% completed by medical staff and 64.9% by mothers in non-medical professions. Statistical calculations were conducted with Chi-square test, logistic regression and U Mann Whitney test (level of significance set at 0.05).ResultsThe respondents presented a good level of knowledge and predominantly assessed the questioned statements correctly. Duration of breastfeeding was found to be the main factor determining respondents’ knowledge (p < 0.05). Concerning medical staff, the parity (p < 0.001) and applying an elimination diet when themselves breastfeeding (p < 0.001) had a significant impact on recommendation of prophylactic dietetic restrictions to the lactating women.ConclusionsRegardless of a resonably good level of knowledge on maternal nutrition in the lactation period, both breastfeeding mothers and medical staff are still convinced of the beneficial effect of preventive dietary restrictions, which affects further lactational counselling and lactational performance.

A Retrospective on Teenage Pregnancy in Poland: Focussing on Empowerment and Support Variables to Challenge Stereotyping in the Context of Social Work

The article focuses on selected predicators of successful and fulfilling teenage motherhood. It contains analysis of qualitative data, obtained through comprehensive interviews and field notes from social work practice, based on the personal experiences of teenage mothers and a court appointed family curator. Using herstory perspective, it aims to present positive examples of teenage motherhood as a source of empowerment and independence, to unveil and combat stereotypical views on adolescent mothers in Poland. Moreover, the authors discuss systemic issues and challenges as well as a social stigma created by public opinion and aim to challenge harmful stereotyping. The article contributes to social work practice for the purpose of enhancement of the international comparative studies in this field.

The knowledge of mothers in Poland on measles and its prevention - a survey study

Introduction and purpose: Measles is a highly contagious childhood rash disease. An effective way to prevent it is to give two doses of MMR vaccine. An increase in both the incidence of measles and vaccine refusal is observed.The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge of mothers having children under 18 years old about measles and MMR vaccination. It was decided to determine whether measles may turn out to be a threat to the population of our country.Material and methods: A survey questionnaire has been made, which was disseminated on social networks in spring 2020. A total of 537 answers were collected. Data analysis was performed using MS Excel and Statistica. The results were compared with the literature from the last 5 years from PubMed and ResearchGate databases.Results: The average test result was 10.33 out of 17 points. The questions with the highest number of correct answers concerned the obligation, the method of vaccine administration, the etiology of the disease and the method of infection. The problematic questions was the symptoms of measles, complications or the ways of preventing the disease. 8.6% of respondents said that they did not vaccinate their childaccording to the vaccination calendar, giving real contraindications and unreasonable reasons. It was shown that education, place of residence and age of the respondent statistically significantly affect the level of knowledge about measles. There was no correlation between the fact of vaccination and the level of knowledge about measles.Conclusions: The level of knowledge of respondents is mediocre. Parents should receive reliable information about the threats of infectious diseases. Considering presented data, the disease may be a threat to the population of our country.

Non-nutritional "paramedical" usage of human milk - knowledge and opinion of breastfeeding mothers in Poland.

The objective of this study is to understand knowledge, attitudes and practices of non-nutritional breast milk use among lactating women in respect of skin diseases and other frequent ailments. The study, in the form of a questionnaire, spread on social media, was targeted at breastfeeding women. The questionnaire consisted of questions regarding the knowledge of non-nutritional usage of human milk, its use in practice, subjective opinion on the observed results and inclination towards future use. Chi-square tests and c-Pearson coefficients were used for statistical calculations. A total of 1187 responses were acted upon. In the study group, 879 women claimed to have knowledge of non-nutritional use of human milk in respect of skin and most common ailments, whilst 688 of them claimed to use at least one usage. The most frequently, breast milk was used for: care of cracked nipples, care of healthy skin, treatment of diaper dermatitis and treatment of neonatal acne. A correlation between duration of breastfeeding (p < 0.05) and gestational age (p < 0.05) and practical use of non-nutritional human milk was found. The study showed a great enthusiasm of mothers in respect of using breast milk for non-nutritional purposes, including the treatment of skin diseases and other common ailments. However, given the scant studies determining possible concerns surrounding these methods, there is a requirement for parental education with emphasis on the need for prompt medical examination and pertinent treatment.

Women Can’t Have It All: Benevolent Sexism Predicts Attitudes Toward Working (vs. Stay-at-Home) Mothers

The aim of the present paper was to test differences in perceptions towards a woman who took a 3-month maternity leave (a working mother) as opposed to a 3-year maternity leave (a stay-at-home mother), and then to apply the ambivalent sexism theory to predict those differences. We expected that in Poland, where motherhood is highly appreciated, it is especially benevolent (not hostile) sexism that predicts less positive attitudes toward working mothers, compared to stay-at-home mothers. In two studies, we found that the working mother was perceived as less warm, less effective as a parent and less interpersonally appealing and more successful at work. Additionally, although the stay-at-home mother was evaluated as less successful at work, she was not perceived as less competent. We discuss this as a reflection of the “Mother-Pole” phenomenon, where mothers in Poland are perceived as not only kind, but also competent. Afterward, we showed that benevolent (but not hostile) sexism predicts differences in perceiving the stay-at-home mother and working mother. Participants higher in benevolent sexism rated the stay-at-home mother as warmer, more parenting-effective and more interpersonally appealing compared to the working mother, while participants lower in benevolent sexism perceived them equally well. Studies suggest that benevolent sexism predicts a more positive perception of traditional mothers (as opposed to nontraditional mothers), and at the same time, maintains the status quo of traditional gender relations.

Young Women’s Opinion on the Preferred Family Model

Abstract Introduction. Currently in Poland second demographic transition takes place, main features of it being the drop of the birth rate, postponing the decision of starting a family and having children. Moreover, more people decide to live alone and do not have offspring. These processes lead to great change of the demographic structure of the country, for example low birth rate do not allow for the generational replacement. In addition, with extending the life expectancy, we observe society aging. In the future perspective we can expect prolonging drop of the birth rate, and as a consequence, drop in the number of fertile population and growth in the percentage of after fertile age. Aim. The aim of the paper was to collect opinions of young women on the preferred family model and eliciting reasons that in their opinion determine decision of resigning from having more children. Material and methods. The method used was diagnosing survey and the technique was authors’ questionnaire. The number of 538 women aged 19 to 42 were questioned. Results. The majority of the questioned women would prefer to have a family with two children (M-51.91) and three children (M-34.4). At the same time, the majority of the questioned mothers (62.13%) had one child, 31.49% – two children and only 5.10% – had three children. In the opinion of the questioned women, two main reasons for decision about having less children are the unemployment and low salaries. Large percentage of women (every second one) is afraid of the negative attitude of the employer towards maternity leaves. Conclusions. One of the reason of giving up or postponing decisions about motherhood and having small number of children by those who decide to be mothers in Poland may be concerns about professional and economic situation.

Preferences for vaccines against children’s diarrheal illness among mothers in Poland and Hungary

PurposeAlthough the World Health Organization recommends universal rotavirus immunization, uptake of the vaccine is low in Poland and Hungary, where it is not covered by the National Immunization Program. This study aimed to quantify mothers’ preferences for vaccines preventing children’s diarrheal illness and to examine whether willingness to vaccinate varies with working status. MethodsMothers of children aged <3 years living in Poland and Hungary completed an online discrete-choice experiment survey. In each of 9 choice questions, respondents indicated whether they preferred no vaccination or one of two hypothetical vaccine profiles described in terms of 6 features. Vaccine preference parameters were estimated for working and non-working mothers using a random-parameter logit model and were used to calculate the relative importance of changes in vaccine features. Results350 mothers in Poland and 350 mothers in Hungary were surveyed. Of the attributes evaluated, changes in vaccine cost were most important in both countries, followed by changes in severity of illness prevented, vaccine effectiveness, mode of administration, duration of illness prevented, and number of doses. Mothers in both countries had a strong preference for vaccination versus no vaccination, which was more pronounced among working mothers. In Poland, working mothers placed less weight on effectiveness, illness severity, and cost than non-working mothers and were more likely to rate disruptions in work, child care, and routines as important reasons to vaccinate. In Hungary, working mothers were statistically significantly less likely to opt out of vaccination than non-working mothers. Preference for vaccination itself, relative to improving vaccine effectiveness (from 50% to 90% effective), was 7 times greater among working than among non-working mothers in Poland but was not considerably different between working and non-working mothers in Hungary. ConclusionsPolish and Hungarian working mothers are more likely to vaccinate children against diarrheal illness than non-working mothers.

Mothers’ personality traits and the climate for creativity they build with their children

Parents’ attitudes, behaviors, and traits are significant predictors of their children’s creative ability. Not much is known, however, about intentional actions taken by parents to develop and support children’s creativity. Based on a literature review and a pilot study (Kwaśniewska & Lebuda, 2017) we have formulated four factors that make up the climate for creativity in a parent-child relationship. To verify the construct empirically, we administered an originally designed questionnaire to mothers in Poland (N=3073). The analysis of results confirms, as predicted, that the following factors contribute to the climate for creativity in the home environment: encouragement to experience novelty and variety, encouragement of nonconformism, support of perseverance in creative efforts, and encouragement to fantasize. Next, we investigated how mothers’ Big Five personality traits were linked to particular climate dimensions. Our findings show that openness to experience is the key positive predictor of mothers’ activities that shape the climate for creativity in her relationship with the child. The other Big Five traits are associated either positively or negatively with particular dimensions of the climate for creativity.

System of institutional support for single mothers in Poland

Zeszyty Pracy Socjalnej » 2017 » Tom 22, numer 1 » System of institutional support for single mothers in Poland A A A

PIN71 - What Motivates Mothers To Pay For A Vaccine Against Children’s Diarrhea? Preferences for vaccines against children’s diarrheal illness among mothers in poland and hungary

PIN71 - What Motivates Mothers To Pay For A Vaccine Against Children’s Diarrhea? Preferences for vaccines against children’s diarrheal illness among mothers in poland and hungary

Subsequent pregnancy following B-Lynch suture, bilateral ligation of uterine arteries, utero-ovarian arteries and internal iliac arteries due to uterine atony – A case report

Abstract Introduction Postpartum hemorrhage is currently the leading cause of death of birthing mothers in Poland. Uterine atony remains one of its major causes. Treatment of uterine retraction failure consists of application of B-Lynch suture, O-Leary uterine artery ligation, utero-ovarian arteries ligation and internal iliac arteries ligation. Aim The aim of this work was to present a case of a patient, in whom conservative surgical treatment for uterine atony allowed preserving fertility and subsequent pregnancy. Case study The authors report a case of a patient, in whom after cesarean delivery a postpartum hemorrhage was diagnosed during the fourth stage of labor due to uterine atony. After unsuccessful pharmacological attempts and performing dilation and curettage procedure, a decision about surgical treatment was made. During relaparotomy B-Lynch suture was applied and bilateral ligation of uterine arteries, its ovarian branches and internal iliac arteries was performed. After 19 months the patient was diagnosed with early pregnancy. During subsequent weeks uncomplicated course of pregnancy with normal fetal development was observed. Results and discussion Implementation of conservative surgical treatment in the course of postpartum hemorrhage allowed preserving fertility and subsequent pregnancy. The authors have analyzed the available literature on the conservative surgical treatment in postpartum hemorrhage. Conclusions In a group of selected patients with postpartum hemorrhage a risk of conservative surgical treatment, that gives the chance to preserve fertility, can be taken. This is of particular importance in women with further procreative plans.

An assessment of the duration of breastfeeding in north-eastern Poland

Abstract In 2005, the European Commission presented a report on the current situation associated with the protection, promotion and support of breastfeeding in 29 European countries. According to the report, exclusive breastfeeding was undertaken by 71% of the mothers in Poland. We concluded that an attempt shall be made to verify these data values. The aim of our survey was to assess the duration of breastfeeding and identify the potential medical and social factors affecting this parameter in Poland. We surveyed 427 women aged 18 to 40 from Northeastern Poland. The duration of breastfeeding and the presence of selected potential factors that may affect this parameter were assessed in 591 children. The mean duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 4.73 months with breastfeeding being initiated in 97.87% and continued beyond 12 months (following the introduction of complementary foods) in 32.49 % of the children. In our region, nearly all mothers attempt to breastfeed. Exclusive breastfeeding is continued by 75.46% and 29.27% of the mothers by 3 and 6 months of the baby’s life. Breastfeeding with complementary feeding is continued by 56.01% and 32.49% of the mothers by 6 and 12 months of the baby’s life.

Vertical transmission of Hepatitis C Virus in children born to HIV/HCV coinfected mothers in Poland

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Ökad press på allt fler ensamstående mödrar

The article illuminates the situation for single mothers in the ex-communist countries - Poland, Russia (the European part), ex. DDR and in Sweden and West Germany. The purpose is to discuss the mothers' situation with reference to their relation to three spheres - tlie family and social networks, public social policies and the working life. One basic question that is if the situation of single women with children is more exposed tlian that of the married women, and what possible consequences this might have for themselves and their children. How do single mothers differ from married mothers in the respective countries as far as education, incomes, work and views on the future are concerned? Despite comprising economic and social dissimilarities between these countries, comparisons are interesting since we focus the comparisons on married and single mothers with children. Hereby we get a measure of the structures and processes within these countries, and it can be discussed whether these are generally applied or not. An important aspect is to what extent the social policies or other factors lead to different attitudes in the countries. The results show that the transformation in the former communist nations afflict particularly women, and only in a negative manner. Large groups of women are rejected from the labour märket, and end up in a situation of poverty and dependence. The investigations in all the countries show that single mothers are more exposed than married mothers. They run a greater risk of losing their jobs than the married mothers do, and they thus run a greater risk of ending up in miserable poverty - particularly the mothers in Poland and Russia. The situation of single mothers in Sweden is better from a material point of view. In spite of this, many lone mothers feel worried about their economy - a worry that can be expected to increase along with increasing fees for social services, child care, health- and medical care, increased residential costs etc. The results indicate that the largest disability that women have on the labour märket is not the motherhood in itself, nor is it the gender, but the absence of marriage, in combination with being female. Comprising international research shows that poverty and exposition in one-parent families tend to be reproduced to the next generation. There is no automatic relationship in the relation between divorce, one-parenthood and social problems. It is rather the stigmatisation in different forms that is concerned, in combination with shortages in the possibilities of support that can lead to an assimilation of prolems. Via stigmatising treatment, both the mothers and the children lose their dignity and their self-assured identity.