Mother Father Research Articles

Structural vulnerability and neoliberal subjectivities of low-income binational families in Singapore

Given the growing interest in and prominence of cross-border marriages in the region, this paper focuses on the binational family consisting of a foreign-born mother and Singapore-born father. In particular, this paper attends to the low-income binational family, showing how certain families in Singapore are more likely to be in structurally vulnerable positions. In outlining how structural vulnerabilities may be intertwining and compounding, forming insurmountable struggles for some these families, this paper pays attention to the neoliberal subjectivities expressed by the spouses, especially the migrant mothers. An individualisation of their problems shapes the way that these families come to naturalise their own disadvantages. In centering the experiences of about a third of 38 low-income binational families that are considered to be the most disadvantaged, this paper also examines the ways that these families are able to carve out pathways to success, if not for themselves, then their children.

Effects of exposure to mother's and father's alcohol use on young children's normative perceptions of alcohol.

While consumption of alcohol does not often begin until early adolescence, young children are highly capable of internalizing normative information through observational learning. We used a longitudinal multiple-informant family study to examine the impact of exposureto mothers' and fathers' drinking onyoung children's normative perceptions of who drinks alcohol. Three hundred twenty-nine children (4 to 6 years old at baseline [Mage 4.78 (SD=0.725)], 51% girls) completed the Dutch electronic appropriate beverage task [eABT] where they attributed alcoholic beverages to a variety of persons depicted in an illustrated scenario. Their parents completed an online survey that included information on alcohol use and exposure. Children more frequently exposed to their mothers' drinking provided females shown in the eABT illustrations with alcohol significantly more often than children less frequently exposed to mothers' drinking. There was no effect of mother's exposure on providing males in the eABT with alcoholic beverages. Similarly, children more frequently exposed to their fathers' drinking provided fatherswith alcoholic beverages significantly more often than children less frequently exposed to their fathers' drinking. There was no effect of father's exposure on providing the females with alcoholic beverages,nor was there an effect of father's exposure on providing "other males" with alcohol. These patterns held after adjusting for age and sex. This study demonstrates that there are gender-specific effects of exposure to parents' (particularly mothers') drinking on young children's perceptions of person-specific drinking norms. The findings provide unique evidencein a young population groupofeffectson an understudied dimension of alcohol-related perceptions with implications for future drinking behavior.

Funkcjonowanie rodzin nastolatków z zespołem nadpobudliwości psychoruchowej i opozycyjno-buntowniczymi zaburzeniami zachowania

Comparison of the functioning of families of teens (13-16 years) with the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Assessment using the Family Assessment Questionnaire in three groups of adolescents growing up in biological families: (1) ADHD/ODD group (n = 40), (2) ADHD group (n = 40) and (3) group C (control group) adolescents (n = 40) who have not used psychological or psychiatric care in the past or at present. Mothers, fathers and adolescents from the ADHD/ODD group scored significantly lower in all important aspects of family functioning compared to the control group. In the ADHD group, less favorable mother's and father's assessment was shown for all areas of family functioning compared with the control group. Adolescents' assessment in the dimension of "Role performance", "Emotionality", "Affective involvement", and "Control" was also lower. The ADHD/ODD group participants and their parents rated the functioning of the family lower compared with the ADHD group: mothers - in all described areas, teenagers - in most of the described areas except the dimension of "Control", and fathers - in most areas except the dimension of "Emotionality". The functioning of families of patients with ADHD and ODD, and families of patients with ADHD significantly differs in all or most of the examined dimensions compared with families of people without diagnosis, while the functioning of families of patients with ADHD and oppositional defiant patients can be described as more abnormal than that of families of ADHD patients.

Expectant mothers' not fathers' mind-mindedness predicts infant, mother, and father conversational turns at 7months.

Parental mind-mindedness (MM), defined as the propensity to view one's child as an agent with thoughts, feelings, and desires, is associated with positive child outcomes (McMahon & Bernier, 2017) and can be assessed in expectant parents by using five-minute speech samples (Magaña etal., 1986). Individual differences in MM appear stable across the transition to parenthood (Foley etal., in press), offering an exciting intervention opportunity, as expectant mothers' thoughts and feelings about their unborn infants are associated with the quality of mother-infant interactions. To assess prenatal MM as a predictor of parent-infant conversation at 7months, we followed 93 low-risk British heterosexual couples across the transition to parenthood. Mothers' and fathers' MM was measured both in the third trimester of pregnancy and at 4months. Wearable LENA devices were used to gather detailed measures of mother-, father-, and infant-initiated conversations at 7months. Prenatal MM in both parents was associated with more frequent infant-initiated conversations at 7months, while prenatal maternal (not paternal) MM was also associated with more mother- and father-initiated conversations. While longitudinal research with more diverse samples is needed, these findings highlight the importance of parental mentalizing in the prenatal period for early family interactions.

Whose Dark Traits Spoil Family Communication? A Triadic Analysis of Families Raising Adolescents

Adolescence is a turbulent stage of development for both adolescents and their families. Family communication remains one of the major means to adjust to developmental tasks in this stage. Since personality traits have a profound effect on the process of communication, Dark Triad (DT) traits were hypothesized to negatively influence family communication. We wanted to further explore the actor and partner effects of family members’ DT traits on their perceptions of family communication. Ninety-eight families (N = 294) with convenience sampling were recruited for our study. All three family members (i.e., fathers, mothers, and adolescent children) reported their level of DT traits on the Short Dark Triad and perceived quality of family communication on the Communication scale of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale-IV. We classified families based on members’ level of DT traits, but no significant difference in mothers', fathers', and adolescents' perceptions of family communication was found across types of families. Results of triadic extensions of the actor-partner interdependence model showed that mothers' and adolescents' levels of Machiavellianism negatively affected family communication as perceived by fathers and mothers, respectively. Fathers' level of narcissism affected adolescents’ perceptions of family communication negatively. Fathers' level of psychopathy had a negative effect on their own and mothers' perceptions of family communication. Results are in line with general findings about DT traits and highlight their influence in affecting family communication. Specific actor and partner effects are discussed with regard to family roles.

An explanatory model of parental sensitivity in the mother-father-infant triad.

Quality of early family interactions has been associated with child development, bonding, and mental health. Childhood adversity, stress, and depression impact parenting, affecting the quality of the interaction within the mother-father-child triad. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of parents' adverse childhood experiences, depressive symptoms, and parental stress, on their sensitive response toward their tooddler and quality of traidic interactions. A correlational cross-sectional method was used. The sample included 80 mother-father-child triads, of toddlers with social-emotional difficulties. Parents early adverse experiences, parental stress, and depressive symptoms were assessed through self-report measures. Observational measures on parental sensitivity and triadic interaction were used. For mothers and fathers, adverse childhood experiences were associated with depressive symptoms in adulthood. Sensitivity toward their child and stress were positively associated among both parents. Symptoms of depression in mothers were associated with lower sensitivity toward their child, but in fathers, their sensitive response was influenced by the level of parental stress in the mother. In both parents, greater sensitivity in the dyadic interaction with the child was associated with a higher quality of the triadic interactions, in the triad as a whole, and in the regulation and involvement of the child.

Becoming Italian

Becoming Italian

The Effect of Educational-supportive Interventions on Distress Tolerance of Parents of Premature Infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Background: Parents of premature infants are more likely to be exposed to stressful situations than parents of term infants. This study aimed to determine the effect of educational-supportive interventions on the tolerance of parents of premature infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).
 Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, the participants included 50 parents of premature infants admitted to one of the NICUs in Shiraz, Iran from October 2019 to May 2020. Parents were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Educational intervention (training package and its content) was done in five 45-minute sessions for two weeks and three times a week. The supportive care was provided one day after the intervention. The data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and Distress Tolerance Scale and analyzed by SPSS 24 using paired t-test, independent t-test, and chi-square test.
 Results: The mean scores of the mothers' and fathers’ distress tolerance in the pre-intervention stage were 36.0 ± 6.1, 33.9 ± 7.4 in the control group (P < 0.14), and 38.4 ± 5.8, 38.0 ± 5.9 in the experimental group (P < 0.001), respectively. After the intervention, the mean scores of the mothers’ and fathers’ distress tolerance in the control group were 35.9 ± 5.3 and 36.5 ± 6.3, and in the experimental group 54.7 ± 5.3, 53.0 ± 6.0, which compared to before the intervention showed a significant increase (P < 0.001).
 Conclusion: Supportive-educational programs can increase distress tolerance in parents of premature infants. In the future, these programs can be planned to promote the quality of infant care.

Clair3-trio: high-performance Nanopore long-read variant calling in family trios with trio-to-trio deep neural networks.

Accurate identification of genetic variants from family child–mother–father trio sequencing data is important in genomics. However, state-of-the-art approaches treat variant calling from trios as three independent tasks, which limits their calling accuracy for Nanopore long-read sequencing data. For better trio variant calling, we introduce Clair3-Trio, the first variant caller tailored for family trio data from Nanopore long-reads. Clair3-Trio employs a Trio-to-Trio deep neural network model, which allows it to input the trio sequencing information and output all of the trio’s predicted variants within a single model to improve variant calling. We also present MCVLoss, a novel loss function tailor-made for variant calling in trios, leveraging the explicit encoding of the Mendelian inheritance. Clair3-Trio showed comprehensive improvement in experiments. It predicted far fewer Mendelian inheritance violation variations than current state-of-the-art methods. We also demonstrated that our Trio-to-Trio model is more accurate than competing architectures. Clair3-Trio is accessible as a free, open-source project at https://github.com/HKU-BAL/Clair3-Trio.

EXAMINING THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACHIEVEMENT ORIENTATIONS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS WITH LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS

In this study, it is aimed to examine the variables that affect the achievement orientation of university students with logistic regression analysis. Gender, age, education program of university students, academic grade point average, order of preference for university entrance, mother's education level and father's education level constitute the independent variables with demographic content. Enjoying learning new information and working in a job in daily life, the desire to prove their current abilities, the desire to be better than their peers in education and business life, academic ideal and physical disability are other independent variables in the research. The “2x2 Achievement Orientations Scale Revised Form” developed by Elliot and Murayama (2008) and adapted into Turkish by Arslan and Akın (2014) was used to determine students' achievement orientations. The population of the research consists of undergraduate students of Recep Tayyip Erdogan University. The sample of the study consists of 155 students determined by the purposive sampling method. In the study, logistic regression analysis was used to determine the variables that predict the success orientation of university students. As a result of the analysis, it was seen that university students' mother’s education level and the desire to prove their current skills were the predictors. It has been determined that the desire to be better than their peers in educational life and the high academic achievement averages are other predictive variables that affect success orientation. It was concluded that other variables (age, gender, preference, father education, enjoying learning new information, having an academic ideal, working in a job in daily life, physical disability) did not make a significant difference on the predicted variable.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0919/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

On the importance of parenting in externalizing disorders: an evaluation of indirect genetic effects in families.

Theoretical models of the development of childhood externalizing disorders emphasize the role of parents. Empirical studies have not been able to identify specific aspects of parental behaviors explaining a considerable proportion of the observed individual differences in externalizing problems. The problem is complicated by the contribution of genetic factors to externalizing problems, as parents provide both genes and environments to their children. We studied the joint contributions of direct genetic effects of children and the indirect genetic effects of parents through the environment on externalizing problems. The study used genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data from 9,675 parent-offspring trios participating in the Norwegian Mother Father and child cohort study. Based on genomic relatedness matrices, we estimated the contribution of direct genetic effects and indirect maternal and paternal genetic effects on ADHD, conduct and disruptive behaviors at 8 years of age. Models including indirect parental genetic effects were preferred for the ADHD symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity, and conduct problems, but not oppositional defiant behaviors. Direct genetic effects accounted for 11% to 24% of the variance, whereas indirect parental genetic effects accounted for 0% to 16% in ADHD symptoms and conduct problems. The correlation between direct and indirect genetic effects, or gene-environment correlations, decreased the variance with 16% and 13% for conduct and inattention problems, and increased the variance with 6% for hyperactivity problems. This study provides empirical support to the notion that parents have a significant role in the development of childhood externalizing behaviors. The parental contribution to decrease in variation of inattention and conduct problems by gene-environment correlations would limit the number of children reaching clinical ranges in symptoms. Not accounting for indirect parental genetic effects can lead to both positive and negative bias when identifying genetic variants for childhood externalizing behaviors.

48-72 Aylık Çocukların Gelişimlerinin Selçuk Gelişimsel Değerlendirme Envanteri ile Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi

Bu çalışmada; ebeveyn görüşlerine dayalı, güvenilir, geçerli ve norm referanslı bir gelişimsel değerlendirme aracı ile 48-72 ay aralığındaki çocukların bilişsel gelişim, dil gelişimi, sosyal-duygusal gelişim, kaba motor gelişim, ince motor gelişim ve öz bakım becerilerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma Türkiye genelinden; 48-53 ay aralığında 304, 54-59 ay aralığında 218, 60-65 ay aralığında 270 ve 66-72 ay aralığında 307 olmak üzere toplam 1099 katılımcıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak kişisel bilgi formu ve Selçuk Gelişimsel Değerlendirme Envanteri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonunda gelişim alanlarının yaş gruplarında değişiklik göstermekle birlikte cinsiyet, okul öncesi eğitim kurumuna devam etme, ailedeki toplam çocuk sayısı, anne eğitim durumu ve baba eğitim durumu değişkenlerine göre farklılaştığı görülmüştür.

소설 고백 에 나타난 가정 붕괴와 그 비극적 결말

Confessions is a work that dramatized juvenile crimes rampant in Japanese society through the form of characters’ confessions in its structure, and aroused a huge issue in Japanese society of 2008. The fact in which the criminals who murdered Manami, the daughter of Moriguchi who is a middle school teacher are Watanabe Shuya and Shimomura Naoki, the students of her own class, and the issue of juvenile law derived from it, are still highlighted as serious social problems. The cause for this family collapse might be originated from the change in the concept of family according to the change of Japanese society from modern times to contemporary era, and the absence of father(absence of father(masculinity)’s role including the case of actually having no father). Shuya’s mother delivers the distorted masculinity that excludes the traditional femininity to Shuya. As a result, Shuya grows into a sociopath due to the lack of affection, and shows the look of a murderer who belittles others’ lives for his own purpose. Also, Naoki’s mother delivers the excessive femininity that excludes the existing masculinity to Naoki. As a result, in order to recover his own denied masculine identity, Naoki murders his mother. Eventually, both Shuya and Naoki commit a crime toward lineal ascendant by murdering their own mothers, which could be also viewed as resistance(side effect) to distorted masculinity or excessive femininity. However, the family collapse caused by this absence of father does not simply end as onetime event. Making headlines through the mass media for the sake of arousing the interest such as their parricide or psychopathic tendency of massacre could have impacts on the students of school where they belong to or even members of society beyond a personal crime. Meanwhile, due to the absence of husband, the teacher Moriguchi had to fulfill vocational activities and her duty of child-rearing for herself and her daughter as a single mom. It would be valid to say that this absence of husband and father eventually provided the cause for the tragedy of Manami’s death. In other words, the increased single moms every year in poor environment with the insufficient social welfare system, could mean not only the economic hardship, but also the high possibility in which children including herself are exposed to the object of crime. Like this, the family collapse cannot be simply limited to a family, and spreads to society where the family is included, which is spreading to various problems. As the large families are externally changed to nuclear families or single-person families in modern society, or the concept of family is changed like changes in the masculinity of father and femininity of mother in family, it would be necessary to quickly and newly establish the concept of family, and the role or paradigm of father and mother or masculinity and femininity. When the society is more developed, complicated, diversified, and molecularized, it is obvious that the tragedy is more expanded and accelerated.

Interparental conflict and mindful parenting practices: Transactional effects between mothers and fathers

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined the transactional relations between mothers' and fathers' destructive interparental conflict tactics and mindful parenting practices.BackgroundAccording to family systems theory and spillover hypothesis, interparental conflict sets the stage for parents' future levels of conflict as well as parenting difficulties. However, research on the link between conflict and mindful parenting practices remains scarce. The present study aims to investigate the longitudinal relations between mothers' and fathers' interparental conflict tactics and mindful parenting practices.MethodParticipants were 386 families involving mothers and fathers of adolescent children at 12–17 years old. Mothers and fathers completed questionnaire reports of destructive interparental conflict and mindful parenting at two time points spanning 12 months apart. A structural equation model was conducted to examine the relations between conflict tactics and mindful parenting practices.ResultsFindings indicated that mothers' and fathers' destructive conflict predicted their own and their spouses' subsequent destructive conflict, as well as mindful parenting practices. Mothers' and fathers' mindful parenting predicted their own mindful parenting longitudinally, but did not predict the other variables.ConclusionSupporting the spillover hypothesis, this study revealed the longitudinal effect of interparental conflict on mindful parenting, regardless of parent gender. Findings suggested dyadic effects between mothers and fathers, in that destructive conflict tactics were associated with future conflict tactics and mindful parenting practices employed by themselves and their spouses.

Promoting maternal self efficacy and paternal attitudes towards breastfeeding: a randomized controlled trial.

Counseling is one of the ways to improve the quantity and quality of breastfeeding. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of couple-centered counseling on fathers' attitudes and mothers' self-efficacy towards breastfeeding. This randomized controlled trial study was conducted on 60 primigravida pregnant women and their spouses who were randomly selected among the pregnant women referred to the two maternity hospitals of Malayer City, a city in the province Hamadan in western Iran. Data collection tools included the demographic characteristics questionnaire, Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, and Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale. The intervention was performed according to the principles of GATHER counseling (Greet, Ask, Tell, Help, Explain, and Return). Mothers' self-efficacy and fathers' attitudes toward breastfeeding were assessed before the intervention and 4 weeks after birth in both groups. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 23 software and using a significance level of p = 0.05. The participants of the control and test groups were homogeneous in terms of demographic characteristics. The change in mothers' breastfeeding self-efficacy score after intervention in the test group had a statistically significant difference compared to the control group (30.43 ± 2.53; 95%CI: 25.41,35.44), and the change in the score of fathers' attitude towards breastfeeding had a statistically significant difference after the intervention in the test group compared to the control group (19.3 ± 2.05; 95%CI: -23.36, -15.23). In the test group, the change in fathers' attitude towards breastfeeding after the intervention was significant compared to before the intervention (30.36 ± 2.38; 95%CI: 25.43, 35.25). Appropriate counseling programs can change fathers' attitudes toward breastfeeding and increase mothers' breastfeeding self-efficacy, so couples' presence in breastfeeding counseling is recommended.

Mother's and Father's Migrating in China: Differing Relations to Mental Health and Risk Behaviors Among Left-Behind Children.

BackgroundIn China, the figure for left-behind children (LBC) of migrants stood at 68. 77 million in 2015. Despite being seen as a whole in the last few decades, LBC today differ broadly in parental migrating status. This study focused on LBC with both parents migrating (BLBC), LBC with only mothers migrating (MLBC), LBC with only fathers migrating (FLBC), and previous LBC with one or both parents migrating (PLBC), separately. We aimed at exploring the extent to which LBC were being affected by each migrant parent on both mental health and risk behaviors.MethodsData from 4,832 children were collected by a school-based survey in both rural and urban areas of China's Anhui province. Each participant anonymously completed a self-administered questionnaire containing the sociodemographics, the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the items from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), and Young's Internet Addiction Test for Chinese (YIAT-C). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Chi-squared test. Associations were estimated by multiple linear regression and logistic regression analyses adjusted for several confounders.ResultsThe results suggested that BLBC (p < 0.001), MLBC (p < 0.05), FLBC (p < 0.01), and PLBC (p < 0.001) significantly scored higher for total difficulties along with emotional symptoms and conduct problems than never left-behind children (NLBC). Besides, BLBC, FLBC, and PLBC further reported a significantly higher rate of smoking (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively) and drinking (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, and p < 0.01, respectively) than did NLBC. Also, MLBC appeared higher risks of smoking problems [OR = 2.31, 95% CI (1.45–3.69), p < 0.001] and the internet addiction [OR = 2.15, 95% CI (1.24–3.72), p < 0.01], when compared to NLBC.ConclusionsThe findings provided insight into LBC within the different contexts of parental migrations and contributed to a better understanding of their specific and potentially persistent health risks. Correspondingly, the study highlighted the implications for differentiating LBC to capture the more vulnerable group and tailored interventions to prioritize.

Mothers' and fathers' views on the importance of play for their children's development: Gender differences, academic activities, and the parental role.

Play is a main driver of children's cognitive and social development and is crucial for educational success (Paediatrics, 119, 2007 and 182). In recent years, however, parents and schools are under pressure to prioritize academic targets over play. The current research investigated parents' views about three aspects of their children's play and academic activities. Predominantly highly educated UK parents (109 mothers and 49 fathers) were recruited via social media. Participants were asked to complete an amended online version of the Preschool Play and Learning Questionnaire (International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 2004 and 97). The questionnaire consisted of 25 items covering three themes: the importance of play for children's development, the importance of academic activities, and the importance of parents' role in their children's development. The independent variables were the gender of the parent, the gender of their child, and the age group of their child (4-7 years, or 8-11 years). Parents rated play higher than academic activities or their own roles, but the difference was not noteworthy. However, fathers rated academic activities and the parents' role significantly higher than mothers did. In addition, parents of girls rated academic activities and their own role significantly higher than parents of boys. The findings of the current research highlight gender divisions between parents and towards boys and girls regarding the importance of education. Gender roles appear to influence the way parents think about the academic activities their children partake in.

Determinants of Exclusive Breastfeeding and Mixed Feeding Among Mothers of Infants in Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

BackgroundBreastfeeding (BF) is considered the ultimate method of infant feeding for at least the first 6 months of life. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is one of the most effective interventions to improve child survival. The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and duration of exclusive breastfeeding and the associated factors among women in Dubai and Sharjah, UAE.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in four hospitals and four healthcare centers in Dubai and Sharjah between September 2017 and December 2017. Hospitals and centers are governmental and provide maternal and child health services. A convenience sample of 858 Arab and Emirati mothers with children under the age of 2 years participated in the study. Face-to-face interviews were conducted by using structured questionnaires. The study was approved by the University Ethical Committee and the UAE Ministry of Health before data collection. Descriptive statistics were computed to describe all the questionnaire items. The chi-square test was used to compare the study's categorical variables. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to predict the relationship between BF and its associated factors. Statistical tests with P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsThe mean age of the participating mothers was 30.6 (SD 5.5) years. Results showed that the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among the study participants was 24.4% (31.1% in Sharjah and 22% in Dubai; P = 0.003). The binary logistic regression reported that mother's and father's education, skin-to-skin period, number of children, mothers' health, and place of living were significantly associated with exclusive breastfeeding (P < 0.05). The results reported a significant association between EB and duration of breastfeeding (OR = 6.9, P = 0.002), husband education (OR = 2.1, P = 0.015), mother education (OR = 1.3, P = 0.027), number of children (OR = 7.9, P = 0.045), having any health problem (OR = 1.2, P = 0.045), and living place (OR = 1.4, P = 0.033), and a non-significant positive effect of family size and family income. Furthermore, the result reported a significant association between mixed breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding (OR = 0.1, P = 0.000), skin-to-skin period (OR = 0.3, P = 0.002), underweight (OR = 4.7, P = 0.034), last infant's sex (OR = 1.6, P = 0.010), having maid at home (OR = 2.1, P = 0.000), number of children (OR = 0.2, P = 0.013), and living place (OR =1.1, P = 0.014), and a non-significant association with family size and family income.ConclusionsTherefore, a health promotion program for exclusive breastfeeding during antenatal health visits, together with initiating health policies in maternal hospitals to encourage the initiation of breastfeeding during the first hour of birth and the introduction of skin-to-skin contact during the first 5 min of birth are highly recommended.

PERLINDUNGAN TERHADAP PENGABAIAN HAK ASUH ANAK AKIBAT PERCERAIAN

A child is a person who is under the age of 18, or who has not yet reached the age of 18, including a child in the womb. In a marriage, the child born from the marriage must get his rights without the child asking. This research aims to find out the protection against the neglect of child custody due to divorce. The type of research used in this writing is normative law. The approach used is the statute approach and the conceptual approach. Based on this research, it shows that from the breakup of a marriage, there are legal consequences that follow, one of which is about the custody of the child born from the marriage. Child custody due to divorce falls into the hands of the mother, because the child is still under 12 years old. If the biological father or mother of the child does not want to take care of him, then the most entitled person to obtain custody of the child is the grandmother (the mother of the child's biological mother). If the grandmother (the mother of the child's biological mother) is not present or dies, then the custody of the children is transferred to the grandmother (the mother of the child's biological father). If the grandmother (mother of the child's biological father) is not present or has passed away, then the custody of the child is transferred to the uncle (brother or younger brother of the child's biological mother). If the uncle (brother or younger sister of the child's biological mother) is not present or has passed away, then the custody of the child is transferred to the uncle (brother or younger sister of the child's biological father).

Teachers’ competence promote close relationships to children with externalising problems and conflictual relationships

This study explored longitudinal associations between student-teacher closeness in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) at 5 years of age and children’s externalising problems at 3, 5 and 8 years, and its potential dependency on teachers’ perceived competence regarding children’s behavioural and social problems. We applied structural equation modelling to data from 7478 children (50.2% boys) from the Norwegian Mother Father and Child Cohort study. Results show that teachers’ reports of close relationships in ECEC are beneficial for reduced externalising problems at 8 years, as reported by mothers. Yet, early externalising problems at 3 years compose a risk for low closeness in ECEC. Insufficient competence among teachers about children’s social and behavioural problems increases this risk, especially in the presence of student-teacher conflict. When teachers perceive their competence as sufficient, the risk of low closeness is reduced for these children.