Mother Body Research Articles

Traditional beliefs and practices of postpartum care in rural East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Maternal mortality remains a pressing public health issue in Indonesia, particularly for mothers residing in rural regions who often forego postnatal health services due to traditional beliefs and practices. This qualitative research delved into the cultural perspectives of the local community to gain insight into the care practices of postpartum mothers in rural areas of NTT Province, Indonesia. The study involved in-depth interviews with nine participants, including four postpartum mothers, four family members, and one village midwife, with the interview data analyzed thematically. The research revealed that cultural beliefs and practices revolving around the postpartum period in NTT align with shared beliefs and traditional practices found in various Asian societies. This includes behavioral taboos and food restrictions. The study also identified two primary postpartum traditions aimed at restoring the postpartum mother's body heat and strength. All postpartum mothers adhere to traditional care practices because they believe in their benefits, pressure from family members, and fear of non-compliance consequences. However, postnatal mothers and their families have low postnatal care visits and do not receive adequate information about postpartum care. Health literacy for postpartum women and their families in rural areas needs to be improved and health workers should provide culturally sensitive maternal health services.

Ultrastructure and Function of the Stalk Gland Complex of Pompholyx faciemlarva (Rotifera: Monogononta).

Many planktonic rotifers carry their oviposited eggs until hatching. In some species, the eggs are attached to the mother via secretions from her style gland, which forms a thread that extends from her cloaca. In species of Pompholyx, the mother possesses the rare ability to change the tension on the secreted thread, which alters the proximity of the egg with respect to her body. In this study, we used behavioral observations, confocal microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy to study the functional morphology of the stalk gland, which secretes a similar thread to the style gland. Our observations reveal that six longitudinal muscles insert on a stalk-gland complex, which is a combination of a two-headed gland and an epithelial duct that connects to the posterior cloaca. The gland secretes a single, long, electron-dense thread that traverses the duct and attaches to the egg surface through the cloaca. Three retractor muscles insert on the stalk gland and function to pull the entire complex anteriorly, thereby increasing tension on the thread and moving the egg close to the mother's body. A set of three (two pairs and a single dorsal) protractor muscles antagonize these actions, and their contraction pulls the gland complex close to the cloaca, thereby releasing tension on the thread and allowing the egg to distance itself from the mother. The stalk gland complex does not appear to be homologous to the style glands of other rotifers, but we hypothesize that it functions as a form of maternal protection as is the case with style glands.

Determinants of stunting among children under 5 years in Bangladesh: a quantile regression analysis.

Child undernutrition is a major public health problem in developing countries that contributes to increased incidence of morbidity and mortality. Stunting is a valid and widely acknowledged measure of chronic child malnutrition. This study extracted data of 7778 under-5 children from the 2017-2018 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey and aims to explore the relationship between socio-demographic factors and the nutritional status of children under the age of 5. The anthropometric indicator height-for-age z-score (HAZ) was used as the target variable. The quantile regression method was employed to examine the heterogeneous relationship between the covariates and the conditional HAZ distribution across five different quantiles. This study found that 31.4% of children were severely to moderately stunted and a negative association between children's age and their HAZ. Additionally, children whose mothers had attained at least a secondary education exhibited a positive correlation with their HAZ. Another important factor was the mother's body mass index, which had a two-fold effect on the HAZ. Among the administrative divisions, children from the Sylhet division exhibited a negative association with the HAZ. Additionally, children with a high wealth index exhibited a positive association with the HAZ. Collaborative efforts from different organisations, as well as small and large communities in rural and urban areas, are necessary to improve nutritional status of children in Bangladesh.

ITRAQ Based Proteomics Reveals the Potential Mechanism of Placental Injury Induced by Prenatal Stress.

Maternal stress experienced during prenatal development is recognized as a significant risk factor for neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders across the offspring's lifespan. The placental barrier serves a crucial function in safeguarding the fetus from detrimental exposures during gestation. However, previous investigations have not yet comprehensively elucidated the extensive connections between prenatal stress and the expression of placental proteins. In this study, we used iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics to elucidate the placental adaptive mechanisms of pregnant rats in response to fear-induced stress. Our results showed that during pregnancy, exposure to fear-induced stress led to a pathological hypercoagulable state in the mother's body. Placental circulation was also disrupted, significantly reducing placental efficiency and blood oxygen saturation in newborn rats. Proteomic analyses showed that most of the DEPs were annotated to the PI3K-Akt and ECM-receptor interaction signaling pathway. In addition, the expressions of CDC37, HSP90β, AKT, p-AKT and p-mTOR were down-regulated significantly in the placenta. Our results demonstrated that prenatal fear-induced stress led to inhibition of the cellular signal transduction of placental PI3K/AKT/mTOR, which affected biological processes such as rRNA processing, translation, protein folding, protein stability, and oxygen transport in the placenta. These abnormalities in biological functions could potentially damage the barrier function of the placenta and thereby result in abnormal development in the offspring.

Olfactory facilitation of visual categorization in the 4-month-old brain depends on visual demand.

To navigate their environment, infants rely on intersensory facilitation when unisensory perceptual demand is high, a principle known as inverse effectiveness. Given that this principle was mainly documented in the context of audiovisual stimulations, here we aim to determine whether it applies to olfactory-to-visual facilitation. We build on previous evidence that the mother's body odor facilitates face categorization in the 4-month-old brain, and investigate whether this effect depends on visual demand. Scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded in two groups of 4-month-old infants while they watched 6-Hz streams of visual stimuli with faces displayed every 6th stimulus to tag a face-selective response at 1Hz. We used variable natural stimuli in one group (Nat Group), while stimuli were simplified in the other group (Simp Group) to reduce perceptual categorization demand. During visual stimulation, infants were alternatively exposed to their mother's versus a baseline odor. For both groups, we found an occipito-temporal face-selective response, but with a larger amplitude for the simplified stimuli, reflecting less demanding visual categorization. Importantly, the mother's body odor enhances the response to natural, but not to simplified, face stimuli, indicating that maternal odor improves face categorization when it is most demanding for the 4-month-old brain. Overall, this study demonstrates that the inverse effectiveness of intersensory facilitation applies to the sense of smell during early perceptual development. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Intersensory facilitation is a function of unisensory perceptual demand in infants (inverse effectiveness). This inverse relation between multisensory and unisensory perception has been mainly documented using audiovisual stimulations. Here we show that olfactory-to-visual facilitation depends on visual demand in 4-month-old infants. The inverse effectiveness of intersensory facilitation during early perceptual development applies to the sense of smell.

Risk factors of children's low birth weight and infant mortality in Bangladesh: Evidence from binary logistic regression and Cox PH models.

Low birth weight is recognized as a pivotal risk factor affecting child survival and growth. Although Bangladesh has made commendable progress in public health, an infant mortality rate of 38 per 1000 live births and a 16% prevalence of low birth weight remain significant concerns compared to other developing countries. This situation poses a significant challenge for the formulation of future health policies in Bangladesh. As a result, this study aims to identify potential risk factors contributing to low birth weight and infant mortality among children in Bangladesh. The data is extracted from the 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The response variables are infant mortality and low birth weight. In the bivariate analysis, Log-rank tests and Chi-square tests of independence were conducted. Cox proportional hazards and binary logistic regression models were utilized to determine the impact of risk factors on infant mortality and low birth weight. This study identified several significant factors associated with children's low birth weight, including wealth index, parental education, birth order, twin births, mother's body mass index, and child sex. Additionally, wealth index, parental education, twin status, media exposure, birth order, antenatal care visits, prenatal care assistance, and low birth weight were identified as potential risk factors for infant mortality in Bangladesh. This study revealed that maternal and child characteristics, along with knowledge about child health care during pregnancy, can potentially reduce the risk of low birth weight and infant mortality among children in Bangladesh. To improve child health and survival, policymakers should prioritize community-based health education programs, and encourage parents to seek healthcare information from institutional medical facilities during pregnancy and after birth.

Effect of White Ginger Rhizome Extract (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) on Pregnancy in Mice (Mus musculus L.) Early Post-implantation Stage

White ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Amarum) contains compounds in the antifertility group, namely flavonoids, terpenoids, and essential oils (gingerol and shogaol). Flavonoids can interfere with zygote division and implantation, while terpenoids and essential oils disrupt sperm transport and cause sperm to clot in male animals. This study aims to determine the effect of white ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Amarum) rhizome extract on the mouse (Mus musculus L.) early post-implantation stage. This research type is experimental and structured using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) pattern. A total of 16 female mice weighing 20-30 g aged 2-3 months were divided into four treatments, namely K1 (control), K2 (0.7 mg/g BW), K3 (1.4 mg/g BW), and K4 (2.8 mg/g BW) white ginger rhizome extract. The extract is given orally at 0.5 mL/head/day on the 4th to 8th day of pregnancy. The mother's body weight is weighed every three days. On the 18th day of pregnancy, mice were sacrificed using chloroform and dissected to observe early post-implantation pregnancy parameters. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's follow-up test with a confidence level of 95%. The research showed that white ginger rhizome extract significantly reduced the percentage of implantation (IM) and the percentage of live fetuses (FH), causing fetal growth to be hampered. The rate of implantation (IM) is K1 (1.8%), K2 (0.52%), K3 (0.49%). The percentage of live fetuses (FH) was K1 (1.06%), K2 (0.48%), and K3 (0.30%), while no fetus was found in K4. K3 treatment (1.4mg/g) causes fetal growth to be hampered. White ginger rhizome extract, on average, increases post-implantation mortality (KPI) and percentage of embryo resorption (ER) and reduces fetal weight. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that white ginger extract has antifertility properties in female animals because it causes pregnancy disorders, so it is hoped that the use of white ginger in early pregnancy will be reduced.

Olfactory-to-visual facilitation in the infant brain declines gradually from 4 to 12 months.

During infancy, intersensory facilitation declines gradually as unisensory perception develops. However, this trade-off was mainly investigated using audiovisual stimulations. Here, fifty 4- to 12-month-old infants (26 females, predominately White) were tested in 2017-2020 to determine whether the facilitating effect of their mother's body odor on neural face categorization, as previously observed at 4 months, decreases with age. In a baseline odor context, the results revealed a face-selective electroencephalographic response that increases and changes qualitatively between 4 and 12 months, marking improved face categorization. At the same time, the benefit of adding maternal odor fades with age (R2 = .31), indicating an inverse relation with the amplitude of the visual response, and generalizing to olfactory-visual interactions previous evidence from the audiovisual domain.

Counseling on The Implementation of Gymnastics for Pregnant Women in Undergoing a Healthy Pregnancy and Readiness for Normal Childbirth For Pregnant Women

The health of pregnant women is still one of the indicators of how to achieve the degree of public health in Indonesia. Pregnant women who have a healthy and comfortable pregnancy will of course have an impact on safe childbirth and also the baby born will be healthier, to realize this, pregnant gymnastics can be done for pregnant women because it can have a real health impact felt on the mother during pregnancy and even until childbirth. The purpose of this community service is to strive for pregnant women to be able to have a healthy pregnancy and prepare the mother's body to give birth safely and smoothly. Other goals of pregnancy gymnastics are Achieving optimal relaxation during pregnancy until childbirth both physically and psychologically, Achieving the adequacy of the pelvic floor muscles when straining, Preparing the pregnant woman mentally and physically and Achieving physiological, natural, comfortable childbirth, with the mother and her baby. The implementation of this community service activity was carried out at the Cahaya 2 Sekip Clinic, for one day on March 23, 2024 with a total of 24 respondents of pregnant women whose gestational age is in the second trimester and third trimester of pregnancy. The implementation also consists of the stage of collecting data on pregnant women, determining the time of activities, initial examination of pregnant women, counseling activities in the form of education about pregnancy gymnastics and the last stage, namely the implementation of pregnancy gymnastics activities. As a result of this activity, almost all pregnant women do pregnancy gymnastics well, besides that pregnant women are also very enthusiastic and happy with the pregnancy gymnastics activity because repondents can share with extension workers and other participants and especially pregnant gymnastics has many benefits for mothers during pregnancy.

Cost-effectiveness of screenings for mental health in pregnancy: A systematic review

Mental disorders posses significant obstacles both during and after pregnancy for many women. Birth weight, premature birth, perinatal and infant deaths, postpartum psychopathology, emotional difficulties, inappropriate behavior in children and adolescents, and adverse effects on other people are just a few of the negative impacts that mental disorders are linked to during pregnancy in that family. Women with mental disorders may experience issues after giving birth, affecting their health throughout pregnancy. Infections, including depression, frequently go undiagnosed and receive subpar treatment despite routine interactions with medical providers during pregnancy. Hormonal changes impact Mother's body movements; for example, she moves more slowly and gets exhausted more rapidly. Pregnant ladies who are in this scenario tend to become indolent. A systematic assessment of research findings on the effectiveness of economic evaluation of mental health screening instruments during pregnancy is frequently used to encourage early detection of mental health in pregnant women as maternal reactions become more sensitive, irritable, and irritable. These investigations mostly used the EPDS and PHQ-9. For the systematic review portion of this investigation, the PRISM ScR 2020 Flowchart was employed, and the A search of the literature was done using the databases Pubmed and Whiley. This article was assessed using the CHEC-Extended checklist. Two reports satisfied the inclusion criteria after an investigation of 890 chosen papers. The systematic review identified three themes: cost, effectiveness, and threshold. Given the variety of treatments used to treat mental health issues in pregnant women, it is clear that using two approaches rather than just one will result in greater cost-effectiveness

Health Education on Physical Changes in the Menopause in Jatinom Village, Kanigoro Blitar

The changing of menopause times often cause discomfort or anxiety. Women who were initially active in various activities in the community can be disrupted because of various complaints caused by changes in menopause, it will be exacerbated if women do not realize that sigh are caused by physical changes during menopause. The importance of information for older women, especially women aged 48-60 years is given medical education through enlightenment on physical changes at menopause. By this health education, mothers understand better in facing the physical changes they experience. The results of the questionnaire given to mothers found that 10 menopause mothers (83%) did not know the physical changes experienced and 2 menopause mothers (17%) experienced changes that occurred in the mother's body. Providing good and correct education in menopause is very much needed, not just once but it must be repeated, for example, to continue to participate in the elderly posyandu activities so that mothers are aware and fell comfort with their conditions

Determinants of stunting among under-five children: Evidence from Cambodian Demographic and Health Survey 2021-2022.

Epidemiological and nutritional modifications are causing an increase in stunting in many low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), which will eventually result in juvenile diseases and mortality. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the influential factors contributing to stunting among under-five children in Cambodia. A secondary dataset consisting of 3268 under-five children was extracted from the latest Cambodian Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS)-2021/2022 dataset. The Chi-square test and Boruta algorithm were used for covariate selection, and logistic regression approaches were used to determine the influence of demographic, socioeconomic and other factors on the presence of stunting. Findings revealed that about 21% of under-five children were stunted, and the prevalence of stunting was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. The prevalence of child stunting was lower in families with highly educated parents. A child whose father had a secondary education had 0.71 times lower (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.520-0.969) chance of stunting than a child whose father had no education. Findings revealed that Ratnak Kiri, Mondul Kiri, Stung Treng, Pursat and Kampot had a greater prevalence of stunting than other places, ranging from 27.11% to 35.70%, whereas Banteay Meanchey, Phnom Penh and Kandal had the lowest rates, ranging from 12.80% to 16.00%. Results of the Boruta algorithm and logistic regression suggested that under-five stunting is significantly influenced by factors such as the child's age, size at birth, mother's age at first birth, mother's body mass index (BMI), father's educational status, cooking fuel, and wealth index. It is necessary to take initiatives for reducing the prevalence of stunted children prioritising the identified factors that ultimately help to reduce the burden of child health. The authors believed that the findings of this study will be helpful for policymakers in designing the appropriate policies and actions to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by reducing stunting among under-five children in Cambodia.

Family Support to Women During Pregnancy and Its Impact on Maternal and Fetal Outcomes.

Family support is one of the determinants of lifestyle habits and relevant health behavior for pregnancy outcomes. In India, the joint family system is still practiced. Due to education, urbanization, and industrialization, the family institution continues to play a central role in people's lives.Pregnancy is a crucial period in women's lives. Good care during pregnancy is important for the health of the mother and the newborn baby. During this period, hormonal changes are complex and involve multiple hormones working together to support the developing fetus and prepare the mother's body for labor, delivery, and breastfeeding. To avoid maternal and fetal complications, she needs support from her family throughout pregnancy and the postnatal period. This study aims to evaluate the influence of the level and quality of family support during pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcomes and to identify any association between the sociodemographic variables and the impact of the level and quality of family support during the first trimester. This study used a quantitative approach with a survey research design. Data were collected from four Primary Health Centers at Karad, Maharashtra, India, i.e., Rethare, Vadgaon, Kale, and Supane. A consecutive sampling technique was used to select the 344 subjects from the Rethare, Vadgaon, Kale, and Supane areas of Karad Taluka. Data were collected before the completion of the first three months of pregnancy, then during the second trimester and after delivery. Upon evaluation, the tool was validated by experts representing a range of specialties, including community health nursing, mental health nursing, obstetric gynecology, and pediatric care. A pilot study was conducted on 30 samples. The data collected were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the study show a significant association between the psychosocial support received in the first trimester and the total gestational weeks completed at the time of delivery (p < 0.05). The study suggests the need for psychosocial support during the first trimester for better maternal and fetal outcomes. Psychosocial family support is needed by pregnant women during the first trimester to achieve maternal and fetal outcomes.

Re Unnamed Burial Ground

The petitioner sought a faculty for the exhumation of her mother's body from a consecrated burial ground, where she had recently been buried, in order to re-inter her in another consecrated burial ground, within the same diocese. The general rule enunciated by the Court of Arches in Re Blagdon Cemetery is that because of the theological principle that Christian burial is final, a faculty for exhumation will only be granted in exceptional circumstances. In this case, however, the petition was brought because of the proximity of the mother's grave to those of close family members of the petitioner's ex-husband, who had been violent and abusive towards her and her children over a period of some eight years. Neither the petitioner nor her children could visit her mother's grave because it caused them flashbacks, and the petitioner's GP confirmed that she was having nightmares and panic attacks and was suffering from anxiety and depression.

Knockdown of Sec16 causes early lethality and defective deposition of the protein Rp30 in the eggshell of the vector Rhodnius prolixus.

In nearly every species of insect, embryonic development takes place outside of the mother's body and is entirely dependent on the elements that the mother had previously stored within the eggs. It is well known that the follicle cells (FCs) synthesize the eggshell (chorion) components during the process of choriogenesis, the final step of oogenesis before fertilization. These cells have developed a specialization in the massive production of chorion proteins, which are essential for the protection and survival of the embryo. Here, we investigate the function of Sec16, a protein crucial for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi traffic, in the oocyte development in the insect Rhodnius prolixus. We discovered that Sec16 is strongly expressed in vitellogenic females' ovaries, particularly in the choriogenic oocyte and it is mainly associated with the FCs. Silencing of Sec16 by RNAi caused a sharp decline in oviposition rates, F1 viability, and longevity in adult females. In the FCs, genes involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR), the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), and autophagy were massively upregulated, whereas the mRNAs of Rp30 and Rp45-which code for the two major chorion proteins - were downregulated as a result of Sec16 silencing, indicating general proteostasis disturbance. As a result, the outer surface ultrastructure of Sec16-silenced chorions was altered, with decreased thickness, dityrosine crosslinking, sulfur signals, and lower amounts of the chorion protein Rp30. These findings collectively demonstrate the critical role Sec16 plays in the proper functioning of the FCs, which impacts the synthesis and deposition of particular components of the chorion as well as the overall reproduction of this vector.

Decidual γδT cells of early human pregnancy produce angiogenic and immunomodulatory proteins while also possessing cytotoxic potential.

During pregnancy, the maternal immune system must allow and support the growth of the developing placenta while maintaining the integrity of the mother's body. The trophoblast's unique HLA signature is a key factor in this physiological process. This study focuses on decidual γδT cell populations and examines their expression of receptors that bind to non-classical HLA molecules, HLA-E and HLA-G. We demonstrate that decidual γδT cell subsets, including Vδ1, Vδ2, and double-negative (DN) Vδ1-/Vδ2- cells express HLA-specific regulatory receptors, such as NKG2C, NKG2A, ILT2, and KIR2DL4, each with varying dominance. Furthermore, decidual γδT cells produce cytokines (G-CSF, FGF2) and cytotoxic mediators (Granulysin, IFN-γ), suggesting functions in placental growth and pathogen defense. However, these processes seem to be controlled by factors other than trophoblast-derived non-classical HLA molecules. These findings indicate that decidual γδT cells have the potential to actively contribute to the maintenance of healthy human pregnancy.

Vaccinations in Pregnancy. A Comprehensive Overview

Introduction and purpose&#x0D; Pregnancy is associated with many changes in the mother's body, allowing for the proper development of the fetus, but unfortunately it also predisposes many potentially harmless infections to become much more severe during pregnancy. Therefore, vaccinations during pregnancy play a very important protective role both for the mother, her unborn child and to the child immediately after birth. Immunization during pregnancy and in the preconception period protects against many infectious diseases and related complications. By receiving the vaccine, specific antibodies are synthesized and transported across the placenta to the fetus. They protect the baby during the first months of life, when the baby cannot receive vaccinations due to its age yet. Vaccinations during pregnancy can be divided into necessary, possible and recommended. Recommended vaccinations include against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza, Covid19 and RSV. They are especially recommended for every pregnant woman who has no permanent or temporary contraindications. A special group of vaccinations are those necessary to perform, which play the main role as post-exposure prophylaxis and must be administered immediately after exposure to the agent causing the infection. These include mainly vaccination against tetanus and rabies. The vaccinations that can be performed include those targeted at a specific group of patients with various chronic diseases who are at risk or traveling to countries where there is an increased risk of illness. During a doctor's visit to a woman planning a pregnancy, it is important to collect a detailed interview regarding vaccination history, past infectious infections and chronic diseases. This allows us to prepare an individualized vaccination schedule recommended both before and during pregnancy.

Hubungan Pengetahuan Ibu Nifas Tentang Perawatan Payudara Dengan Kelancaran Pengeluaran Asi Di Desa Jatimulyo Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai Tahun 2023

The scope of implementation of lactation management starts from the pregnancy period, after delivery, and the baby's breastfeeding period. Lactation is the entire breastfeeding process starting from the production of breast milk to the process of the baby sucking and swallowing the breast milk. Babies who are exclusively breastfed have good perinatal growth and reduce obesity. Breastfeeding a baby on demand can increase levels of the hormone oxytocin in a mother's body postpartum and avoid the risk of swelling or dams/blockages in the nipple ducts during the lactation period (Sutanto, 2018). This research aims to analyze the relationship between postpartum mothers' knowledge about breast care and the smooth production of breast milk in Jatimulyo Village, Serdang Bedagai Regency in 2023. This research is correlational with a cross sectional approach and bivariate data analysis is data analysis used in research to determine the relationship or influence of variables independent (independent) with a dependent (dependent) variable using Chi Square analysis with a significant p-value (0.05) (Hardani, 2020)Based on the research results. Based on the results of statistical tests using Chi-Square, it was obtained with a p value of 0.001 that there was a relationship between the knowledge of postpartum mothers regarding breast care and the smooth production of breast milk in Jatimulyo Village, Serdang Bedagai Regency in 2023.This means that there is a relationship between the knowledge of postpartum mothers about breast care and the smooth production of breast milk in Jatimulyo Village, Serdang Bedagai Regency in 2023.

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Human Milk of Croatian First-Time Mothers: 2010 Versus 2020.

The presence of selected polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, and -183) was investigated in human milk samples collected from first-time mothers living in Zagreb, capital of Croatia. Samples from 2020 and 2010 were analyzed, and the first temporal comparison between the profiles and levels of these compounds in this area was obtained. A statistically significant difference between mass fractions depending on the sampling year was observed only for BDE-99, with values in 2020 higher than in 2010. BDE-153, whose median value (0.25 and 0.26ngg-1 lipid weight (l.w.) in 2010 and 2020, respectively) did not decrease in the 10-year period, was the most frequently detected congener in samples from both years. ΣPBDEs ranged from < LOD to 3.53ngg-1l.w. (median 0.25ngg-1l.w.), and from 0.14 to 6.75ngg-1l.w. (median 0.55ngg-1l.w.) in 2010 and 2020, respectively. Maternal age and reported fish consumption had no effect on observed PBDE mass fractions, while for BDE-153, positive significant correlation (p > 0.05) was observed of its detected mass fraction with mother's body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy and after childbirth. Infants median estimated daily intake (EDI) via milk ingestion for ΣPBDE was higher in 2020 (3.221 ng kg-1 bw day-1) compared to 2010 (1.429ngkg-1bwday-1), but both values were well below threshold value, indicating that human milk consumption in this specific case is unlikely to raise health risks to infants.

Factors Related to Exclusive Breastfeeding: Review Article

Background: The Indonesian Ministry of Health recorded that the percentage of exclusive breastfeeding for babies aged 0-6 months in Indonesia was 71.58% in 2021. Breast milk is the most perfect food for babies. Therefore, babies aged 0-6 months only need exclusive breast milk without other additions except medicine. Breast milk is the first liquid food produced naturally by the mother's breasts. Breast milk contains various necessary nutrients that are well formulated in the mother's body to ensure the growth and development of the baby. Apart from providing complete child nutrition, breast milk protects the baby against infections and illnesses. Objective: to analyze factors related to exclusive breastfeeding. Method: Literature Review (LR). Data source: The databases used are Pubmed and Google Scholar (2014 to 2023). The research assessed 16 studies regarding factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding in a cross-sectional study design. Conclusion: Based on the study, factors related to exclusive breastfeeding in breastfeeding mothers include age, education, employment status, economic status, Breastfeeding Support Group, knowledge, attitudes, professional support health, and husband's support. Keywords: Exclusive breastfeeding, knowledge, attitudes, support, employment status, economic status