Mosul Province Research Articles

Economic and Commercial Situation of Mosul Province According to the British Consulate Reports (1896-1912)

Bu calismada, Musul’da gorev yapan Ingiliz konsoloslarin hazirladiklari raporlardaki veriler dikkate alinarak Musul Vilâyetinin 1896-1912 yillari arasindaki ekonomik ve ticari durumu ele alinmistir. Bu raporlardaki veriler cercevesinde Musul Vilayetinin ticari kapasitesi, ulasim ve guzergâhlar, Ihrac ve ithal edilen emtianin cesitleri ve tutarlari, katir ve deve tasimaciligi icin yapilan paketlemeler hakkinda bilgiler verilmistir.

Detection of Norovirus and Rotavirus in Children under Five Years During Winter 2012-2013 in Mosul Province

Detection of Norovirus and Rotavirus in Children under Five Years During Winter 2012-2013 in Mosul Province

Karyotype of Nannospalax ehrenbergi (Nehring 1898) (Rodentia: Spalacidae) in the Mosul Province, Iraq

The karyotypes of mole rats Nannospalax ehrenbergi (Nehring 1897) from two closely located populations from Mosul province, Iraq, were investigated. The karyotype of this form was 2n=52, NF= 76, NFa=72 which consists of 11 pairs of metacentric/submetacentric autosomes, and 14 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. The X chromosome was large and metacentric, whereas the Y chromosome was small and acrocentric. The species occurrence in Iraq, based on literature overview and the present study, was updated. Karyotypic data for the Nannospalax ehrenbergi from Iraq are presented for the first time.

Detection of streptomycin residues in local meat of bovine and ovine

From meat retails in Mosul province, forty-five meat samples of local ovine and bovine (23 bovine samples and 22 ovine samples) were collected. The period of collection was during November 2010 to May 2011, by means of multistage random sampling for detection of streptomycin residues. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for detection of streptomycin residues. The results revealed that eleven ovine meat samples (50%) were positive to streptomycin residue, with a mean value 35.06 µg kg-1, while 14 bovine meat samples (60.86%) were positive to residual streptomycin with a mean value 59.56 µg kg-1. From the results, it is clear that all tested meat samples (ovine and bovine) were safe enough for human consumption.

Fezzes in the River: Identity Politics and European Diplomacy in the Middle East on the Eve of World War II (review)

Reviewed by: Fezzes in the River: Identity Politics and European Diplomacy in the Middle East on the Eve of World War II Meir Zamir Fezzes in the River: Identity Politics and European Diplomacy in the Middle East on the Eve of World War II. By Sara D. Shields. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 320 pp. $39.95 (cloth). Shields examined the conflict between Great Britain, the Mandatory Power in Iraq, and Turkey over Mosul province in the early 1920s in her previous book Mosul before Iraq: Like Bees Making Five-Sided Cells (2000). Her present book discusses another border dispute—between France, the Mandatory Power in Syria, and Turkey over the Sanjak (province) of Alexandretta in the late 1930s. The question of the annexation of Alexandretta (Hatay) to Turkey on the eve of the Second World War has been studied before. Syrian historiography (Shields has not used Arabic sources) presents the loss of Alexandretta as a national tragedy, while Turkish historiography glorifies its return to the motherland. The importance of Shields's work lies in its ability to combine diplomatic and social history, thus exposing the reader to both top-down and bottom-up history. Shields provides a detailed picture of the high-level diplomacy that led to the severing of the province from Syria and its annexation to Turkey against the background of the escalation toward war in Europe and the role of the League of Nations as an arbiter, while presenting an in-depth study of the outcome on the local population. The province of Alexandretta in northwestern Syria, with its cosmopolitan population of Arabs, Turks, Kurds, Allawis, and Christians— mainly Armenian—and its economically and strategically important port city, after which the province is named, had been part of Syria under the French mandate since 1920. The conflict over Alexandretta, like that over Mosul, became entangled in the border dispute between Kemalist Turkey and the Arab states of Iraq and Syria that had been carved out by Great Britain and France after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the First World War. But whereas Turkey's [End Page 472] claims over the oil-rich Mosul district had been rejected by Great Britain, its demands for Alexandretta were given a more positive hearing by France, a weaker power, whose main interest was to sustain its military and strategic position in the eastern Mediterranean as Europe slid toward war. Even though, according to the mandate, France was obliged to defend its borders, it was willing to make territorial concessions at Syria's expense in order to prevent Turkey from siding with the Axis Powers as the Ottoman Empire had done during the First World War. The price was to be the Sanjak of Alexandretta. Great Britain's role behind the scenes in this "territorial transaction" was of greater importance than as presented by Shields. Apparently Great Britain had no problem with ensuring Turkey's collaboration with the Allies in return for French concessions, which Syria eventually was to pay for. As Shields argues convincingly, the fate of the contested province was decided in Great Power politics, while formal avenues were being pursued to conceal the true reasons for its detachment from Syria and annexation to Turkey. A substantial part of the book is dedicated to the role of the League of Nations, which served as a formal arbiter in the Franco-Turkish dispute, but, in fact, it provided a legal façade for Alexandretta's assignment to Turkey. Shields does not merely examine the political and diplomatic aspects of the League of Nations' involvement, but uses its intervention to demonstrate the gap between the fundamental Western notions adopted to settle the province's legal status and the political, social, and economic reality on the ground. The concepts of nationalism, self-determination, and the democratic process as expressions of the wishes of the people led to what Shields defines as "politics of identity," namely a collective identity as an expression of the local inhabitants' national aspirations. In reality, the population of the province reflected the Ottoman multilingual, multireligious, and ethnically diverse society that had existed for hundreds of years and did not necessarily have one...

The Role of Information and Communication Technology in Reinforcement of Personal Entrepreneur A Pilot study for Opinion of A Sample of Industrial Organizations Managers in Mosul Province

In today's world and the most in the business world are the information and communications technology (ICT) is one of the most important pillars of development organizations. Their survival is especially stood in light of today's environment of rapidly changing. The organizations must deal with a large amount of information which needs to speed access and use in different jobs. On the other hand, the characteristics of the environment make it mandatory for managers for pioneering characteristics and the qualities of entrepreneurial to enable them to lead their organizations successfully. The current research aims to clarify the role of ICT in promoting some of the characteristics of entrepreneurial such as personal creativity, initiative, opportunities, and vision. It has to formulate a set of hypotheses were important entity to correlate the effect of information communication technology and some personal characteristics of entrepreneur. A questionnaire has been prepared, and data collection was adopted, statistical program (SPSS) in analyzing such data has been reached to a set of conclusions which emphasized the role of information communication technology in promoting some of the characteristics of personal entrepreneurial, as well as providing some appropriate recommendations in this area. .

Study of pathological changes of kidney associated with some diseases in broilers

Seventy kidney samples of broiler chickens 3-6 weeks old were collected from private chicken farms in Mosul province, used to study gross and histopathological changes in the kidneys. The most prominent gross pathological changes were variable ranging from swelling and congestion of kidney with petechial hemorrhage on the cortex to swelling and congestion w while other cases of kidney appears pale and small in size. Histopathological changes of the kidneys were characterized by acute tubular nephrosis leading to necrosis and desquamation of epithelial lining the renal tubules degeneration of the epithelial cell of renal tubules to diffuse degeneration of the epithelial cells of renal tubules leading to necrosis and desquamation of epithelial cells. Additionally there is infiltration of inflammatory cells (Lymphocytes) in the interstitial tissue of the kidney. In other samples the histological changes appears as proliferation in the mesengial cell of glomeruli with sever hemorrhage in the interstitial tissue. Also there is hyaline degeneration in the renal glomeruli. Moreover visceral gout was seen in some samples of kidney characterized by deposition of urates as clefts in the lumen of renal tubules with infiltration of inflammatory cells especially foreign body giant cell and macrophages in addition to congestion of blood vessels and hemorrhage in the interstitial tissue. From the result of the present study it was concluded that renal pathological changes occurred in broiler chicken associated with many diseases.

Diagnosis of foot and mouth disease by indirect competitive ELISA test in feedlot calves - in Mosul province

Diagnosis of foot and mouth disease by indirect competitive ELISA test in feedlot calves - in Mosul province

Arbitrator in a World of Wars: The League of Nations and The Mosul Dispute, 1924–1925

The League of Nations is primarily remembered for its failures in the 1930s. Indeed, the established perception of its history usually emphasizes weaknesses. Failing to settle the question of which Power should possess the former Ottoman province of Mosul after the First World War, Turkey saw the dispute addressed to the League in summer 1924. Within a short time, a multi-leveled negotiation process that involved a large number of politicians, diplomats, and lawyers was put in motion. Sixteen months and many crises later, the League Council awarded the entire Mosul province to Iraq. The arbitration had been based upon data collected by two enquiry commissions comprising representatives from eight different Powers, the work of both numerous mediators, and a Council sub-committee. Though certainly not perfect, the League's role averted war and renewed disaster.

British Legacy and Evolution of Kurdish Nationalism in Iraq (1918-1926) : What Significance the ‘Mosul Question’?

This article aims to study the British modalities of managing Kurdish nationalism in the vilayet1 of Mosul in the 1918-1926 period, when both Kurdish nationalism and Iraqi state-building were in their formative (if not infancy) period. There are two inter-dependent arguments: First, the new British policies of the post-WWI period were also in their formative period, since they were being formed through the issue of a geo-political and frontier re-structuring necessitated by the new international order. Second, Kurdish nationalism in the Mosul province evolved in the prism of the British policies, constituting both a trump card for and a challenge to the Kurdish population. This duality, I will argue, became the main characteristic of Kurdish nationalism in the future configurations in Iraq in particular, and in the Middle East, in general. This duality was the direct outcome of the British policies in the post-WWI period, which were stamped with a considerable polyarchy and tergiversations, due both to the uncertainties generated by the post-WWI period, the necessity of adapting to the new principles of the international order and inter-departmental competition. These polyarchy and tergiversations became manifest in the Iraqi state-building process, especially before the settlement of the Mosul question, the old Ottoman province with a substantial Kurdish population. In other words, it was in the vilayet of Mosul during this period (1918-1926) that the re-structuring of the British policies in the post-WWI era was crystallized -with all their ups-and-downs.

Great Powers Interests In Mosul Province During Sultan Abdul – Hamid II 1876 – 1909

Mosul province during Hamidi era (1876 – 1909) has got a great importance by the Great Powers in Europe as Britain, Germany, France and Russia as well as U.S.A. This importance is related to so many characteristics of Mosul province and at the front is its agricultural and animal wealth. This made Mosul to be an important source for these States to meet its heads from agricultural crops. Also, Mosul province has a strategic location being a route for trade joining Persia and China from one side and Anadolia and Syria from another. Mosul province has included many ancient archeological ruins and become a theatre for many activity of excavations and that has increased the international interests of Mosul to include missionaries for both Britain and France. Some Great Powers tried to set up diplomatic ties with Mosul province in order to protect and enlarge their interests.

The influence of Iraqi mothers' socioeconomic status on their milk-lipid content

To investigate the lipid content and fatty acid (FA) composition, especially n(3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n(3) LCPUFAs) of mature breast-milk of Iraqi mothers and their relation to the socioeconomic status of the mothers. A collection of mature breast-milk of mothers with three different socioeconomic status (lactation period 5+/-1 month). Mosul province (in the north of Iraq). Mature breast-milk samples were obtained from a group of 20- to 35-year-old mothers with different socioeconomic status: high urban (HU, n=25), low urban (LU, n=15) and typical suburban (SU, n=25). Mature-milk samples were collected from each lactating mother. The lipid components of each sample, namely triglycerides (TGs), cholesterol (C) and phospholipids (PLs) were determined enzymatically. After their separation and esterification, FAs were determined as FA methyl esters by capillary gas chromatography. The percentages of n(3) LCPUFAs were 0.48+/-0.025, 0.37+/-0.029 and 0.38+/-0.018% for HU, LU and SU mothers, respectively. The amount of TGs, the major component of milk lipid, was 5.64+/-0.24, 5.21+/-1.61 and 3.21+/-0.92 g/100 ml for HU, SU and LU mothers, respectively. The milk-lipid content varied with the socioeconomic status. The socioeconomic status of lactating mothers affected the lipid content and FA composition, especially the level of n(3) LCPUFAs (the very important structural constituents of the retina, brain and other nervous tissues). Mature breast-milk for the studied groups was low in n(3) LCPUFAs compared with that of mothers from developed countries and that recommended by WHO for optimum infant nutrition. Supported by grants from Department of Chemistry, University of Mosul. The analysis of FA methyl ester samples was performed at the National Centre for Scientific Research, France.

STABILITY OF RAPESEED (Brassica napus L. ) VARIETIES UNDER RAINFALL CONDITIONS IN NORTHEREN OF IRAQ

Four rapeseed varieties, Paktol, Kebel, Forte and Karat were tested in five environments represented limited and semi-limited dryland area in northern of Iraq, Mosul province (Rashidia during 1999-2000 and 2000-2001, singar during 2000-2001 and Bashiqa site during 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 seasons) in order to determine stability of these varieties for plant height, heading,yield and its components.Significant varietal and environments differences were observed for the traits investigated except no. of seed per pod and 1000 seed weight.GXE interaction effect was highly significant for all traits except 1000 seed weight. Paktol were better adapted to favorite environments for plant height, no. of days to heading and no. of pods per plant and better adapted to a wide of environments and stable for seed yield.

Splenic Injuries in Mosul Province

This is retrospective study of splenic trauma managed at Al-Zahrawi Teaching Hospital and Saddam General Hospital in Mosul Province. The data of 108 patients during the study between the first of January 1993 and the 13 th of June 1997; have been analyzed. Males were three times affected more than females. The mean age was 24 years, and the highest incidence was encountered in those below the age of 10 years (39.8%). Blunt splenic trauma was much more common than penetrating injury (73% vs 27%). Road traffic accidents (41.7%) and fall from height (25%) were the most common causes. Splenic injuries were graded in severity from one to five. Twelve percent were grade I injuries, 13% grade II, 14% grade III, 16% grade IV, 27% grade V, and 19% of unknown grade. Associated injuries were frequent, occurred in 63% of patients. The majority of the patients (94.4%) were treated by splenectomy whereas only (5.6%) had splenorraphy performed. Delayed rupture of the spleen was present in two patients (1.9%) who required splenectomy more than 48 hours post-injury. Postoperative complications were common, occurred in 47 patients (34.5%). Pulmonary infection had the higher incidence and occurred in (20.4%) of the patients. Wound infection was present in 8 patients (7.4%) and peritonitis in 7 patients (6.4%). However, complications were more frequent in those severely injured with multiple associated injuries. The overall mortality was (25%). Sixteen patients (15%) with blunt splenic injury and 11 patients with penetrating injury died. Death generally occurred in those with severe associated injuries like head injuries. The two most common causes of death were exsanguination (8.3%) and septicemia.

Communalism and the state in Iraq: the Yazidi Kurds, c.1869–1940

The Yazidis are a Kurdish heterodox group settled in the province of Mosul. They represent an interesting case study for the development of communalism in the heterogeneous social fabric of northern Iraq. This article analyses cultural difference, intergroup relations and processes of nation building as they affected and articulated various manifestations of Yazidi identity under the political modernization of the late Ottoman and mandatory periods.' The Iraqi Yazidis constituted the second largest non-Muslim group living in the Mosul province. They were settled in the two main enclaves of Jabal Sinjar and Shaikhan: the former is a mountainous area located in the middle of the northern Jazira south-west of the city of Mosul, the latter is a transitional zone between the Mosul plain and the mountains of Iraqi Kurdistan. As a community the Yazidi Kurds functioned within several often overlapping frames of reference: they were a tribe, a religious community, and an economic group whose members were mainly agriculturalists and cattle breeders. They also shared language and racial affiliation; all the Iraqi Yazidis were Kurds and spoke Kurdish as their first language. Thus individuals operated within a variety of contexts which served different types of action: the family, the clan, the tribal group, the religious polity and the wider ethnic community.2 This article concentrates on Yazidi tribal, religious and ethnic identities as sources of communal mobilization which provided a continuous interaction between the members of the group and the surrounding environment. The development of socio-economic and political solidarities that crossed communal boundaries was an important dimension of a continuous process of exchange and strategic negotiation which occurred between the Iraqi Yazidis and the cultural, socio-economic and political spheres within which they operated. In particular, the complex patterns of socio-economic and political identification which developed among the community in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were closely related to the impact of state power. After the appointment of Midhat Pasha to the

Bacterial Isolation and Identification from Feces of Healthy Camel in Mosul Province

Forty fecal samples were collected from healthy camels in Mosul province in period from December 2013 to April 2014. Bacterial culture technique, biochemical tests and API 20 E system were used for bacterial isolation and identification. The result showed that bacteria isolated in rate of 87.5% (35/40), Escherichia coli isolated in rate of 15/35(31.4%), followed Klebsiella pneumonia 7/35(20%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6/35(17.1%), Proteus vulgris 4/35 (11.4%) and the lowest percentage was for Staphylococcus aureus 3/35 (8.5%). Antibacterial profile of bacterial isolates from camel feces according to antibiotic disc diffusion method were applied to each of kanamycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tobramycin, tetracycline, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, all the isolates resistance proportion for tetracycline is 100%.

The Excavations at Nimrud (Kalḫu), 1961

The eleventh season of excavations at Nimrud opened on March 2nd, 1961; full-scale operations ended on May 5th, but a small party continued the extraction and conservation of the ivories for a further two weeks. The expedition was generously supported by contributions from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, the Royal Ontario Museum, Canada, the University of Pennsylvania, the British Museum, Les Musées Royales d'Art et d'Histoire, Brussels, the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, the University of Sydney, the University of Cambridge, and the Iraq Petroleum Company. I must once again express my gratitude to all the members of the staff. Miss Barbara Parker, in her tenth season as epigraphist and photographer, shared the epigraphic work with Mr. James Kinnier Wilson, Lecturer in Assyriology at Cambridge University, and Mr. Alan Millard; Mr. Jeffery Orchard catalogued the ivories and other finds, Mr. Nicholas Kindersley was in charge of the pottery, and Miss Charmian Reed and Mr. Eric von Gericke undertook the cleaning and treatment of the ivories. In addition, we were fortunate to have the experienced help of Dr. Vaughn E. Crawford of the Metropolitan Museum of Art during the latter part of the season, both in the field work and the photography. The quantity of ivories found was as great, and the body of inscribed material greater and more complex, than in previous seasons; that we were able at the same time to plan and record a large area of Fort Shalmaneser, yielding important historical evidence, reflects the ability and industry of my colleagues in their special fields, and their versatility in sharing the varied general duties of the dig. We must also record our thanks, for their constant and cordial cooperation, to the Director General of Antiquities, Sayid Taha Baqir, and his staff, to the Inspector General of Excavations, Sayid Fuad Safar, and to Sayid Selim al Jelili, now Inspector of Antiquities in Mosul Province, who spent his third season with us as representative of the Directorate General and as a valued member of the expedition.