Mother Father Research Articles

Pathways Linking Parental Relationship Changes, Depressive Symptoms, and Parenting Behaviors to Young Children's Development

ObjectiveThe current study examined how parental relationship changes were linked to observed parenting behaviors, parental depressive symptoms, and 3‐year‐old children's social–emotional development.BackgroundParental relationship changes may present risks to young children's well‐being. The specific processes linking these changes to child development, however, remain unclear because these changes are often confounded with other family risks. We applied an adapted family stress model to identify family‐based pathways conferring risk to children among predominantly low‐income unmarried families.MethodData are from 2,575 families who participated in the Building Strong Families study, which included primarily unmarried, low‐income couples transitioning to parenthood. Parental relationship changes were measured as overall changes in parents' romantic relationship status with each other and with new partners and multipartner fertility. Structural equation models (SEM) were estimated to link these changes directly and indirectly, via mothers' and fathers' parenting behaviors and depressive symptoms, to children's behavior problems and effortful control.ResultsParental relationship changes were directly associated with paternal depressive symptoms and children's internalizing behaviors. Mothers' and fathers' parenting behaviors were independently associated with children's behavior problems and effortful control.ConclusionThe findings point to the value of simultaneously considering the observed parenting behaviors and depressive symptoms of mothers and fathers within the context of parent relationship changes.ImplicationsInterventions aimed at strengthening low‐income unmarried families should focus on the quality of mothers' and fathers' parenting to bolster young children's development because these parenting behaviors were more closely associated with child development than were parental relationship changes.

Family Matters: The Support of Parents to Change Black Male's Attitudes Towards HIV.

This study explored the associations between family (mother and father support), peers, and individual factors (self-efficacy) and how these relationships influence HIV attitudes among African American males 12 to 19 years of age, with an average age of 16 years. For this study, we used restricted data obtained from Wave I of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (ADD Health). Descriptive statistics suggest that most of the sample had negative attitudes towards HIV. Bivariate regression analysis followed by a linear regression analysis was conducted to identify the factors that were associated with HIV attitudes. Major findings from regression analysis indicate that mother support, father support, self-efficacy, and age, predicted HIV attitudes. Mother support positively predicted positive HIV attitudes and surprisingly, father support negatively predicted HIV attitudes. Our findings can be used to better inform HIV prevention and intervention programs to help Black males stay healthy.

Educational Attainment Model for Children: Differential Impact of Parents' Education Level for Children Who Lived with Both Parents or Not

Abstract This study is a modification of the Kane, Spizman, and Donelson, (2013) model for educational attainment of children. The primary modification is to provide separate models for children who lived with both parents compared to those who did not to allow for differential impacts of family characteristics by household type on the children's educational attainment. The study also (1) captures five additional years of educational attainment data that were not available for the Kane, et al., (2013) study, (2) does not impose a functional form on some of the independent variables, (3) modifies the model to facilitate the inclusion of observations for which some data are missing, and (4) provides estimates for the average age at the time various degrees are obtained. The results show that the education levels of both parents are impactful for the educational attainment of children who lived with both parents and that there is no statistical difference between the impact of mother's and father's education level. In contrast, the results show the relatively greater impact of the mother's compared to the father's educational level on the educational attainment of children in households that did not include both parents.

Comparison of Early Feeding Practices in Mother-Father Dyads and Possible Generalization of an Efficacious Maternal Intervention to Fathers' Feeding Practices: A Secondary Analysis.

To compare feeding practices within mother–father dyads and explore whether outcomes of an efficacious intervention for mothers generalised to fathers’ feeding practices. The NOURISH RCT evaluated an early feeding intervention that promoted positive feeding practices to support development of healthy eating habits and growth. The intervention was delivered to first-time mothers via 2 × 12 week modules commencing when children were 4 and 14 months. Mothers self-reported feeding practice outcomes at child age 2 years using validated scales (1 = low to 5 = high) from the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ). Nine months later, an independent cross-sectional descriptive study to investigate fathers’ feeding practices was initiated. Fathers were recruited by contacting (via letter) mothers participating in two pre-existing studies, including the NOURISH trial. Fathers completed a feeding practices questionnaire, similar to that used for NOURISH outcome assessments. Seventy-five fathers recruited via the NOURISH cohort (21% response) returned questionnaires. Response data from this subset of fathers were then linked to the corresponding NOURISH maternal data. Complete data were available from 70 dyads. Compared with mothers, fathers self-reported higher concern about child overweight (2.2 vs. 1.3), restriction (3.6 vs. 2.9) and pressure (2.6 vs. 2.1), all p < 0.001. Fathers whose partners were allocated to the intervention group used less pressure (mean difference 0.46, p = 0.045) and were more willing to let the child decide how much to eat (−0.51, p = 0.032). Fathers’ higher concern about child weight and more frequent use of non-responsive feeding practices, when compared with mothers, identify them as potentially potent contributors to child feeding. This preliminary evidence for modest generalisation of an efficacious maternal intervention to apparent effects on some paternal feeding practices speaks to the importance and promise of including fathers in early feeding interventions.

Parental Empowerment and Child Behavioral Problems in Single and Two-Parent Families During Family Treatment

We examined (1) the extent to which the family-centered program Intensive Family Treatment (IFT) succeeds in realizing beneficial parental psychological empowerment and child behavioral outcomes both in single-parent and two-parent families and (2) how these outcomes are influenced by the presence of a co-caregiver as a potential source of empowerment. A group of 140 single-mother and 156 mother–father families was compared. Information about empowerment of parents and children’s behavioral problems was collected at the start and end of IFT and analyzed with cross-lagged panel analyses. Although single mothers and mothers in two-parent families were comparable in the extent of improvements in psychological empowerment (effect sizes were respectively 0.52 and 0.57) and child behavioral problems (effect sizes were both 0.49), they differ in how these improvements were achieved. For single-parent families, more maternal empowerment at the start of IFT was directly related to positive changes in child behavioral problems (β = −0.246, p < 0.01). Among two-parent families, more paternal empowerment at the start was directly related to improved maternal empowerment (β = 0.249, p < 0.001) but maternal empowerment at the start was not directly related to changes in the father’s empowerment. This study stresses the importance of taking into account the presence or absence of a co-caregiver as a potential source of psychological empowerment during family-centered programs as IFT.

Acute Performance Estimation of Students Using Quantile Regression Approach (A Case Study of Lahore)

Extreme behavior (Performance) of students is inclined by number of factor which must be painted for important policy implications. This study states that the CGPA is the most important system to deduct student performance. Data on CGPA has been collected from B.A/B.Sc (Hons.) of 32 private and public universities of Lahore. Generally, researchers investigate an average performance of the students with classical methods of simple linear regression. This approach does not give complete picture of different variables influencing student performance from corner to corner. Quantile regression introduces information across the whole distribution of the student’s achievements. Study furnishes that students performance strongly affected by father’s education. Student’s gender, passion for fashion, and mother’s job are significant factors. Class participation is found as a magical variable that has positive impact on student performance at all quantiles. The quantile estimate of student performance shows that effect of the urban-rural difference is significant factor. The study clearly shows for high performance students, factors like mother occupation, father education, gender and area become insignificant at high quantiles. The results highlight that quantile regression model is a useful technique for examine information than ordinary least squares. It also depicts that ordinary least squares underestimated and overestimated the Quantile regression at different quantiles.

Children's early difficulty and agreeableness in adolescence: Testing a developmental model of interplay of parent and child effects.

Although the trait of Agreeableness is broadly considered a key facet of adjustment, mental health, and socioemotional competence, surprisingly little is known about its developmental origins. Laursen and Richmond (2014) proposed that children's early difficulty poses a challenge for their future social relationships, ultimately leading to low Agreeableness. Drawing from that model, we examined a path to Agreeableness in adolescence, originating in children's early temperamental difficulty and involving bidirectional effects of parenting and children's self-regulation. In a community sample of 102 mothers, fathers, and children, we assessed children's difficulty at age 3, and parental power-assertive discipline and children's self-regulation at ages 4.5 and 5.5, using behavioral observations in lengthy interactive contexts and in standard laboratory paradigms. Agreeableness at age 14 was modeled as a latent construct, derived from mothers', fathers', and teachers' ratings. Model-fitting analyses, testing the unfolding developmental path from child difficulty to Agreeableness while controlling for continuity of parental power assertion and child self-regulation, supported a process linking early difficulty with Agreeableness at age 14 through transactions over time between the child's self-regulation and power-assertive parenting. The findings highlight the early dynamics of children's temperament characteristics and parenting in the origins of Agreeableness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Emotion dysregulation between mothers, fathers, and adolescents: Implications for adolescents' internalizing problems

IntroductionThe present study calls attention to the longitudinal relations between mothers', fathers', and adolescents' emotion dysregulation and adolescents' internalizing problems. To this end, we tested the associations between family members' emotion dysregulation and adolescents' internalizing problems over time. MethodsOver a 12-month period, 386 Chinese families from Hong Kong involving mothers, fathers, and adolescent children (children at 12–17 years of age; boys = 185, girls = 201) completed a set of questionnaires twice. ResultsMulti-group path analysis revealed unidirectional effects of mothers' emotion dysregulation on fathers' and adolescents' emotion dysregulation over time. Adolescents' emotion dysregulation was also related to their subsequent internalizing problems. The associations did not differ as a function of adolescents' gender. ConclusionThe present findings underscore the significance of mothers' emotion dysregulation on fathers' and adolescents' emotion dysregulation. As a risk factor, adolescents' emotion dysregulation was also predictive of their internalizing problems 12 months later. Taken together, this study serves to inform prevention and intervention efforts in promoting emotion regulation as a family asset associated with fewer adolescents' internalizing problems.

Romantic Relationship Quality of Youth with Two Biological Parents and Stepfathers

This study uses data from a sample of 7,404 respondents from Waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) to examine how the quality of relationships between parents (mother–father) and relationships between parents and children during adolescence (mother–adolescent and resident father–adolescent) influence children’s romantic relationship quality in young adulthood. This study also examined whether these family of origin factors operate similarly or differently for children raised with biological fathers and married stepfathers. Results indicate that mother–(step)father, mother–adolescent, and resident (step)father–adolescent relationship quality are all positively associated with adult children’s romantic relationship quality. However, the association between mother–(step)father relationship quality and young adult children’s romantic relationship quality was stronger for those who resided in stepfamilies.

Mothers' and Fathers' Perspectives on the Causes of Their Child's Disorder.

Parental beliefs about the cause of their child's illness are thought to affect parents' help-seeking behaviors, treatment decisions, and the child's health outcomes. Yet, research on parental beliefs about disease causation is still scarce. While a small number of studies assesses parental cause attributions for singular disorders (e.g., neurodevelopmental disorders), no study has compared disorders with differing physical versus mental conditions or with mixed comorbidities in children and adolescents or their caregivers. Furthermore, most pediatric research suffers from a lack of data on fathers. Hence, the objective of the current study was to test for possible differences in mothers' and fathers' perceptions about the etiology of their child's illness. Forty-two parent couples (overall N = 84) whose child had been diagnosed either with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity-Disorder (ADHD) or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (category "neurodevelopmental disorder") or with a primary physical illness and a comorbid mental disorder, e.g. depression (category "psychosomatic disorder") were asked to rate possible causes of their child's illness using a modified version of the revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ) Cause scale. A two-way ANOVA showed that psychosomatic disorders were significantly more strongly attributed to be caused by medical and environmental stressors than neurodevelopmental disorders. A significant parent × illness category interaction revealed that this effect was more pronounced in fathers. By providing first insights into parental beliefs about the etiology of their children's neurodevelopmental versus psychosomatic disorders, this study paves ground for future research and tailored counseling of affected families.

Understanding the Initial Stories of Families Preferring Homeschooling: A Narrative Study

The purpose of this study is to understand the story underlying the preference of parents (mothers–fathers) for home school in Turkey and to determine the main points in this story. For this purpose, this study was conducted according to the narrative study model, one of the qualitative research designs. Within the context of this study, the opinions of mothers and fathers of three children receiving their education in the same home school during their preschool period were elicited. As a result of the analysis of the interviews conducted within the context of this study, three super themes and seven different codes gathered under these themes were obtained. As a conclusion, the reasons for the parents’ choice of home school instead of a formal education institution were found to be “Inconsistency between the parents’ expectations and what is offered by the education system, negative effects of formal education on the child, family ideal, school experiences, educational philosophy and employment status, developmental reasons/concerns, negative social interaction at school, and their encounter with the proposal for home school.”

Teamwork Makes the Dream Work: Interparental Processes When Coparenting Two Children

BackgroundLittle is known about coparenting processes for two parents with two children, as observational studies of coparenting in families of four are virtually nonexistent.ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to use observational methods to examine coparenting process in 52 families of four (mother–father–older child–younger child; N = 208 subjects).MethodMothers' and fathers' support of their partner and involvement with both children were examined in relation to the mothers' and fathers' cooperative coparenting. Observations were of 25‐minute home interactions that were rated using a newly developed coding system based on previous research with families of three.ResultsResults largely replicated findings from studies of coparenting in families of three (i.e., two parents and one child) in that higher levels of cooperative coparenting were related to both parents' higher involvement in coparenting and mutual support of their partner. However, significant interaction effects in families with two children revealed cooperative coparenting as more nuanced than in families with one child. Interactions indicated that cooperative coparenting was highest when both parents' involvement was high. Cooperative coparenting was lowest when both parents showed low support for one another, as well as when mothers showed low support of fathers and fathers showed low involvement.ConclusionsResults of this study reveal several commonalities in the coparenting of one child versus two children, as well as several notable differences. Results suggest that cooperative coparenting of two children may often require “all hands on deck” to provide adequate attention and resources for two young lives. Our findings also suggest that cooperative coparenting can still occur when one parent shows low behavioral support of the other or when a father's involvement is low, as long as the partner is highly supportive.ImplicationsImplications for family intervention and future directions for research in this area are discussed.

Repackaging Fatherhood: Father Engagement and Cooperative Coparenting in Mid‐Pregnancy Marriages and Cohabitations

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined how the timing and structure of parents' relationships are related to father engagement and cooperative coparenting in the United States.BackgroundResponses to nonmarital pregnancies have shifted; mid‐pregnancy (“shotgun”) marriages have declined while mid‐pregnancy cohabitations have significantly increased. These less institutionalized family forms may create ambiguity about fathers' roles as parents and partners.MethodDrawing on data from the Fragile Families and Child Well‐Being Study, a longitudinal birth cohort study (n = 2,752), we estimated conditional associations between a five‐category measure of parents' relationship structure and timing at the focal child's birth—(a) mid‐pregnancy cohabitation, (b) mid‐pregnancy marriage, (c) pre‐pregnancy cohabitation, (d) pre‐pregnancy marriage, and (e) nonresident couples—with measures of father engagement and cooperative coparenting when the child was 1 year old. Supplemental analyses evaluated these outcomes at Ages 3 and 5.ResultsAt Age 1, fathers in mid‐pregnancy cohabitations reported less cooperative coparenting with the child's mother compared to fathers in pre‐pregnancy cohabitations. In contrast, fathers in mid‐pregnancy marriages were more engaged with their children than fathers in pre‐pregnancy marriages.ConclusionFathers were particularly engaged with young children following mid‐pregnancy relationship transitions but were less cooperative coparents with the child's mother. This study joins research suggesting that fathers with low socioeconomic status may be embracing a new “package deal” in which the father–child relationship is central, and the father–mother relationship is secondary.

Coparenting Supports in Mitigating the Effects of Family Conflict on Infant and Young Child Development.

Family conflict has a profound impact on infants and young children's social-emotional and behavioral development. In work with infants and young children, it is critical to understand the ways in which conflict between coparents infiltrates the family system, creating less than optimum environments for young children. Current research suggests that children who are surrounded by family conflict lag behind in the development of social, emotional, and regulatory skills. Developing a clear understanding of the ways in which children need to be supported through solid coparental relationships is essential because young children's sense of safety and security enables them to optimize their developmental capacities. This report and analysis of supports for coparenting also reviews the literature on the effects of coparental conflict on children. Considering the mother-father-child triangle and the benefits of coparenting to the young child, particularly in families in which conflict exists, enhances our work with families. An exploration of the opportunities for integrating coparenting supports into services for families is discussed, and a case for incorporating these strategies into treatment protocols is made. Recommendations for further research on the use of coparenting supports to buffer the effects of family conflict on infants and young children are proposed.

KONSEP PENDIDIKAN PSIKOLOGI RELIGIUSITAS REMAJA MUSLIM DALAM MOTIVASI BERAGAMA

Islam outlines several important aspects in educating children, especially adolescents, to the path of Allah SWT. First, giving love and sufficient living needs. Teenagers in the initial ranks need enough affection than your mother so they don't feel emptiness in the soul. This responsibility must be carried out by the mother and father as well as possible. The Word of God which means QS. Ali-Imran: 14. The instincts of love that manifest in human beings should be nurtured as best as possible according to the will of Islamic law. In giving love to children, it is not enough for the mother and father just to provide material needs while their mental and emotional needs are not emphasized. Father and mother should spend time with their children to make love and get along with them. Father and mother also need to be a good friend to teenagers by providing opportunities to shed light on what problems they face. A divide that is not divided must be given when the teenager is pouring something or other resources to devote the problem that is being faced. A close relationship is very important between the mother father and teenage child. This method makes them not afraid to ask or tell stories if something happens to it. With this, the relationship between the child and his father's mother will be strengthened alongside their obedience and easy acceptance of their father's advice. A child who gets enough love and care from his father's mother will not disappoint his father's hopes. They will not look for happiness outside the home again, for example hanging out with naughty friends, smoking drugs, running away from home and so on because the happiness that is sought has been found at home. Second, provide religious education. Religious education is a duty of the mother and father. Without adequate religious education it is impossible to bear a child of morality and piety to God. Teaching and education should be prioritized related to religion because it is the best way to prevent people from being bad and bring them to glory

Contested everyday cultural citizenship: “Mixed race” children and their ethnicized citizenship in South Korea

ABSTRACT This article examines how the everyday cultural citizenship of “mixed race” children of one Korean parent and one immigrant parent is contested. This study transposes the concept of ethnicized citizenship to mixed race children and their everyday practices of citizenship based on ethnicity and parent(s). Relying primarily on the personal narratives of mixed race children, derived from essay competitions, this research comparatively analyzes the experiences of three categories of mixed race children: co-ethnic (with a Korean father and ethnic Korean mother from China), inter-Asian (Korean father and Asian [non-Korean] mother), and multiracial (one Korean parent and one European or African American parent). This article argues that the ethnicized citizenship of an immigrant mother operates as a mechanism for institutional and socio-cultural exclusion of mixed race children.

Screening of haplotype for cholesterol deficiency genetic defect in the Russian Holstein cattle population.

In our study, we estimated the frequency of haplotype for cholesterol deficiency (HCD) carriers in the Russian Holstein cattle population. We studied 1817 random samples of cows born in 2010-2017 from ten herds and 331 cows and heifers from the other three herds born in 2016-2019, fathers or fathers of mothers of which were HCD carriers. The method of AS-PCR was used for animals genotyping. In the first group of animals, the incidence of HCD carriers was 8.09%, and in the second one - 23.26%. Our results demonstrated the necessity to test cows for the carriage of the HCD genetic defect in the Russian population of Holstein cattle.

A Dyadic Analysis of Depressive Symptoms, Harsh Parenting, and Rejection in Filipino Mothers and Fathers.

This study examines within-person and cross-person relations between depressive symptoms, harsh parenting, and parental rejection in low-income Filipino mothers and fathers of adolescents using an actor-partner interdependence model (APIM). Mother and father dyads (N=81, Mage =43.48, SD=8.66) recruited from urban neighborhoods in the Philippines completed orally administered questionnaires on depressive symptoms, harsh parenting, and rejection. Results showed that mothers' scores and fathers' scores on depressive symptoms did not significantly differ and that mothers scored significantly higher than fathers on harsh parenting and rejection. Dyadic analyses using the APIM showed that the actor effect of depressive symptoms on harsh parenting was statistically significant for fathers only and that the actor effects of depressive symptoms on rejection were statistically significant for both mothers and fathers. No partner effects on harshparenting and rejection were statistically significant. These findings contribute to the robust evidence linking parental depressive symptoms to negative parenting behaviors and highlight the need to attend to both fathers' psychological health and mothers' psychological health in efforts to reduce harsh and rejecting parentingbehaviors among Filipino parents.

The natural grating method in determining family heredity

Human hair is one of material used to identify heredity of an individual. There has been a lot of researches done by scientists in sophisticated ways to test inheritance based on hair characteristics. However, to teach this uniqueness at the school level can be done with a simple test. One of them with natural grating method. This study aims to analyze the interference patterns produced by hair from the diffraction process. Five non-blood related families were examined. A beam of 800 nm wavelength from the laser is passed through the hair and its lattice width is calculated. Lattice gap data obtained are then calculated the correlation value between mother and child father. The results of this simple analysis are not enough to support the inheritance relationship of one family. Obtained mystery figures that still need to be studied further. But found one family with twins who have the same width of hair gap. This finding is certainly very interesting to be taught to students at the school level.

BSAVA News

New BSAVA President Ian Ramsey was born in Wales, spending his first 8 years in a famous little village on Anglesey called Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch. With his chemical engineer/civil servant father and maths lecturer mother, he then moved to London.