Most Probable Number Of Coliforms Research Articles

Uji Cemaran Coliform Menggunakan Uji MPN pada Air Sumur Gali, Sumur Bor dan PDAM

Physical, biological, and chemical parameters form the environmental health quality standards for water media used for sanitary hygiene needs. These parameters must be checked periodically by the laws and regulations contained in the Minister of Health Regulation Number 32 of 2017. One of these requirements is the MPN limit, which is a maximum total Coliform count of 50 colonies per 100 milliliters and requires the absence of Escherichia coli. This study was to ascertain whether PDAM water, borehole, and dug well water in the Cinta Rakyat Village area of Percut Sei Tuan Deli Serdang were contaminated by Escherichia coli and the MPN Coliform index. A 3:3:3 tube series consisting of a prediction test using Lactose Broth (LB) media, a confirmation test using Brilliant Green Lactose Broth (BGLB) media, and a complementary test using Eosin media was used to conduct a microbiological contamination test using the Most Probable Number (MPN) Coliform method. Gram stain with methylene blue agar (EMBA). Six water samples from dug wells, six from boreholes, and one PDAM water sample from the homeowner's residence were used for testing. The samples were randomly selected. The findings showed that two well water samples - ASGD 1 with 75 colonies/100 mL and ASGD 6 with 75 colonies/100 mL - exceeded the total Coliform limit. Six samples taken from dug wells were positive for fecal coliform. The colony count for ASGD 1 was 15/100 mL, ASGD 2 was 7/100 mL, ASGD 3 was 7/100 mL, ASGD 4 was 15/100 mL, ASGD 5 was 4/100 mL, and ASGD 6 was 20/100 mL. Two samples from boreholes were positive for fecal coliform. There were 4 colonies/100 mL for ASBD 2 and 7 colonies/100 mL for ASBD 4. PDAM water samples did not contain non-fecal coliforms and fecal coliforms.

Analysis of coliform bacteria contamination in drinking water refill in Ambon City

In recent years, refillable drinking water businesses have grown rapidly in several cities in Indonesia, including Ambon City. On the one hand, Refillable Drinking Water Depots (DAMIU) support efforts to realize a healthy society by expanding the reach of clean water consumption, On the other hand, DAMIU tend to be problematic when faced with business interests. Feces contain coliform bacteria which is an indicator of water contamination. This study aims to determine the presence of coliform bacteria in Ambon City. The samples used in the study came from three sub-districts of refill drinking water depot sources, namely the Teluk Dalam sub-district, Nusaniwe sub-district, and Baguala sub-district. Microbiological testing of refill drinking water using MPN (most probable number) method. The MPN test results showed that three refill drinking water samples were not contaminated with coliform bacteria because there was no turbidity or gas formation in the Durham tube for gas-forming bacteria. This indicates that the three refill drinking water samples tested microbiologically have good quality and are safe for consumption, because in 100 ml of water no coliform bacteria were found in accordance with Permenkes No. 492/Menkes/Per/IX/2010 regulations on the requirements and supervision of water quality, which states that the microbiological requirements for drinking water are MPN Coliform /100 ml sample = 0. There are no coliform bacteria in the refillable drinking water depot in Ambon City so the water is suitable for consumption

SQUAB AND QUAIL MEATS: MICROBIAL STATUS AND PREVALENCE OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT SHIGA TOXIN-PRODUCING E. coli

The consumption of exotic meats, such as squab and quail meats, is common in many parts of the world. However, little is known about the safety of these foods. This study aimed to evaluate the microbial characteristics of squab and quail meats, with a particular interest in the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Meat samples were examined for total bacterial counts, total mold counts, most probable number of coliforms, total E. coli counts, and the prevalence of STEC. The presence of virulence genes (stx1, stx2, and eae) in STEC isolates was also investigated. Results from microbial analyses revealed poor hygienic status of squab and quail meats. E. coli was isolated from 16% and 10% of squab and quail meats, respectively. Six E. coli serotypes were recovered, including O26, O78, O111, O114, O119, and O127, and STEC genes were detected in all these isolates. Squab liver had the highest E. coli prevalence rates, followed by gizzard, heart, spleen, and breast muscles. The prevalence of E. coli in quail meat samples was similar across all tissues. STEC serotypes showed notable multidrug resistance profiles. We then used ascorbic and rosmarinic acids to increase the safety of breast muscle. Treatment of breast muscles with these acids significantly improved their microbial safety. These findings highlight the potential role of squab and quail meats as a vehicle for STEC transmission to humans, and the beneficial effect of treatment with ascorbic and rosmarinic acids on enhancing the safety of exotic meats. Key words: food safety; shiga toxin; E. coli; squab; quails; meat

Pathogens and microorganisms in the mangrove oyster Crassostrea gasar cultivated in an estuarine environment in Northeast Brazil.

Estuaries are important ecosystems due to the ecological services they provide, acting as nurseries for many species of fish and invertebrates, and are also used as environments for the extraction and cultivation of mollusks. Oysters are animals that filter water to obtain oxygen and nutrients. In this process, they can bioaccumulate microorganisms and chemical substances in their tissues. The growth of mollusk culture in Northeastern Brazil requires the health identification of cultivated oysters through the quantification of the potentially harmful microbiota accumulated in the animals. Therefore, the present work aims to quantify and identify bacteria and possible pathogens found in the tissues of cultivated oysters and their culture waters. The Most Probable Number of Coliforms (MPN) in oysters and water were considered suitable according to the Brazilian current legislation, Vibrio sp. obtained low colonization and Salmonella sp. was not observed. The prevalence of microorganisms potentially pathogenic to oysters was 33.7%, highlighting metazoans and Nematopsis sp., however, the intensity of the infestation of these organisms was moderate. The low contamination of oysters demonstrates that this culture environment is promising for this activity. However, continuous environmental and sanitary monitoring is fundamental to guarantee the safety of the culture waters and the sustainability of aquaculture activities.

Dampak Perilaku Masyarakat Membuang Sampah Terhadap Kualitas Air Anak Sungai Kahayan Mendawai 7 Ujung Kota Palangka Raya

Settlements that develop around rivers will result in problems with the disposal of household waste to the riverbanks. There is quite a lot of household waste that enters the river. This study aims to determine the pollution index of the tributaries of the Kahayan Mendawai 7 Palangka Raya River to the fish in the river. The analysis was carried out using water quality analysis based on the MPN (Most Probable Number) Coliform, consisting of three test stages, namely an estimation test using Lactose Broth (KL) medium, a confirmation test using Brilliant Green Lactose Broth (BGLBB) medium, and a certainty test. using Mac Concey Agar (MCA) medium. This type of research is a direct survey method and laboratory analysis. this research was carried out in October 2021. The results of this study were obtained based on the formula and table of MPN values, three series of tubes were obtained with the total MPN Cokiform value in the estimating test of 2,400 cells/100 ml sample, the MPN value confirming test 28 cells/100 ml sample, and the number of Escherichia coli colonies in the certainty test were 69 colonies, so the water quality of the tributary of the Kahayan Mendawai 7 Ujung City of Palangka Raya was in the category of polluted and unfit for consumption.Keywords: Household Waste, Water Quality

Physical, Chemical, and Microbiological Quality Analysis of Home Ice Cubes, Beams, and Crystals in Gang Lebar, Wonocolo, Surabaya

Ice cubes are complementary products made from frozen water. If ice cubes have been contaminated by chemical compounds or microorganisms, it will cause various health problems. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of ice cube, block and crystal houses in the Gang Lebar area, Wonocolo, Surabaya. The physical parameters of ice cubes observed were color, smell and taste. The chemical parameters analyzed were Fe and pH. Microbiological parameters were tested by Total Plate Count (TPC), Most Probable Number (MPN), and Salmonella contamination test. The results showed that by observing the physical parameters of the color of the ice cubes, 1 sample of ice cubes was obtained which met the quality requirements of SNI 3839: 2019, namely sample K1, on the physical observation of smell and taste, 1 sample was obtained which did not meet the requirements, namely the ice block sample. Analysis of pH and Fe chemical parameters showed that all samples met the quality requirements of SNI 3839: 2019 in the pH test. Meanwhile, the Fe test of all samples was declared ineligible. Microbiological analysis of ice cubes showed that 1 sample did not meet the requirements. Furthermore, the results of the MPN coliform test stated that 1 sample met the quality requirements with a value of 7 APM/100mL in sample K1. The Salmonella contamination test found 1 positive sample containing Salmonella, namely in the ice block sample.

EVALUATION OF REFILLABLE DRINKING WATER QUALITY BASED ON MPN COLIFORM AND ESCHERICHIA COLI INSESETAN VILLAGE, SOUTH DENPASAR, BALI

Background: Refilled drinking water given by depots that currently have a permit for operation can be used to meet the community's drinking water demands. However, the quality of refilled drinking water has been tainted with pathogens that can cause health problems. Purpose: To assess the quality of replenished drinking water in Sesetan Village using Most Probable Number (MPN) Coliform and Escherichia coli as indicators. Method: A qualitative approach to descriptive observational research. The Ministry of Health standard 492/Menkes/PER/IV/2010 is used to assess drinking water quality. In this investigation, ten samples were used. Sampling was conducted in Sesetan Village, South Denpasar, Bali. Result: MPN Coliform was found in four samples: 96 MPN/100 mL (X1), 38 MPN/100 mL (X7), 15 MPN/100 mL (X8), and 5 MPN/100 mL (X10). Meanwhile, all of the samples tested negative for Escherichia coli. Conclusion: Based on drinking water quality criteria, 4 (40%) refilled drinking water depots (DAMIU) did not meet quality requirements (Ministry of Health Regulation number 492/Menkes/PER/2010).

Analysis of microbiological contaminants in mussel Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758), before and after depuration, from mariculture of the lowland coast, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Mussels can be used in the assessment of contamination of marine environments because of their filtering particles. Since they are used as a food source, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the (experimental) depuration process for the microbiological quality of mussels obtained from two regions of the Baixadas Litorâneas in Rio de Janeiro. Samples of cultivation water and mussels were collected seasonally from March 2019 to February 2020, in a total of 240 animals from both regions to perform the Most Probable Number of coliforms at 35 °C, at 45 °C (E. coli), Enterococcus spp., research Salmonella spp., count of heterotrophic aerobic mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria in control samples and debugged. A low count of E. coli was observed for the cultivation water, but in mussels the counts were high in the winter period in Armação de Búzios, exceeding the limits established in accordance with the current legislation. However, the depuration technique adopted after collection provided a reduction in bacteriological counts, proving to be an effective process. Therefore, if there is a bacterial reduction with the adoption of the depuration process, there is a need for mitigation measures adopted by mariculturers and city halls regarding the safety of marine waters and molluscs.

Identification of Bacteria, Fungi, and Most Probable Coliform around Temporary Disposal Site at Gadang Village Banjarmasin

Abstract: Temporary Disposal Site (TDS) of Gadang Village Banjarmasin is one of the temporary landfills in Banjarmasin. The negative effects of waste can pollute the environment, including water and air. The purpose of this study was to identify airborne contaminant bacteria and fungi as well as the Most Probable Number (MPN) of Coliform value of piped water in the residential houses around Gadang TDS Banjarmasin. The research method is descriptive observational. The sample of this study were air and piped water. Air sampling is done by open plate and MPN Coliform sampling was obtained by purposive sampling method. The results of this study showed the air contaminant bacteria in the house were Staphylococcus aureus (55.56%) and Escherichia coli (44.44%) in the environment around the TDS all results were obtained with the same percentage. Aspergillus niger was dominantly found at a distance of 20-30 m and 40-50 m while Aspergillus flavus was mostly found at the distance around 30-40 m. MPN Coliform in piped water showed coliform bacteria contamination with MPN coliform index of 2.0-7.5/100ml water samples. In conclusion, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is more common than Escherichia coli. Most fungi species found in this study was Aspergillus niger. In the piped water examination for all samples MPN Coliform was found in the low risk category. Keywords: Air contaminant bacteria, air contaminant fungi, piping water MPC coliform, Temporary Disposal Site

A study of isolation and identification of bacteria from lake water in and around Udaipur, Rajasthan.

Introduction:Water is an essential nutrient which plays an important role in digestion, absorption of food and elimination of waste products by urine. Udaipur also known as ‘City of Lakes’ or even the ‘Venice of East’ due to its unique and beautiful lake system has an exceptional importance at national and international levels. The aquatic systems are mostly dominated by bacteria and fungi and in the natural environments micro-organisms have very specific roles with regard to the recycling of materials and purification of water. Presence of coliform bacteria in the water indicates the fecal pollution of water.Methods:Water from all the three lakes were included for the assessment of their water quality parameters. Biological parameters like MPN of coliforms and presence of bacterial and cyanobacterial contaminants were read. The MPN (Most Probable Number) of Coliform was determined by the Presumptive Coliform Count (Multiple Tube Method) in 100 ml of sample water.Conclusion:The coliform bacteria is the primary bacterial indicator for fecal pollution in water. The purpose of study was to make people aware about the bacterial load in water bodies. Based on this, categorical representation of water was unacceptable for the purpose of swimming and bathing.

EVALUATION OF PERCEPTION AND PREFERENCE OF SENSORY ATTRIBUTES FOUND IN FULL-FAT AND LOW-FAT PRATO CHEESE

Prato cheese is the second most commercialized cheese in Brazil and its full-fat variety has very high fat content. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of perception and preference of untrained consumers to full-fat and low-fat Prato cheese. For such, eight Prato cheese sample (four full-fat and four low-fat version) weighing 500g each, were submitted to microbiological, physical and sensorial evaluations. The microbiological evaluation consisted of determining the Most Probable Number of coliforms at 35 and 45°C as well as the presence of Salmonella sp. In the physical analyses, we found the values of pH, shear force and performed a color analysis. The sensory analysis was performed from the Preference Test. Both cheese varieties had coliform counts at 35 and 45°C within the thresholds established by current legislation; and there was absence of Salmonella sp. In addition, the physical characteristics were within the expected for the type of cheese evaluated. As for the sensory evaluation, full-fat Prato cheese was preferred for the appearance (52%) and aroma (55%) attributes, however the low-fat variety was better scored for the taste (57%), texture (57%) and overall acceptance (55%). The tasters were able to differentiate the samples, and the low-fat Prato cheese was more widely accepted.

Human Adenovirus, Mesophilic Bacteria and Fungi in Puppies’ Food Marketed in Bulk in Southern Brazil

Background: The Brazilian domestic canine population are the second largest in the world and their feeding means 0.4% of the Brazilian gross domestic product. For maintaining the quality of the food, the companies use worldwide standards for technical prevention and control of contaminants and biological conservation. The packaging is part of this process, since it provides a barrier between food and environment. However, in Brazil, packagings are often opened in retail stores for bulk marketing. The objectives of this work were to develop a methodology to detect viruses in foods and to analyze the bacterial and fungal contamination in puppies’ food sold in bulk in Ivoti and Estância Velha, cities in Southern Brazil. Materials & Methods & Results: Twenty samples collected between September and October 2016 were analyzed for most probable number of coliforms, Salmonella sp., mesophilic aerobic bacteria and yeast/mold following the regulation of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply guidelines. They were also tested for Human Mastadenovirus C (HAdV), Canine Mastadenovirus A (CAdV), and Carnivore Protoparvovirus 1 (CPV) genomes. Viral analysis were performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection. During the collection of the samples hygienic-sanitary conditions, storage of feeds, animals’ access, dog grooming, and veterinary care were considered to evaluate the conditions of each store. A pilot study was carried out using one food sample marketed in bulk and one sample from the original package (closed package) and testing them for bacterial and fungal contamination for standardizing viral detection. Ten grams of food from the original package were mixed with 90 mL of Eagles’ Minimal Essential Medium (E-MEM) in 100 mL sterile bottles. These bottles were kept in room temperature and shaken for 60 min. Subsequently, aliquots were obtained by sequentially diluting the sample (10-2 to 10-4). All final specimens contained 10 mL and each diluted sample was spiked with HAdV-C prototype viral strain (AdV5). A standard solution of HAdV-C was diluted from 3.6x106TCID50mL, (50% tissue culture infective dose) to 3.6x103 TCID50mL, and DNA extraction was performed. Nested-PCR targeting AdV DNApol was performed to detect adenoviruses from different hosts. AdV-positive samples were submitted to nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Specific PCRs were also carried out for CAdV and CPV. Mesophilic aerobic bacteria were detected in all samples and Aspergillus sp. was found in five samples, among which one sample was co-infected with Penicillium sp. One sample was positive for AdV, which was identified as HAdV by sequencing; while coliforms and Salmonella sp. were not detected.Discussion: The presence of fungi with mycotoxigenic potential, such as Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. represents a threat for canines, due to toxins that may persist for a long period even after the fungus is not viable. Moreover, dogs seem to be more susceptible to the effects of the toxins, which is probably because of low glutathione s-transferase activity. Some species of Penicillium sp. genus may produce ocrathoxin A, which nephrotoxic and immunosuppressive effects in dogs are widely reported. Mesophilic bacteria were detected in all samples (at 104 CFU/g) and considered harmless. The detection of human viruses points to the presence of anthropic contamination; on the other hand, ingestion of contaminated feed, even if it is by a heterologous species, turns the dogs into carriers of the virus. In addition, manipulation of those feeds by children who share the same space with dogs can result in gastroenteritis episodes.

ANALISA MIKROBIOLOGI CEMARAN BAKTERI COLIFORM DAN SALMONELLA SP PADA TAHU DI KECAMATAN DELTA PAWAN

Tofu is a high-protein soy-based food ingredient that is widely consumed in Indonesia. Tofu producers in Delta Pawan Subdistrict are dominated by small and medium-sized entrepreneurs whose hygiene and sanitation aspects in production activities are very under-taken. This study aims to determine the presence of Coliform and Salmonella Sp bacteria on tofu produced in Delta Pawan sub-district, Ketapang, West Kalimantan and compare with SNI01-3142-1998. The method used to detect the presence of Coliform bacteria in this study uses the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, which consists of estimator and confirmatory tests using Lactosa Broth (LB) media for the Brilliant Green Lactose Broth (BGLB) assay test for confirmation . Whereas to detect the amount of Salmonella Sp using the method of Total Plate Count (TPC) with selective media Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA). The results of Coliform analysis in both industries found Coliform MPN values ​​of more than 2400 AMP / g samples, which indicated that they did not meet the standards set by SNI. While the results of the analysis of Salmonella Sp obtained positive results, so the two industries did not meet food safety standards.

PREVALENCE OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus AND Salmonella Enteritidis IN MEAT PRODUCTS RETAILED IN ZAGAZIG CITY, EGYPT

This study aimed to monitor the hygienic status of fresh minced meat, smoked sausage and fresh beef burger (50 samples, each) retailed in Zagazig city, Egypt. Aerobic plate count, total Staphylococcus aureus count and most probable number of coliforms have been conducted. The prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility as well as detection of the drug resistance associated virulence genes of S. aureus (mecA, blaZ, and aac (6') aph (2'')) and Salmonella species (blaTEM, tetA(A), and floR) in the examined meat products have been carried out. The highest mean (log10 cfu/g) of aerobic plate counts (5.44±0.11) and most probable number (4.15±0.10-log10 MPN/g) were recorded in minced meat. However, the highest mean of S. aureus counts (3.47±0.12-log10 cfu/g) was recorded in beef burger. Aerobic plate counts, most probable number and S. aureus counts exceeded the recommendations of Egypt Organization for Standardization by (20, 4 and 16%), (14, 12 and 20%) and (50, 10 and 20%) in minced meat, sausage and beef burger, respectively. Salmonella Enteritidis was detected in 4 (8%) beef burger. However, S. aureus was isolated from minced meat and beef burger (5 samples, each, 10%) and 4 sausage samples (8%). mecA, blaZ and aac(6’)aph(2”) were detected in all S. aureus isolates. blaTEM, tetA(A) and florR were detected in the all S. Enteritidis isolates. In conclusion, the achieved results revealed inadequate hygienic measures adopted during preparation of such meat products. Therefore, strict hygienic practices should be followed before serving such products to consumers.

APLIKASI ALOFAN DALAM TANAH ANDISOL SEBAGAI ADSORBEN UNTUK MENURUNKAN BAKTERI Coliform LIMBAH CAIR DOMESTIK

Research on allophane has been done as an adsorbent to decrease MPN Coliform in domestic wastewater. The purpose of this study was to look for natural adsorbent materials that can be used to decrease MPN Coliform. Natural allophane was identified from andisol soil by pH analysis of NaF, FTIR, XRD, and SAA. The result of the analysis showed that there was allophane on andisol soil with pH 11,73. The diameter of empty space or alloy pores of 5 nm with a hole/pore size of 0.5 nm. Testing of MPN Coliform is done by method of Most Probable Number (MPN) variety 5: 5: 5. Based on the result of the research, allophane adsorbent can decrease MPN Coliform by 60.9%.

COLIFORM MOST PROBABLE NUMBER (MPN) WITH VARIETIES OF MEDIA VOLUME LACTOSE BROTH SINGLE STRENGTH (LBSS) AND LACTOSE BROTH DOUBLE STRENGTH (LBDS)

Most Probable Number (MPN) is a test that detects the fermentative nature of Coliform in the sample. The MPN test consists of three stages: presumptive test, confirm test, and completeness test. Each of these tests used LBSS, LBDS and BGLB media with volume between 5 ml - 10 ml. There is the variation of this media volume, whether it will affect the positivity value and MPN value of Coliform, it is a problem that will be answered in this study. The research objective was to find out the influence of media volume variation to the result of Coliform bacterium counting test method of MPN variety 5 1 1. The media volume which was varied namely LBSS and LBDS with volume variation 4 m, 6 ml, 8 ml, 10 ml, 12 Ml. The research was an experimental in laboratory. The sample was the suspense of Escherichia coli bacteria which are equivalent to standard 0.5 Mc. Farland and diluted 1000 ml sterile aquadest, the result data indicated MPN value was obtained, then it is analyzed by descriptive analysis. The findings indicated that the volume of LBDS and LBSS media were 4ml, 6ml, 8ml, 10ml, 12ml, replicated 5 times obtained positive result on all tubes 5 1 1 with MPN value> 265/100 ml. The conclusion of the research is media volume of LBSS and LBDS does not affect the positive and MPN Coliform values.

Coliform Contaminant Analysis at Dug Well in Ungga Village, Central Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara

Dug well water generally is a daily source of domestic water used by most households in Indonesia. However, the well water excavation does not meet the quality of health standards. Contamination of microorganism in dug well water occurs due to the distance of wells with septic tank, household waste disposal and animal husbandry. One of the bioindicators of contaminated groundwater is the presence of Coliform bacteria in large quantities, such as Escherichia coli, which potentially cause various diseases in human. The objective of this study was to determine the biological contamination of dug wells water in Ungga, Iting Bengkel Village, Central Lombok. This study was observational study and sampling method used purposive sampling with the number of samples was 6 dug wells. The biological contamination indicator was determined by calculating the index of Most Probable Number (MPN) Coliform. The laboratory analysis included the analysis Escherichia coli by MPN. The result showed that a total of 6 wells with distance 3.45 meters and 4.70 meters against septic tank has MPN coliform value 1898 per 100 ml. The result of water samples from 2 dug wells has contaminated by Escherichia Coli and has reached amount 14 per 100 ml (A3) and 16 per 100 ml (B3).

Microbiological assessment and the potential antimicrobial activities of nisin and\or garlic extract in commercial fish

Fish is considered as a major source of animal-derived protein. However, fish is a perishable food that rapidly decomposed and its initial microbial load determines the extent of spoilage. The objectives of this study were firstly to screen the microbial status of three commonly consumed fish species in Egypt, namely, tilapia, mullet and catfish via estimation of total plate counts, total psychrophilic counts, most probable number of coliforms and total mould counts. Secondly, an experimental trial to investigate the antimicrobial potentials of either nisin, garlic extract or an equal mixture of them using tilapia fish as a food matrix. The results achieved in this study declared that, the insufficient hygienic measure adopted during handling, marketing and storage of fish, in terms of the high microbial load. Catfish had the highest bio- indicator parameters followed by tilapia and mullet. Both of nisin and garlic extracts showed significant antimicrobial properties in a concentration- dependent manner. In particular, the synergistic effects of the co-treatment of both nisin and garlic extract were documented. Thus, efficient hygienic handling, rapid cooling of fish can reduce the initial microbial load of fish. In addition, we highly recommend soaking of fish in nisin, garlic extract or both as an efficient strategy in reducing the microbial load of raw fish. Furthermore, efficient cooking of fish can prevent the intake of food-borne pathogens.

QUALIDADE MICROBIOLÓGICA DE QUEIJO MINAS FRESCAL COMERCIALIZADO NA ZONA DA MATA MINEIRA

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade microbiológica do queijo Minasfrescal comercializado na Zona da Mata Mineira. As amostras foram coletadas em seis municípios: Juiz de Fora (33), Cataguases (7), Itamarati de Minas (4), Belmiro Braga (2), Bicas (2) e Rio Pomba (2), totalizando 50 marcas, sendo 43 de produção industrial e sete informais. As análises de pH, atividade de água (Aw), coliformes a35 ºC e a 45 ºC, Escherichia coli, estafilococos coagulase positiva, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes e Salmonella sp. foram realizadas entre outubro de 2015 e janeiro de 2016. Os valores de pH variaram entre 4,98 a 7,14 e a Aw entre 0,989 a 0,904. Todas as amostras, independente da origem, apresentaram coliformesa 35 ºC, com valores variando de 1,5 x 101 a 1,1 x 106 NMP/g. Dentre as amostras, 20 (40%) apresentaram Número Mais Provável acima do limite máximo estabelecido pela legislação para coliformes a 45 ºC, sendo a média de 1,2 x 105 NMP/g. A presença de E. coli foi confirmada em 16 amostras (32%). As contagens de estafilococos coagulase positiva também foram acima do limite aceito em 16 (32%) amostras e10 (20%) continham S. aureus. Não foi constatada presença de L. monocytogenes, entretanto, Salmonella sp. foi confirmada em 20 amostras (40%). Constatou-se que, apenas 11 amostras (22%), estavam em conformidade com a legislação brasileira. Portanto, o queijo Minas frescal comercializado na região apresentou baixa qualidade microbiológica, sugerindo deficiências no processamento, transporte, armazenamento e/ou comercialização e perigo à saúde humana

Efficiency of a locally designed pilot-scale trickling biofilter (TBF) system in natural environment for the treatment of domestic wastewater

ABSTRACTIn the present study, a cost-effective and simple stone media pilot-scale trickling biofilter (TBF) was designed, constructed and operated in a continuous recirculation mode for wastewater treatment with a hydraulic flow rate of 1.2 L/min (Q = 0.072 m3/h) and hydraulic loading (Q/A) of 0.147 m3/day for 15 weeks at a temperature range of 14.5–36°C. A substantial reduction in the average concentration of different pollution indicators, such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) (85.6%), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) (85.6%), total dissolved solid (TDS) (62.8%), total suspended solid (TSS) (99.9%), electrical conductivity (EC) (15.1%), phosphates (63.22%), sulfates (28.5%) and total nitrogen (TN) (34.4%), was observed during 15 weeks of operational period. Whereas a considerable average increase in the levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) (63.2%) was found after treatment of wastewater by the TBF system. No significant reduction in most probable number (MPN) index of fecal coliforms was observed in the effluent in first 9 weeks of operation. However, a significant reduction in the MPN of fecal coliforms was observed, i.e. 80–90% in the last few weeks of treatment. Thus, overall results suggest that pilot-scale TBF has a great potential to be transferred to field scale for treating sewage for small communities in developing countries, in order to produce effluent of good quality, which can be safely used for irrigation as well as ornamental purposes.