Matriarchal Research Articles

Gender Equality and Progress Analysis in Representative Regions Based on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Thousands of years ago, the emergence of patrilineal society replaced the matriarchal society, and humans have lived under this social system ever since. Although Darwins theory of evolution and many scholars believe that this change is a symbol of human progress, with the continuous progress of human civilization, the patrilineal social system that is almost equal to the history of mankind is being overthrown by the torrent of the times. With the perseverance of the past few generations, people can clearly feel that the status of women is constantly improving, and the boundaries between the sexes are continuously blurring. But in some areas and regions, the movement appears to have reached a dead end. This article quantifies the achievements of the gender equality movement in the global region over the past few decades from the data level and indicates the areas we still have work to do through data analysis. Starting from data processing, the author first showed the current situation of gender equality, then proposed the concept of closing the loop on gender equality issues, and analyzed the efforts made by human beings in the gender equality movement since 2000 from the aspects of health, education and work and existing problems. Finally, this paper analyzes the gaps in the movement in various regions. Undoubtedly, affirmative action movements of gender in various countries and regions are making progress in line with local characteristics. However, in contrast, some fields have not made significant progress due to special historical and cultural reasons.

Gender diversity and inclusive representation as a means to decolonise museums

ABSTRACT Decolonising museums has become a popular issue in recent years as many museums have recognised the need to address how they have historically perpetuated colonialism and exclusion. One way in which museums can work towards gender diversity and inclusion is by actively seeking and amplifying the voices and perspectives of women and under-represented groups. This can be done through exhibitions, programming, and hiring practices that prioritise diverse perspectives and experiences. An important aspect of decolonising museums is re-evaluating how artefacts and collections are presented and interpreted. Museums have often reinforced patriarchal and colonial narratives in the past, and it is important to work actively towards a more inclusive and equitable representation of history. This can include re-contextualising artefacts to highlight the perspectives and contributions of marginalised groups, as well as actively seeking and acquiring artefacts that represent a more diverse range of perspectives. This paper will examine examples of museums that have successfully started decolonising their spaces through exhibitions on matriarchal societies and/or the representation of women in the Ancient World, with a focus on the American University of Beirut Archaeological Museum.

Correlation between Husband's Support and Primipara’s Willingness to Provide Exclusive Breastfeeding

Exclusive breastfeeding is the right of children and mothers. Unfortunately, the realization is not easy, especially for primipara. Several factors greatly influence its success, including the husband's support. This study aims to determine the correlation between husbands' support and mothers' willingness to provide exclusive breastfeeding. This research is an analytic descriptive with a cross-sectional approach. The population of this study was breastfeeding mothers at Yuni Astuti's Independent Midwife Practice, located in Sewon, Bantul, Yogyakarta, primiparous mothers with babies aged 0-6 months. Data was collected using a questionnaire consisting of 21 questions. Respondents' answers are indicated by statements of agreement on four scales (strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree). Univariate data were analyzed using percentages, and bivariate data using the Chi-Square test. The research results find that the husband's support is related to the mother's willingness to provide exclusive breastfeeding. Mothers willing to give exclusive breastfeeding receive good support from their husbands. Although her husband's support strongly influences a mother's willingness to provide exclusive breastfeeding, several other variables still need to be considered. It is suggested that future researchers conduct a detailed study of the success factors of exclusive breastfeeding so that the public can take the results as a recommendation for mothers to do the same.

“Unwanted” Children? Values of Parenting, Rights of Fathers and Mothers in Sociocultural Attitudes of the Russians

“Unwanted” Children? Values of Parenting, Rights of Fathers and Mothers in Sociocultural Attitudes of the Russians

A Goddess with Bird’s Claws: An Exploration of the Image of Magu

In China, Magu is a household name for a female Daoist immortal. As a symbol of longevity, people believe that she can prolong their lives and bring them good luck. This paper takes the fact that Magu has hands that look like birds’ feet as a clue to sort out the evolution of the image of Magu. In this article, it is argued that the prototype for the image of the Daoist immortal, Magu, is the bird goddess of the Neolithic goddess and that Magu’s hands, which look like bird claws, are a symbol of the goddess’s divine power. After entering the patriarchal society, the figure of Magu was eroticized and her hands, which represented divine power, became a tool for men to scratch their backs. Daoism, however, inherited the matriarchal society’s worship of women and retained the image of Magu with her hands that resembled the feet of a bird. When Daoism incorporated Magu into its system of deities, the image of Magu was remodeled to conform to the teachings of Daoism, thus making Magu a beautiful, kind-hearted immortal with high moral sentiments.

Violations of the Code in Argentina: analysis of promotions, advertising and labeling of commercial milk formula and complementary foods products

Breastfeeding has unique benefits for the child and the mother, and its decline may be one of the most significant mass phenomena in infant feeding. While there are several causes, standing out among them is the marketing practices of commercial milk formula (CMF) and commercial complementary foods (CCF). This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using qualitative and quantitative methodology, between August 2018 and August 2020. Regarding the promotion, advertising and labeling of CMF and CCF, none of the companies in Argentina at the time complied with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes or the related laws in force in the country. The multiple forms of violation found emphasize the need to establish and strengthen monitoring and enforcement mechanisms to curb abuses by the CMF and CCF industry in Argentina, safeguarding the rights of mothers, families, and their newborns. Likewise, the Government must lead the political process and adapt its regulatory framework in terms of transparency and conflict of interest, as well as generate comprehensive and intersectoral public policies on the protection of breastfeeding.

한평생 한국 신석기 문화를 세계에 알린 사라 넬슨(Sarah M. Nelson) 교수를 추모하며

The news of the passing of Professor Sarah Nelson who had dedicated her life on investigating Korean Neolithic Culture was received on April 27th 2020.
 As a person with a special friendship with her who have walked along the same path for the last 5 decades, her abrupt passing has placed me in a great sorrow. I offer my most sincere condolences on behalf of all members of the Korean Archaeological Society.
 Our first encounter was made at the sandy fields of the prehistoric site at Amsa-dong. Back in 1970, a student working on her doctoral degree at University of Michigan was performing an 1-year on-site survey at the sandy beach near Han-River trying to collect data for her research on Neolithic Culture.
 Right there, our first encounter was made. During those days I was also conducting survey near the sites in Han-River for 1 year funded by Ministry of Education. She seemed like she was also delighted by this unexpected encounter. We gladly agreed some of the collected data from survey to be jointly published. Since then daily survey and data analysis continued and the combined result was published in Journal of Korean Archaeological society under the title, ｢Implications of the Sizes of Comb-pattern Vessels in Han River Sites in Korea｣.
 In 1973, after receiving her doctoral degree with her thesis ｢Chulmun Period Villages on the Han River in Korea, Subsistence and Settlement｣, she started her academic career as a tenure tarck faculty at University of Denver in the state of Colorado. Her published thesis drew attention in relation to whether the theory and methodology of L. Binford on New Archaeology can be applied in regions other than the United States. Back in those days many of archaeological interpretation relied on “diffusion” and those chronology focused research were recognized as main stream archaeology. In 1962, Binford emphasized the irrationalism of the previous researches in his paper ｢Archaeology as Anthropology｣ and released a new theory stating that understanding social aspect is also possible through the study of material culture. The research of professor Nelson on the basin of Han-River caught more attention, for it became the first research on Korean Peninsula to be performed within the framework of New Archaeology.
 Even after that, professor Nelson published the total of 9 books and up to 150 articles on the archaeology of North-Eastern China and Neolithic Korea, establishing her fame as the leader of this field.
 Of her publications, 『The Archaeology of Korea』 (1993)became the foundation for understanding Korean archaeology. In 『Gender in Archaeology: Analyzing Power and Prestige』 she exposed her thoughts on how the matriarchal society in Neolith age transformed into patriarchal society in modern days.
 Back in 1996 at Honolulu, she witnessed an overwhelming moment of the separation of Korean Archaeology from being part of those of China and Japan. Back in 1980, only limited number of Korean Neolithic sites were excavated and none of them were found in Gangwon Province leaving the region as a chronological vacant. In this circumstance, when the news of the excavation at Osan-ri site by Seoul National University delivered to the United States, professor Nelson instantly appeared at site as if she was already their. As the team dug more into the sand dunes surrounded by lakes and sea, more they’d find the house pits left by the dwellers of Osan-ri. Near the hearth, various artifacts including net sinker, fish hook, stone saw, face figurine, were unearthed. With the initial application of water flotation in Korean Archaeology, number of plant remains including acorn and insects’ feces were found.
 With her keen insight and sensitivity from studying theology back in university years, she wrote a novel titled 『Spirit Bird Journey』 based on the inspiration she received from the Osan-ri prehistoric site. With this book, we can “read” her thoughts on matriarchal Neolith society and gender in Archaeology.

Investigating the Implications of Gender Role Deconstruction in Fire heart from a Gender Studies Perspective

This research aims to analyze the representation of male and female characters’ in Fireheart movie from the perspective of deconstruction theory proposed by Jean Jacques Derrida. Traditional gender roles assume men as rational, strong, protective, and decisive; they assume women as emotional, irrational, weak, nurturing, and submissive. Deconstruction does not mean to destroy; rather, it means to break down and reconstruct the already constructed structure of something for better understanding. The extraordinary actions and performances of female characters; Georgia (protagonist) and Pauline (antagonist), in the movie; deconstruct the concept of strength and leadership. The researcher finds both female characters as the embodiment of empowerment and bravery. Georgia keeps defending her dream of becoming the world’s first female firefighter; even though her father does not support her but she never gives up. She voluntarily decides to save the world from the arsonist (a smoke monster) in disguise of a man named Joe. She solves the mystery and reveals the true identity of Pauline who wanted to destroy the world and took revenge on them. Georgia saves the world and her father from the evil plan of Pauline and achieves her dream by becoming the world’s first female firefighter. Pauline and Georgia, both are smart, confident, intelligent, and decisive women. They live their lives as men do. Their characters demonstrate female superiority and dominancy. Hence, both opponents are interdependent on each other but neither is stronger or weaker than the other. Both have their own significance. The study is purely qualitative and illustrative in nature.

Analisis Hukum Nafkah Anak Hasil Sewa Rahim Menurut Ulama Mazhab

In medicine, technological development is an advantage to create a novel way that makes easier for couples to have children, its surrogate mother. That is conception outside the womb and baby’s seed planted in the womb of another woman who has been hired so the wife will not pregnant. Surrogate mother is a matter of debate for clerics because nasab mixed between a married couple and a surrogate mother that will sever the child’s nasab with the father. In addition, nasab’s decision resulted in a loss of the obligation of the father to provide his child’s rights as well as the living rights. The study was researched with two formula problems: 1) what was the status of the child of surrogate mother according to clerics of mazhab?, 2) how does the law of child’s living rights of surrogate mother according to cleircs of mazhab?. The study uses library research study methods through data sources of books, journals, and literature. Based on research, it can be summed up: 1) the status of the child of surrogate mother in Ali Akbar and Husein Yusuf’s view is viewed as an illegitimate child and is condemned as a adultery child in Islam; 2) the law of child’ living of surrogate mother according to mazhab Hanafi and Syafi’i was deemed unobligatory to the father because of failure of nasab, but in the maslahah mursalah theories if illegitimate child’s living was compulsory for the child’s welfare to adulthood.

Pre-modern epistemes inspiring a new Global Sociology of Education Imagination

The ‘problems’ and ‘solutions’ of modern education are overwhelmingly produced and tailored by the modern episteme, institutions, truths, and powers of the Global North. To find new ways of thinking and doing sociology, this paper will explore the outlines of a new Global Sociology of Education Imagination (GSEI) inspired by pre-modern epistemes selected precisely because of their distance from modern European standpoints: the ancient lost matriarchal societies and commons-based societies organised around shared goods in pre-modern Europe. Using Foucault’s archaeological methodology, this paper finds inspiration in these epistemes to outline a new GSEI capable of questioning certain tenets of the modern sociological episteme regarding science, knowledge, truth and its order, roles, voices, commitments, and ‘places’. It concludes with an invitation to experiment with a new GSEI inspired by these pre-modern epistemes, as a tool to openly challenge modern (education) domination and make it intolerable.

THE EXPRESSION OF ANCIENT MOTIFS IN THE EPIC POEM «DOTAN BATYR»

The ancient epic is composed of mythical, fairy-tale, and legendary events, which to a certain extent artistically imagine the thinking, consciousness, beliefs, and worldview of the people of the first community. In the network of heritages of this category, there are fantasy scenes, mythical concepts about creation, plots during the transition from the era of matriarchy to the era of patriarchy, hunting profession, belief in witchcraft, dreams and visions, praying for children from saints, rapid growth of heroes, suitable choosing a horse and going on a long journey, encountering difficulties on the way, marrying heroically, etc. events are reflected. Folk works such as "Kulamergen", "Surmergen", "Kubygul", "Dotan batyr", "Edil-Zhaiyk" have been preserved among the epics that have reached the form of eposes. If we focus on the epos "Dotan batyr" among them, this epos is an example of an ancient epic enriched by the later epic tradition, although mythical and fairy-tale motifs predominate in this epos. Therefore, in the content of the work, a significant place is given to the events that describe the warring times between the Kazakhs and the Kalmyks. However, these plots arise and develop due to the motif of the hero's journey in search of a bride, which is very common in ancient epics, and passing the test during that journey. The ancient way of life in the work, the long stay of the hero in the land of the bride, and the remnants of the matriarchal society, testify to the primitive nature of the epic. Therefore, our task is to determine the specific manifestations of the ancient motifs in the epos during the analysis of the epic work.

Surrogacy in Russia: Current Trends in Family Planning in Comparison with Western Countries

The purpose of this study is to identify trends of surrogacy among the population of Russia in the XXI century. The relevance of the work is due to the interest of sociologists in family planning and the demographic situation in modern Russia, as well as the influence of Western culture on the domestic institution of the family. Methods of statistical and bibliographic analysis were applied. The work was carried out on the basis of a sociological survey. The object of the study is the socio-cultural sphere of Western and Russian society related to childbearing and family planning. The subject of the study is surrogacy. Special attention was paid to the attitude to this phenomenon, as well as modern trends related to surrogacy. The issue was considered both in the legal field and in the social sphere. The main conclusions of the study are: the need to improve the legal framework, the need to improve the protection of the rights of both surrogate mothers and people applying for this service. Nevertheless, in the course of the study, we found out that the sphere of family planning in Russia has not undergone any special changes and citizens still strive for independent childbearing. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the study of the assessment of citizens in relation to the possibility of having a child using surrogate motherhood. It is worth noting that this attribute of family planning is characteristic primarily for citizens of Western countries. The author's special contribution to the study is to establish the fact that there are no contradictions between the development of the traditional concept of family relations and innovations that are actively practiced in the West and form the entire financial industry.

Activists in international courts: Backlash, funding, and strategy in international legal mobilization

Activists in international courts: Backlash, funding, and strategy in international legal mobilization

Je me souviens, j’imagine: essais historiques et littéraires sur la culture québécoise. Sous la direction d’Anne Caumartin, Julien Goyette, Karine Hébert et Martine-Emmanuelle Lapointe

‘Je me souviens’ is the motto of Quebec province, and it is inscribed on the coat of arms on the Parliament Building in Quebec City (inaugurated in 1884). In this context it urged the Québécois to remember their history, embodied in the statues of key historical figures (founders, explorers, military, religious and political figures, and anonymous representatives of the indigenous population) which decorate the building. But in its more familiar context today — on the province’s car licence plates — the motto has lost its context and the population no longer makes the automatic connection between it and the collective identity it once invoked. The sense of historical continuity, which had been integral to the ideology of ‘survivance’ in Quebec from the nineteenth to mid-twentieth century, no longer holds. The break with the traditionalist, Catholic past, which culminated in the Révolution tranquille in the 1960s, coincided with a questioning of the reliability of history and of collective memory. Across twenty-two essays by historians and literary and cultural scholars, the current volume addresses this rupture between a people and its history. Inspired by Pierre Nora’s concept of the lieu de mémoire, it offers analyses of key topoi of Quebec history and culture as they have been represented within the collective imaginary. Some contributions focus on a significant historical moment or emblematic location (for example, La Conquête, or Le Forum de Montréal, home of the Canadiens ice-hockey team, 1926–96), but more frequently the chapters take up commonplace figures such as the porteur d’eau or the coureur de bois, or choose a broader topic (the myth of Quebec as a matriarchal society; the high birth rate in francophone Canada; the shifting meanings of the term ‘colonisation’; attitudes towards the French language in Quebec), in order to revisit them, undermining stereotypes and analysing their transformations, and, in some cases, their relevance in Quebec today. The chosen sites of memory relate mostly to francophone (rather than anglophone or allophone) experience in Quebec, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Essays dealing with various figures of the Other study images, clichés, and stereotypes as they function and shift within the collective (francophone) memory. These include contributions devoted to: the place of the indigenous voice, focusing on the earliest contact under French colonization; les maudits Français and the ambivalence of their presence in the Québécois sense of identity; and the place of l’Anglais in the imagination of (francophone) Quebec. The essay on the migrant Other focuses on one of the most problematic objects of memorialization. Migration (inward and outward, forced or voluntary) is central to what it is to become or to have been Québécois. But to attempt to memorialize the passage of migrants within or beyond Quebec is to attempt to capture a process of flight, of transition, of adaptation or exclusion. Accordingly, the essays in this wide-ranging volume engage the reader in what is both a reconfiguration but also a fundamental questioning of what its authors term ‘les contours d’un Québec évanescent’ (p. 18).

The Hera of Zeus. Intimate Enemy, Ultimate Spouse by Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge and Gabrielle Pironti

Reviewed by: The Hera of Zeus. Intimate Enemy, Ultimate Spouse by Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge and Gabrielle Pironti Roy Van Wijk The Hera of Zeus. Intimate Enemy, Ultimate Spouse. By Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge and Gabrielle Pironti. Trans. by Raymond Geuss. Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2022. Pp. 348. Hardback, $120.00. ISBN: 9781108888479. This book is an English translation of the 2016 French original L'Hera de Zeus: Ennemie Intime, Epouse Definitive. It is the first product of a new CUP series dedicated to translating key works in other languages into English. If this is the standard adhered to, the series will be a great addition to Classical scholarship. This is an essential book for anyone interested in researching and understanding (if partially) the multifaceted nature of Greek polytheism. Rather than providing a general overview or deciphering the teleological development of Hera, the authors stress her versatile character. At the same time, they successfully incorporate the many local characteristics of her cult. They avoid the [End Page 376] straight jacket of a "uniform" goddess approach, yet demonstrate how her essential characteristics, such as maintaining sovereignty and organizing the hierarchy of the (divine) household or marriage, emerge at the cult sites from Sybaris to Samos. In the process, they traverse numerous mythological stories to argue that Hera cannot be captured by the monolithic "jealous wife" trope widespread among scholars. In fact, she is the rightful, powerful counterbalance to Zeus in her own right. She does not just exist as Zeus' foil. She is a divine queen atop the pecking order of Olympus by her own right. The first chapter sets out the premise of her role in the divine order. Contrary to earlier scholarship that saw Hera as the remnant of a matriarchal society or the final development of a primordial vegetation goddess descended from the Mycenaean period, the authors show that Hera took on many roles. Besides being the daughter of Kronos and thus divine royalty on her own account, she plays the role of spouse. As Zeus' sister, she is on equal terms with him. As his lover, she is unsurpassed in beauty in Zeus' eyes – despite his misgivings – and his desire for her stands on a different level. It is that attraction she uses to negotiate with him. She is the guardian of marriage and safeguarded childbirth, especially the legitimacy of children, as evidenced by her behaviour vis-à-vis Dionysos and Herakles, who need to earn their right to Olympus. It is her close acquaintance with her brother that makes her his most dangerous enemy and equal: she knows exactly what triggers him and how to outsmart the thundering god, as evidenced in the story of Herakles and Eurystheus' birth. The second, much bigger chapter, traces Hera in her various cult guises across the Greek world. The cults in question are that of Stymphalos, Plataia, Argos, Samos and Olympia. The chapter ends with an overview and analysis of her roles. Despite the local differences, in each cult it is clear that she acts in her capacity as Queen of the Gods and Olympus. Her role as the consort of Zeus is everywhere engrained in the cultic roots across Greece in various shapes and sizes. In Plataia she protects and solidifies unions and marriages; at Samos she takes on the form of Zeus' young bride that inspired such desires in him. These roles are not mutually exclusive. She can perform various duties within these cults. What their geographic dissemination and local idiosyncrasies show, however, is that despite epichoric differences, the goddess is always venerated in her role as the Hera of Zeus, an equal partner that rightly deserves worship. These investigations of cult are not just worthwhile because of the breadth of their analysis and scholarship; [End Page 377] they also provide a Sitz im Leben for understanding how Greek worshippers themselves saw Hera in all her roles and attributes. The third and final chapter traces one of Hera's most lasting legacies: that of her cholos. This archaic, Homeric term for anger was always misused by previous scholarship. Rather than analyze the context of Hera's wrath more closely...

Academic Careers in Medicine: a Sex-Related Analysis of Career Goals

For female and male physicians of the clinical-academic mid-level staff, working conditions as well as the attitude towards profession and career play a decisive role. For years, there has been an increasing proportion of women in medicine. Despite this increase, a significant sex incongruence is still evident, especially in academic medicine. The aim of this work was to analyze current opinions of female and male physicians on sex-related aspects for career. By means of an online survey, medical mid-level staff from university and peripheral hospitals were asked about professional biographical as well as career-related topics and the data analyzed in terms of the sexes. Compared to their male counterparts, female physicians had lower career goals and mainly aimed to qualify as senior physicians. Women planned to have families and raise children earlier in their careers. Men were more likely to have their professional careers in mind during the same time period. Although only just under 47% of respondents considered an academic career to be worthwhile, 65% continued to rate the acquisition of an academic title highly. When evaluating equal treatment by superiors, female physicians tended to feel disadvantaged in their professional careers compared to male physicians. Thus, physicians rated the treatment by their respective superiors as characterized by the quality of the work (44% for both genders of superiors) or dependent on sympathy (female superiors 30%; male superiors 24%). Female physicians, however, saw a preference for male colleagues in 37% of male superiors. Despite a significantly larger proportion of women in medicine for decades, there is still an incongruence in sexes in favor of men in management positions. The professional and private goals of women and men differ significantly depending on their age decade. The academic career per se is increasingly losing importance, although the acquisition of academic degrees still seems to be desirable. Therefore, to improve the future of academic medicine, significant structural changes are needed to enable projectable career paths (e. g., tenure track, assistant professorship, young medical professionals model) for mid-level academic staff.

Girls Are Better Students but Boys Will Be More Successful at Work: Discordance Between Academic and Career Gender Stereotypes in Middle Childhood.

Despite findings of female advantages at school, men still are higher achieving in the workplace. Only a small amount of research has simultaneously investigated stereotypes of these different domains. We investigated whether stereotypes about academic female superiority and paradoxical stereotypes about workplace male superiority coexist. Participants were 1144 Grades 1-6 students (Mage = 9.66) from Hong Kong. They completed measures of academic gender stereotypes and meta-stereotypes, career gender stereotypes, career-related motivation for school excellence, and school engagement. Teachers provided school exam scores. We examined (1) gender and age differences, (2) the relationship between the stereotypes, and (3) the moderating role of these stereotypes in gender differences in school engagement, exam scores, and career-related motivation. Both boys and girls perceived girls as better students but a belief in female superiority did not translate to the career domain. Although both boys and girls beginning primary school believed their gender was superior in both domains, those at the end of primary school believed that girls do better at school while men are more successful at work. Also, at the end of primary school, these two stereotypes were more discordant on the individual level, i.e., the tendency for children who believed that girls perform better at school to also believe that women perform better at work was weaker in older children. Academic gender stereotypes moderated gender differences in school engagement and exam scores. Understanding why children hold discordant beliefs about success in different arenas and combating both academic and career stereotypes early may help improve gender equality for both genders.

ՄՈՐ ԵՎ ՄԱՆԿԱՆ ՇԱՀԵՐԻ ՊԱՇՏՊԱՆՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՄԻՋԱԶԳԱՅԻՆ ԵՎ ՆԵՐՊԵՏԱԿԱՆ ԻՐԱՎԱԿԱՆ ՆՈՐՄԵՐԻ ՎԵՐԼՈՒԾՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ

The article discusses international and domestic legal norms for the protection of the interests and rights of mother and child. Protecting the interests of the family, mother and child is one of the constitutional principles. Article 16 of the Constitution of the Republic of Armenia defines: the family as the natural and basic unit of society, the basis for the preservation and reproduction of the population, as well as motherhood and childhood are under special protection and patronage of the State.

The Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act, 2021: A Step in the Right Direction.

The Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act, 2021, was passed on December 20, 2021 by an act of Parliament to regulate the functioning of assisted reproductive technology (ART) clinics and ART banks in the country. Since the dawn of in vitro fertilization (IVF), there has been a mushrooming of ART clinics in the country. There was need to supervise and regulate the functioning of these clinics and to safeguard the rights of women undergoing fertility treatment at these centers. The passing of this Act will go a long way in the better supervision, regulation, licensing, and smooth functioning of ART clinics and ART banks. The Act also brings into its ambit the controversial treatment of surrogacy and hence ensures protection of the rights of surrogate mothers. Moreover, strict implementation of the act will guarantee the success of the treatment within the legal and ethical framework.

Guardianship Law in India: Examining The Principle of the Best Interest of Minors and the Rights of Single Mothers as Sole Guardians

Guardianship Law in India: Examining The Principle of the Best Interest of Minors and the Rights of Single Mothers as Sole Guardians