Mosquito Survey Research Articles

First Record of Aedes gabriel in Hidalgo State, Mexico.

Aedesgabriel is one of the rare species endemic in Mexico. This species was originally described from specimens collected in the state of Morelos in 1970; however, very few occurrence records have been published since. During an ovitrap survey of mosquitoes in 2018, eggs of Ae. gabriel were collected for the 1st time in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. Aedes gabriel appears to have become common and the species is frequently found in ovitraps, and often confused with other common species of Aedes, such as Ae. epactius, Ae. podographicus, Ae. aegypti, and Ae. albopictus. Females of Ae. gabriel are highly anthropophagous and persistent biters in wild habits during the rainy season. Although the medical importance of Ae. gabriel is unknown, its biting habitats and increasing abundance indicate that the potential importance of this species should not be neglected by the public health officials of Mexico.

Assessment of dengue mosquito breeding sources and source reduction at a coastal village in Puducherry

Background: Dengue virus can cause a wide range of illness in humans, from unapparent infection, to classic dengue fever and to fatal dengue haemorrhagic fever. Until a vaccine becomes available for public health use, primary prevention of transmission is crucial to decrease the burden of dengue, and control of Aedes is the only available strategy.Methods: The mosquito larval survey was carried out in the month of November 2017 in Echangadu, a coastal village in Puducherry to assess mosquito breeding sources for the presence of dengue vector species. The survey was performed by selecting houses where freshwater was available. For each household, the presence or absence of possible breeding sources were recorded, as well as the presence or absence of mosquito larvae.Results: Of the 102 houses surveyed, 20 of the houses were infested with Aedes larvae. A total of 182 containers were found in these households of which 47 containers were positive for Aedes larvae. Coconut shells, plastic, metal and discarded containers were the most often found breeding sites.Conclusions: The larval surveillance indicators among the households surveyed revealed a very high risk of future dengue outbreak in the village. All the containers examined including those positive for Aedes larvae were safely disposed.

Ecological and Behavioral Studies of Mosquito Vectors in Monufia, Nile Delta, Egypt.

Continuous monitoring of vector species composition, abundance, dynamics, biting and resting habits is the base to determine the local vector species that affect disease transmission patterns and consequently the choice of cost-effective vector control options. For targeting that, adult mosquito surveys were conducted in Monufia as a representative of the Egyptian governorates in Nile-Delta (Spring 2016– Winter 2018). Totally, 4 species were reported in the selected villages: Culex (Culex) pipiens Linnaeus, Cx. (Cx.) perexiguus Theobald, Cx. (Cx.) antennatus Becker and Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) caspius Pallas. Culex pipiens was the predominant species in all study regions. For each species, the following were examined: the relation of adult indoor and outdoor density with temperature and relative humidity as well as its indoor and outdoor resting density and its relation with temperature and relative humidity, determination of the endophagic and exophagic indices for mosquito biting reference and the seasonal changes in parity status.

Location, seasonal, and functional characteristics of water holding containers with juvenile and pupal Aedes aegypti in Southern Taiwan: A cross-sectional study using hurdle model analyses.

BackgroundAedes aegypti carries several viruses of public health importance, including the dengue virus. Dengue is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease in the world. Prevention and control of dengue mainly rely on mosquito control as there is no antiviral treatment or a WHO-approved vaccine. To reduce the Ae. aegypti population, studying the characteristics of their habitats is necessary. Aedes aegypti prefer breeding in artificial water holding containers in peridomestic or domestic settings. Their juveniles (1st - 4th instar larvae and pupae) have a tendency to cluster in certain types of containers. To inform control strategies, it is important to assess whether the pupae subgroup has a distinct distribution by container type as compared to the overall group of juveniles. The objective of this study was to assess for distinct predictors (location, season, and function) of Ae. aegypti juveniles and pupae numbers in water holding containers by applying hurdle model analyses.MethodologyThe field component of this study was carried out from November 2013 to July 2015 in Southern Taiwan where annual autochthonous dengue has been reported for decades. Water holding containers with stagnant water were identified in a predefined urban area in Kaohsiung City (KH) and a rural area in Pingtung County. Given that mosquito survey data often include many containers with zero Ae. aegypti, a negative binomial hurdle model was applied to model the association between location, seasonal and functional characteristics of the water holding containers and the number of Ae. aegypti in each container.ResultsThe results showed that Ae. aegypti were almost exclusively present in the urban area. In this area, the negative binomial hurdle model predicted significantly more juveniles as well as pupae Ae. aegypti in water holding containers during the wet season when compared to the dry season. Notably, the model predicted more juveniles in containers located on private property compared to those on government property, irrespective of season. As for pupae, the model predicted higher amounts in indoor containers used for water storage compared to outdoor water storage containers, irrespective of season. However, for the specific category ‘other water receptacle’, higher amounts of pupae were predicted in outdoor compared to indoor in water receptacles, such as flower pot saucers and water catchment buckets.ConclusionsThe difference in predictors for juveniles and the pupae subgroup was identified and it may be of importance to the control strategies of the authorities in KH. At present the authorities focus control activities on all water holding containers found on government property. To improve the ongoing control efforts in KH, the focus of control activities maintained by the KH authorities should be expanded to indoor water storage containers and outdoor water receptacles on both private and government properties to adequately address habitats harboring greater numbers of pupae. In addition, it is proposed to increase community engagement in managing water in all types of water holding containers located on privately owned properties (indoor and outdoor), especially during wet season.

Habitat Perkembangbiakan Spesifik Anopheles sp. di Tambang Emas Kura-Kura Banian (Perubahan Perilaku Anopheles sp.)

The results of Health Research 2010, showed that malaria was an infectious disease that the sixth cause of death cause of the sixth of death in Indonesia. Kotabaru is a malaria endemic district, especially in Puskesmas Banian, Annual Parasite Incidence 241.19 in 2014 where the cases of malaria with occurring in illegal gold mines on the slopes of Banian Mountain. It’s needed to know the factors that affect the existence of malaria in these locations. This research was observational study doing by cross-sectional study and analyzed by descriptively. Research conducted at the Gold Mine Banian Buluh Kuning village, Sungai Durian subdistric, Kotabaru district, South Kalimantan Province in February and March, 2015. The activities were catching larva and adult mosquitoes, environmental and mosquito breeding habitats observation and Mass Blood Survey. It was found Anopheles maculatus and Anopheles leucosphyrus with very low densities in area with the number of malaria cases by 22.99%. It was found divers breeding habitats of Anopheles sp on a former gold wash, former drum and former plastic containers. This indicated a behavioral change of Anopheles breeding places because previous to this the Anopheles breed in puddles on the ground or direct contact with the ground.

A Survey of Mosquitoes in Southern and Western Missouri.

A survey of adult and immature mosquitoes in southern and western Missouri conducted from June 14 to September 23, 2016, yielded 32 species and 7 genera. The invasive species Aedes albopictus and Ae. japonicus were dispersed widely in the state, but the survey failed to collect any Ae. aegypti. This note discusses the impact of changes in the Missouri mosquito fauna on the risk of human disease transmission.

Study of Index Aedes Larvae in Salemba Campus Universitas Indonesia

Jakarta is one of urban areas in Indonesia that became endemic araea for DHF. In 2014 the Incidence Rate (IR) of DHF is 83.33 per 100,000 population. Salemba campus of Universitas Indonesia is one area in Central Jakarta is prone to the incidence of DHF. Salemba campus is the ground and building at Universitas Indonesia where all learning activities and administration activities on going. Salemba campus located in Central Jakarta is prone to the incidence of dengue. The aim of this study was to determine the density index of Aedes in the Salemba Campus Universitas Indonesia. This research is observational research with descriptive study approach. The research conducted in January 2015. The samples are 169 units buildings taken from 20 buildings were purposively selected. Index larva, obtained from mosquito larvae survey by single larvae method from 253 containers. Larval index determined from Container Index (CI), House index (HI), Bretau Index (BI) and Density Figure (DF), which can show the density and spread of larval Ae. aegypti in Salemba campus Universitas Indonesia. The Results showed CI 8.3%; HI 4.7%; BI 12.4% and DF 2-3 respevtively. The dominant container as larval breeding places is a bucket which is the not permanent container.

Role of monkeys in the sylvatic cycle of chikungunya virus in Senegal

Arboviruses spillover into humans either as a one-step jump from a reservoir host species into humans or as a two-step jump from the reservoir to an amplification host species and thence to humans. Little is known about arbovirus transmission dynamics in reservoir and amplification hosts. Here we elucidate the role of monkeys in the sylvatic, enzootic cycle of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in the region around Kédougou, Senegal. Over 3 years, 737 monkeys were captured, aged using anthropometry and dentition, and tested for exposure to CHIKV by detection of neutralizing antibodies. Infant monkeys were positive for CHIKV even when the virus was not detected in a concurrent survey of mosquitoes and when population immunity was too high for monkeys alone to support continuous transmission. We conclude that monkeys in this region serve as amplification hosts of CHIKV. Additional efforts are needed to identify other hosts capable of supporting continuous circulation.

First Record of Aedes aurifer in Kentucky.

Aedesaurifer were collected for the 1st time in Madison County, KY, during a survey of adult female mosquitoes in the summer of 2016. A total of 15 Ae. aurifer females were captured from 4 survey sites during the months of July and August. Twelve of the Ae. aurifer specimens collected were captured in BG-1 Sentinel™ Traps baited with carbon dioxide, octenol, and BG-human skin extract lure®, while the other 3 specimens were captured with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Miniature Light Traps baited with carbon dioxide and octenol. This is the 1st published record of Ae. aurifer in Kentucky.

Mosquito Survey in the Campus Area of Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor in September to November 2016

AbstractSumedang regency reported being one of dengue endemic areas in West Java. The number of dengue fever patients in Sumedang District General Hospital increased in the last quarter of 2015. Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad) is one of most significant areas in Jatinangor Sumedang where many people are doing their activity day and night. The purpose of the study was to identify what types of mosquito genera exist in Unpad campus according to the time and location. A field survey was conducted at 22 locations in Unpad campus using modified electric light trap placed indoor and outdoor at each site from September to November 2016. The modified electrical trap was turned on for 24 hours, and samples collected every 12 hours. Mosquitoes trapped were put into the plastic cup, labeled according to time collected, and brought to Parasitology Laboratory of Unpad for identification. The study result identified four types of mosquito genera which were Culex spp. (405), Armigeres spp. (70), Aedes spp. (33), and Anopheles spp. (10). Prevention toward potential breeding sites and protection using window net should be considered to reduce the risk of vector-borne diseases. In conclusion, Aedes spp. is the most active mosquito during the day while Culex spp. and Armigeres spp. are the most active mosquito during the night.AbstrakKabupaten Sumedang dilaporkan sebagai salah satu daerah endemik demam berdarah di Jawa Barat. Jumlah pasien demam berdarah yang datang ke Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Sumedang meningkat dalam tiga bulan terakhir pada tahun 2015. Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad) merupakan salah satu wilayah yang terluas di Jatinangor Sumedang sebagai tempat banyak orang melakukan aktivitas pada siang dan malam hari. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi jenis genera nyamuk yang ada di kampus Unpad Jatinangor berdasar atas waktu dan lokasi. Survei lapangan dilakukan pada 22 lokasi di kampus Unpad Jatinangor pada bulan September–November 2016 menggunakan perangkap nyamuk cahaya yang dimodifikasi. Perangkap nyamuk ditempatkan di dalam dan luar ruangan untuk setiap lokasi. Perangkap nyamuk dipasang selama 24 jam, kemudian nyamuk dikumpulkan setiap 12 jam. Nyamuk yang terperangkap dikumpulkan dan dimasukkan ke dalam cangkir plastik, diberi label sesuai dengan waktu pengambilan, kemudian dibawa ke Laboratorium Parasitologi Unpad untuk diidentifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 4 genera nyamuk ditemukan di kampus Unpad Jatinangor, yaitu Culex spp. (405), Armigeres spp. (70), Aedes spp. (33), dan Anopheles spp. (10). Pencegahan pada tempat yang berpotensi menjadi sarang nyamuk dan perlindungan menggunakan kawat nyamuk pada jendela harus dipertimbangkan untuk menurunkan risiko penyakit tular vektor. Simpulan penelitian ini, Aedes spp. merupakan nyamuk yang paling aktif pada siang hari serta Culex spp. dan Armigeres spp. yang paling aktif pada malam hari.

Aedes poilicius DAN PELUANG MENJADI VEKTOR FILARIASIS DI INDONESIA

Elephantiasis or Filariasis lymphatic is parasitic infectious disease caused by filarial wormsWuchereriabancrofti, Brugiamalayi, and Brugiatimori,and transmitted by several types of mosquito (Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, MansoniadanArmigeres). This is not a mortal disease but permanent disability that follows brings adverse consequences in both health and socio-economy to either the sufferer or the family.Adult mosquito survey was conducted to figure out the existence of mosquito species identified as the vector of specific disease in an area, to know the bionomics and breeding ground. The above data were of high significance for effective and efficient control.Survey method used was spot survey in July 2013 in Paseh village, Banjarmangu municipality, Banjarnegara Regency. Research materials and utility were aspirator, paper cup, cotton, torchlight, rubber band and mosquito box. Mosquito catching was done all day and night.Evening catch found and identified two Aedespoilicius, the main filariasis vector in Philippine and hasnever been reported as philariasis vector or dengue fever in Indonesia.The similar characteristics of natural environment and demography between Indonesia and Philippine demand awareness of the possibility that this mosquito becomes filariasis vector in Indonesia.

Entomological Study of the Mosquito Fauna in the Regional Unit of Drama, Region of East Macedonia-Thrace, Greece (2015 to 2016).

This study reports the mosquito collections conducted from June to September of 2015 and 2016, in Regional Unit (R.U.) of Drama, East Macedonia-Thrace Region, in Northeastern Greece. A total of 923 specimens were examined based on their morphological characteristics and identified to the species level. Medically important taxa were recognized among the 15 mosquito species recorded belonging to seven genera. All data presented here comprise new distribution records due to lack of previous mosquito faunal surveys in the R.U. of Drama.

Ascension Island: a survey to assess the presence of Zika virus vectors

Background and aimFollowing concerns regarding the spread of Zika virus, Joint Services Health Unit (Cyprus) were tasked to carry out a mosquito survey on the Ascension Island, South Atlantic. This...

A 2-yr Mosquito Survey Focusing on Aedes koreicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Northern Italy and Implications for Adult Trapping.

Aedes koreicus (Edwards) is an invasive mosquito species, like Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald), that has already colonized a large part of northeastern Italy and other European countries. Despite its rapid expansion, information about adult distribution and trapping is lacking. Here, we conducted a 2-yr longitudinal survey using adult traps to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of Ae. koreicus and evaluated the effectiveness of three trapping devices in Latin square experiments conducted in an urban site and a forested site. The following three different traps were compared: a CO2-baited Biogents (BG) Sentinel trap, a CO2-baited Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light trap (CDC trap), and a grass infusion-baited gravid trap.In northern Italy, Ae. koreicus was collected from late April to early November, with peak of abundance observed in August. Aedes koreicus was more abundant in 2015 than in 2014 because of higher temperatures during summer. Unlike Ae. albopictus, the abundance of Ae. koreicus was not related to the altitude of the sampling locations in the range 241-660 m above sea level. The BG Sentinel and gravid traps collected significantly more Ae. koreicus than the CDC trap in the urban site, whereas there was no significant difference between the three traps in the forested site. In the urban site, the BG Sentinel trap and the gravid trap were the most effective for collecting Ae. albopictus and Culex pipiens L., respectively. In the forested site, Cx. pipiens was primarily collected by the CDC trap.

First report of Stegomyia aegypti (= Aedes aegypti) in Mexico City, Mexico.

Stegomyia aegypti (= Aedes aegypti) (Diptera: Culicidae) is a species of mosquito that is currently widespread in Mexico. Historically, the mosquito has been distributed across most tropical and subtropical areas lower than 1700 m a.s.l. Currently, populations that are found at higher altitudes in regions with cold and dry climates suggest that these conditions do not limit the colonization and population growth of S. aegypti. During a survey of mosquitoes in September 2015, larvae of S. aegypti mosquitoes were found in two different localities in Mexico City, which is located at about 2250 m a.s.l. Mexico City is the most populous city in Mexico and has inefficient drainage and water supply systems. These factors may result in the provision of numerous larval breeding sites. Mosquito monitoring and surveillance are now priorities for the city.

Studies on mosquito biting risk among migratory rice farmers in rural south-eastern Tanzania and development of a portable mosquito-proof hut.

BackgroundSubsistence rice farmers in south-eastern Tanzania are often migratory, spending weeks or months tending to crops in distant fields along the river valleys and living in improvised structures known as Shamba huts, not fully protected from mosquitoes. These farmers also experience poor access to organized preventive and curative services due to long distances. Mosquito biting exposure in these rice fields, relative to main village residences was assessed, then a portable mosquito-proof hut was developed and tested for protecting these migratory farmers.MethodsPair-wise mosquito surveys were conducted in four villages in Ulanga district, south-eastern Tanzania in 20 randomly-selected Shamba huts located in the distant rice fields and in 20 matched houses within the main villages, to assess biting densities and Plasmodium infection rates. A portable mosquito-proof hut was designed and tested in semi-field and field settings against Shamba hut replicas, and actual Shamba huts. Also, semi-structured interviews were conducted, timed-participant observations, and focus-group discussions to assess experiences and behaviours of the farmers regarding mosquito-bites and the mosquito-proof huts.ResultsThere were equal numbers of mosquitoes in Shamba huts and main houses [RR (95% CI) 27 (25.1–31.2), and RR (95% CI) 30 (27.5–33.4)], respectively (P > 0.05). Huts having >1 occupant had more mosquitoes than those with just one occupant, regardless of site [RR (95% CI) 1.57 (1.30–1.9), P < 0.05]. Open eaves [RR (95% CI) 1.15 (1.08–1.23), P < 0.05] and absence of window shutters [RR (95% CI) 2.10 (1.91–2.31), P < 0.05] increased catches of malaria vectors. All Anopheles mosquitoes caught were negative for Plasmodium. Common night-time outdoor activities in the fields included cooking, eating, fetching water or firewood, washing dishes, bathing, and storytelling, mostly between 6 and 11 p.m., when mosquitoes were also biting most. The prototype hut provided 100% protection in semi-field and field settings, while blood-fed mosquitoes were recaptured in Shamba huts, even when occupants used permethrin-impregnated bed nets.ConclusionThough equal numbers of mosquitoes were caught between main houses and normal Shamba huts, the higher proportions of blood-fed mosquitoes, reduced access to organized healthcare and reduced effectiveness of LLINs, may increase vulnerability of the itinerant farmers. The portable mosquito-proof hut offered sufficient protection against disease-transmitting mosquitoes. Such huts could be improved to expand protection for migratory farmers and possibly other disenfranchised communities.

An Ecological Survey of Mosquitoes and the Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan, between 2010 and 2014.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus, responsible for over 30,000 annual cases of encephalitis worldwide, with a mortality rate of approximately 30%. Therefore, it is important to examine the distribution of mosquitos carrying JEV in the fields, even though recently, the number of Japanese encephalitis cases has been approximately 5 per year in Japan. We report the seasonal dynamics of mosquitoes between 2010 and 2014 in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. We collected 39,308 female adult mosquitoes, 98.2% of which were classified as Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles. We identified JEV genomic RNA belonging to genotype 1 from the homogenate of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, collected during our study using reverse transcription-PCR and nucleotide sequencing techniques. Our results indicate that mosquito vectors for JEV are distributed not only in areas in Ishikawa, but also throughout Japan, and the results suggest that we must be careful regarding JEV outbreaks in Japan in the future.

Composition and Genetic Diversity of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on Islands and Mainland Shores of Kenya's Lakes Victoria and Baringo.

The Lake Baringo and Lake Victoria regions of Kenya are associated with high seroprevalence of mosquito-transmitted arboviruses. However, molecular identification of potential mosquito vector species, including morphologically identified ones, remains scarce. To estimate the diversity, abundance, and distribution of mosquito vectors on the mainland shores and adjacent inhabited islands in these regions, we collected and morphologically identified adult and immature mosquitoes and obtained the corresponding sequence variation at cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) and internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) gene regions. A total of 63 species (including five subspecies) were collected from both study areas, 47 of which have previously been implicated as disease vectors. Fourteen species were found only on island sites, which are rarely included in mosquito diversity surveys. We collected more mosquitoes, yet with lower species composition, at Lake Baringo (40,229 mosquitoes, 32 species) than at Lake Victoria (22,393 mosquitoes, 54 species). Phylogenetic analysis of COI gene sequences revealed Culex perexiguus and Cx. tenagius that could not be distinguished morphologically. Most Culex species clustered into a heterogeneous clade with closely related sequences, while Culex pipiens clustered into two distinct COI and ITS2 clades. These data suggest limitations in current morphological identification keys. This is the first DNA barcode report of Kenyan mosquitoes. To improve mosquito species identification, morphological identifications should be supported by their molecular data, while diversity surveys should target both adults and immatures. The diversity of native mosquito disease vectors identified in this study impacts disease transmission risks to humans and livestock.

The distribution and occurrence of mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Tongatapu Island Group, Kingdom of Tonga

The global expansion of air, sea and land transport networks has greatly enhanced the spread of mosquitoes internationally. In the Pacific, the incidence of mosquito-borne diseases has been increasing in recent years. The Kingdom of Tonga has had numerous disease outbreaks from dengue fever and chikungunya viruses over recent years. Previous research has catalogued mosquito species occurrences and distributions throughout Tonga. However, it is unknown whether new species have arrived in Tonga, and if distribution of previously found species has changed since the last comprehensive survey in 2006. Consequently, we conducted a mosquito larval survey between November and December 2013 at 84 sites across four islands (Tongatapu, Pangaimotu, 'Oneata and 'Eua) in the Tongatapu Island Group to record the distribution and occurrence of mosquito larvae. Larvae were more frequently collected in artificial (e.g. abandoned car tyres, 55-gallon plastic drums and plastic containers) than natural (e.g. pools, ponds and tree holes) habitats. Larvae of nine mosquito species were collected in the Tongatapu Island Group: Aedes aegypti, A. albopictus, A. tongae, A. horrescens, A. vexans nocturnus, Culex annulirostris, C. albinervis, C. quinquefasciatus and C. sitiens. Eight species were collected on Tongatapu Island (A. horrescens being absent), four species on 'Oneata Island (A. albopictus, A. horrescens, C. quinquefasciatus and C. annulirostris), four species on 'Eua Island (A. aegypti, A. albopictus, A. tongae and C. quinquefasciatus) and one on Pangaimotu Island (A. aegypti). Species collected from 'Eua and 'Oneata islands represent first-time collections of these species on these islands. Aedes aegypti, A.albopictus and C. quinquefasciatus were the three most common species collected and have markedly increased their distribution since the 2006 survey. The collection of A. albopictus is the second time that this species has been recorded in Tonga; however, the spatial extent of this species throughout Tongatapu was far greater than previously recorded. Management should focus on reducing the number of artificial habitats by covering, emptying or infilling these habitats with soil to minimise mosquito oviposition. This should reduce the abundance of mosquitoes and help prevent disease outbreak in Tonga.

Mosquitoes in Moose Country: A Mosquito Survey of Northern Minnesota.

An adult mosquito survey was conducted at 12 sites using carbon dioxide traps in northern Minnesota throughout the summer of 2012. Specimens were counted, identified to species, sorted into pools, and tested for eastern equine encephalitis (EEEV) and West Nile virus (WNV). Our findings extend the known range of Culiseta melanura, Anopheles barberi, and An. quadrimaculatus and document the presence and abundance of 27 other mosquito taxa in the region. None of the pools tested positive for EEEV or WNV.