Insect Repellent Research Articles

Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Laminaceae) essential oil on adult and larvae of Drosophila melanogaster.

Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae family), also known as "alecrim," is a perennial herb, typical of the Mediterranean region and widely distributed in Brazilian territory. Despite having demonstrated several properties of human interest, insecticide/larvicidal effect of essential oil from R. officinalis on insects remains unclear. In this study, we tested the effects of R. officinalis essential oil on biomarkers of oxidative damage in Drosophila melanogaster. Exposure to R. officinalis essential oil increased adult mortality and decreased geotaxis behavior in adult fruit flies. In addition, essential oil increased of larval mortality and impaired the developmental success in D. melanogaster. R. officinalis essential oil showed a significant repellent effect, with duration time of about 6h. To understand the mechanism underlying the toxicity of essential oil both pro-oxidant effects and biomarkers of oxidative damage were evaluated in exposed flies. Exposure to essential oil caused a significant redox imbalance with impairment of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant system and increased the lipid peroxidation levels. These results suggest that R. officinalis essential oil can be used as a bioinsecticide and/or larvicide as well as an alternative insect repellent.

Sustained release and insect repellent activity of cinnamon essential oil active label based on three-step encapsulating

To address the issue of rapid release of cinnamon essential oil (CEO) in active packaging applications, this study aimed to develop a sustained-release active label. CEO was encapsulated step by step to form cinnamon essential oil microemulsions (CEO-MEs), cinnamon essential oil microcapsules (CEO-MPs), and cinnamon essential oil sustained-release active labels (CEO-SRAL). Microstructure, thermal property and release property of the intermediate and final products obtained through the three-step embedding method were characterized, along with their anthelmintic activity. Results showed that the average particle size of CEO-MEs was 29.02 nm. The BJH pore size of porous CS/β-CD complex was 44.36 nm. CEO was encapsulated step by step and evenly distributed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed that multiple encapsulations of CEO didn't result in any adverse chemical reactions. The active label began to degrade at 290–400 °C with great thermal stability. The cumulative release days of CEO-SRAL were 20 days. The cumulative release concentration of CEO in CEO-SRAL was 31.99 mg/mL. Furthermore, the fumigation and repellent rates of three-step packaging products containing CEO to S.oryzae were more than 90%. These results indicated that the three-step encapsulation method could improve the performance of CEO to enhance the use of essential oil.

Essential oil of Citrus hystrix DC.: A mini-review on chemical composition, extraction method, bioactivities, and potential applications in food and pharmaceuticals

Citrus hystrix DC. is a common herb in tropical regions. Its essential oils are now widely researched and applied because of their high economic value and safety for humans and are interesting materials for future trends. This review provides an extensive overview of the biological activities of C. hystrix essential oil, characterized predominantly by citronellal, ?-Pinene, sabinene, limonene, and terpinene-4-ol, which are deciding factors in antimicrobial, antioxidant, insect repellent, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, it is applied in the fields of food preservation and pharmaceuticals. However, these applications should consider the ratio of these components in the essential oil, which is variable when using materials from different parts of the plant and depending on the original location of the plant, growth stages, traditional or modern extraction methods, and pre-treatment methods.

A mega-environment investigation based on the GGE biplot and genotype selection for high essential oil yield in Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor.)

Five cultivars were tested for essential oil production in India's citronella Java breeding program in 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. The best experimental facilities for growing aromatic grasses like Java citronella are the CSIR-CIMAP in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, and its Research Center in Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, India. For each experiment, a randomized block design with three replications was used. As stability parameters, the cultivar stability rank and SI were determined. To further analyze the data, GGE biplots, the AMMI, and the ASV were all applied. The G-E interaction was depicted using the genotype main effect. The findings of this research have a considerable impact on the selection of Java citronella cultivars in regions with higher essential oil production because they increase essential oil yields and improve stability. A superior Java citronella strain would yield a lot of essential oil, do so consistently, and flourish in a variety of conditions given India's climatic characteristics. Its essential oil has mosquito- and pest-repelling qualities. In major urban areas, citronella stand crops are used as green, aromatic vegetation. Its essential oil is used to make a variety of products, including soap, fragrances, cosmetics, and insect repellents. The ASV assists in choosing stable variants in the AMMI model on the multivariate side of things. The most stable cultivars are those with the lowest ASV. Average amounts of essential oil are produced by cultivars C1, C4, and C2, and because C1 produced more than C3 did, C5 was suggested for commercial planting.

Long-Term Insect Repellent Electrospun Microfibers from Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate).

In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of insect-borne diseases. Topically applied insect repellents are used to prevent these infectious diseases, but concerns of skin permeability and rapid evaporation rates have made way for alternative preventative methods. Encapsulation of insect repellents in polymeric materials allows for nonskin contact methods of repellent delivery with extended-release profiles without the need for reapplication. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is widely used in textiles as well as food packaging and other single-use applications. This short product lifespan makes PET a major environmental pollutant; thus, recycling of PET is of great interest and utility. We report on the fabrication and evaluation of recycled PET microfibers containing N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) and picaridin and the first evaluation of dual repellent loading (DEET/picaridin) via electrospinning. The electrospun microfibers displayed a repellent retention up to 97% within the polymer network upon processing. Release profiles were characterized by isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Hansen solubility parameters correlated release profiles with the chemical affinity between PET and the repellent substrate. Insect repellency was assessed against live mosquitoes using a novel bioassay method. Repellency was observed to be as high as 100% for over 1 week and 80% for over 3 weeks. Our method allows for long-lasting repellency with the potential for large-scale textile manufacturing.

Sequential Isolation of Essential Oils Repellent to the Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

The push-pull approach using semiochemicals in pest control requires both an attractant and a repellent. Many previous studies have arbitrarily tested one or more known insect repellents or plant essential oils (EOs) hoping to find repellents of an insect pest. We used a comprehensive approach that synergistically tests in the field numerous natural volatiles from commercial EOs to identify repellents of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a worldwide pest of palms and date palms. Volatiles from 79 EOs in slow-release devices were divided into five groups and tested in traps with attractive pheromone compared to traps with pheromone alone. EO-treatment groups exhibiting repellency due to significant trap shutdown, were further subdivided into subgroups of four EOs each and tested further. Two groups of four EOs (cypress, desert wormwood, elemi, and Eucalyptus citriodora) and (niaouli, nutmeg, oregano, and orange sweet), or their corresponding mixtures of major volatiles, caused pheromone trap reductions of up to 92%. Further tests showed that seven of the eight EOs are similarly repellent as the corresponding subgroup. This systematic approach of successively testing sub-fractions of EOs in the field for trap shutdown should be useful to identify repellents of other insect pests of crops.

The Quest for Understanding Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Northern Province, Sri Lanka: An Analysis of Clinical Data From the District General Hospital, Vavuniya

Abstract The study aimed to examine the clinical and epidemiological patterns of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in patients attending the Dermatology Unit, District General Hospital in Vavuniya, Sri Lanka. A total of 77 patients clinically suspected for CL were interviewed through a structured questionnaire, and skin-lesion samples were obtained between January 2016 and January 2017. The definitive diagnosis of CL was made through microscopic identification of smears, histopathological examination of biopsies and kDNA PCR. Treatment modalities were chosen based on the location of the lesions on the body and complexity of the lesions. Of 77 suspected patients, 68 were confirmed for CL, with a mean age of 34.6 (±12.7) years, and included 54 males (79.4%) and 14 females (20.6%). Being a male was a significant risk factor (P = 0.032, OR = 4.82) associated with CL. Lesions were observed mainly on the exposed areas of the body, of which the forearm (22.1%) was the most commonly affected site. Single lesions (75.0%) and ulcerated nodules with central crust (39.7%) were the prominent features among the infected group. The age group of 21–40 years was significantly associated with healing lesions (P = 0.028, marginal effect = 0.55). However, a significant negative relationship was detected between ulcerated nodular lesions and lesion healing (P = 0.0436, marginal effect = −0.375). Males are at higher risk of CL. Early diagnosis and specific treatment, along with preventive measures such as protective clothing and sand fly repellents, can limit the spread of the disease. There is a need for a comprehensive approach to prevent and control the transmission of CL.

Palm wines as potential Aedes mosquito repellant

Globally, Aedes mosquitoes cause morbidity and mortality of dengue, yellow fever and other arboviral infections. There is no effective vaccine for Aedes transmitted diseases so mosquito control remains the mainstay for their control. Semiochemicals play significant role in modulating insect behavior so are utilized to lure mosquitoes to their destruction or to repel them to halt infection transmission. Palm wines are potent source of semiochemicals but their effect on Aedes mosquitoes in our locality is not well understood. This study was undertaken to ascertain whether palm wine could impact on mosquito inflections. Aedes larvae were collected and bred in the laboratory to adulthood. Female mosquitoes were selected and tested for their reactions to two categories of palm wine – the up-palm and down-palm wines. An olfactometer was fabricated and applied to find how Aedes mosquitoes reacted in it when subjected to odours from the palm wines within 5 minutes. Data obtained were prepared and one way analysis of variance was used to compare means. Only 3% of mosquitoes reached the up-wine arm on day 2. However, when both wines were tested, 2.78 ± 2.78% of mosquitoes reached the down-palm wine terminal. Both wines repelled mosquitoes consistently, confirmed by their refusal to seek any of the palm wine odours. Repellence increased as days passed: initially upstream mosquitoes ranged 36.36 – 60% at the beginning, declining to 3.3 – 6.36% on the 8th day; whereas downstream ranged from 40 – 63.63% at the beginning to reach 93.63 – 100% on the 8th day. Palm wines semiochemicals repelled Aedes mosquitoes. Further testing may be required before utilization in formulated repellents for public use.

A high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the quality assessment of citronella oil: application in commercial sample analysis

Citronella oil, extracted from Cymbopogon species (winterianus and nardus) is a commercially valuable essential oil used in personal-care products and insect repellents. Routine analysis in gas chromatography is incapable of detecting high-boiling adulterants therein. In this study, an HPTLC technique was developed for the absolute quantification of citronellal (characteristic chemical marker) and triglyceride (main constituent of vegetable oil adulterant) in citronella oil for its quality assessment. It was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision. Further, the developed method was employed to quantify citronellal and triglyceride in twenty commercial samples. The results showed a wide variation in citronellal content (trace to 30.65% w/w) and could differentiate its two chemotypes. Also, it revealed the possibility of vegetable oil adulteration through the detection and quantification of triglyceride in selected samples. It can be a simple and rapid technique for the quality control of citronella oil.

Risk factors of malaria transmission in mining workers in Muara Enim, South Sumatra, Indonesia

Eliminating malaria by 2030 is stated as goal three in the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, malaria still remains a significant public health problem. This study aims to identify the factors determining malaria transmission in artisanal or small-scale miner (ASM) communities in three villages: Tanjung Agung, Tanjung Lalang, and Penyandingan, located in the Tanjung Enim District, Muara Enim, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study involving 92 participants from the study area. They used a logistic regression model to investigate the risk factors related to malaria occurrence. The multivariable analysis revealed that age (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (APR) = 7.989 with 95% CI 1.724–37.002) and mosquito breeding (APR = 7.685 with 95% CI 1.502–39.309) were risk factors for malaria. On the other hand, higher education (APR = 0.104 with 95% CI 0.027–0.403), the use of mosquito repellent (APR = 0.138 with 95% CI 0.035–0.549), and the condition of house walls (APR = 0.145 with 95% CI 0.0414–0.511) were identified as protective factors. The current study highlights age and mosquito breeding sites as risk factors for malaria. Additionally, higher education, insect repellent use, and the condition of house walls are protective factors against malaria. Therefore, reducing risk factors and increasing protective measures through effective communication, information, and education are highly recommended to eliminate malaria in mining areas.

Mosquito Repellent Efficacy of Australian Blue Cypress Callitris intratropica Essential Oil and a Topical Formulation under Laboratory and Field Conditions.

Mosquito repellents are important for personal protection against nuisance and potentially infectious mosquito bites. Repellent activity of Australian blue cypress essential oil (EO) and a commercially formulated skin lotion containing blue cypress EO (topical formulation) were compared with 20% DEET (N, N-diethyl-3 toluamide) against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions in North Queensland, Australia. On a volunteer's forearm, 1 mL of candidate material was applied to approximately 600 cm2 of exposed skin. When blue cypress EO was applied at various concentrations (0.5%-10.5%), it did not fully prevent mosquito landing or biting. However, a dose-dependent increase, approaching 80% protection, was observed at high EO concentrations. On the basis of these results, three concentrations (5%, 10%, and 20%) of blue cypress EO were selected for complete protection time (CPT) experiments. Topical formulation (undiluted) was also included in CPT experiments. Although some protection was afforded, mosquito landing/probing were still recorded immediately after application for both blue cypress EO and its topical formulation. Specifically, protection declined for blue cypress EO from 80% to 70% (laboratory) and from 93% to 50% (field) within 1 hour. For topical formulation, protection declined from 85% to 75% in the laboratory and from 63% to 50% in the field. In comparison, DEET maintained a 100% protection throughout the testing period of up to 1 h, and there was no landing/probing observed in volunteers who had applied DEET. To conclude, both blue cypress products provided some protection against mosquito bites, which decreased soon after application.

Francisella tularensis: a zoonotic pathogen among wild rodents and arthropods - a possible threat in future

Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative coccobacillus and an aerobic bacterium. It causes a zoonotic disease called tularemia in humans. Four subspecies have been found in F. tularensis as F. tularensis subsp. Tularensis (Type A strains), F. tularensis subsp. Holarctica (Type B strains), F. tularensis subsp. mediasiatica, and F. tularensis subsp. Novicida. Rearing rabbits and different kinds of rodents as pets are becoming popular in Sri Lanka, veterinarians need to be knowledgeable on emerging pathogens such as F. tularensis, to diagnose the disease within a short time. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to update veterinarians on possible emerging infections to improve the health of pets and to minimize possible zoonotic infections. The clinical outcome caused by Francisella is a debilitating febrile disease in humans. Francisella has been isolated from hundreds of animal species in the world. Being a diverse host range, associated ecological factors relating transmission of Francisella in the environment is largely unknown. F. tularensis type A was reported to be common in North America while occasionally found in Europe. Type B was found commonly in the Northern hemisphere and in Australia. Tularemia is a sporadic disease, and a small infectious dose is required for an infection in humans. The clinical signs and symptoms of tularaemia depend on the route of infection. Six types of clinical forms were identified as ulceroglandular, glandular, oropharyngeal, oculoglandular, pneumonic and typhoidal in humans. Diagnosis of tularemia in humans is based on epidemiology, clinical findings and laboratory confirmation. Microagglutination test, indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay ELISA are widely used as diagnostic tests. Several conventional and qPCR have been optimized to detect the organism in clinical samples. Antimicrobials such as aminoglycosides, tetracycline, quinolones, and chloramphenicol were used to minimize clinical complications. Utilization of treated water, usage of gloves on handling wild rabbits and rodents, thorough cooking of bush meat, usage of insect repellents, protection of stored food from rodents, wearing masks, ticks-free clothes, keeping away from weeds, cleaning pets from external parasites have been identified as the main preventive strategies against tularaemia in human. No commercial vaccine is found in the market yet against F. tularensis. This can be an emerging and threatening disease in the future with ongoing changes in arthropod parasites in the ecosystem followed by climatic changes in the world.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS BEBERAPA TANAMAN OBAT TERHADAP REPELENSI SERANGGA HAMA PERUSAK BERAS PADI VARIETAS CILIWUNG DI GUDANG BERAS


 The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of some plant material as insect repellence agents for rice pests Ciliwung variety. The methods used are field experiments and specimen collection. The research was carried out in one of the rice warehouses in Kuripan District and the Plant Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram. The experiment was designed with a Group Randomized Design (GRD) consisting of six treatments. These treatments are; P0 (control), P1 (betel leaf; Piper crocatum), P2 (fragrant pandan leaves; Pandanus amarylifolius), P3 (bay leaf; Syzigium polyanthum), P4 (kaffir lime leaves; Citrus hystrix), and P5 (garlic bulbs; Alium Sativum). The results showed that betel leaf, fragrant pandan leaf, bay leaf, and kaffir lime leaf were effective against the rejection of three insect pests found. Three families of rice-destroying pests were found in Ciliwung varieties, namely; Family Tenebrionidae, Family Curculionidae, and Family Pyralidae. The plant materials used (betel leaf, fragrant pandan leaf, bay leaf, kaffir lime leaf, and garlic bulb) have no real effect on the diversity, dominance, and richness of Ciliwung variety rice pest species

Electrospun Mutualism–Inspired CA/CMA/PHMB ultrafine bimodal nanofibrous membrane for High–Performance, Antibacterial, and Mosquito–Repellent air filtration

Composite bio–based multifunctional air filtration is a great challenge and development trend for personal protection. This work was inspired by nature mutualism to produce bio–based and essential oil loaded nanofibrous membrane with multiple functions of high–performance, antibacterial, and mosquito–repellent. The cinnamaldehyde (CMA) and poly(hexamethylene biguanide) (PHMB) were introduced into the cellulose acetate (CA) polymer system to achieve functionalization, and then the CA/CMA/PHMB ultrafine bimodal nanofibrous membrane was prepared through one–step electrospinning. Compared to eugenol, the CMA contributed to the refinement of fiber and minimized the reduction of mechanical properties, thermal stability, and hydrophobicity. On the other hand, the PHMB enhanced jet splitting and synergistically improved antibacterial ability with CMA. The filtration efficiency for PM0.3, the pressure drop, and the quality factor were 99.78%, 59.5 Pa, and 0.1028 Pa−1, respectively. The bacteriostatic rates against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and the mosquito–repellent rate were 99.65%, 99.99%, and 92.7%, respectively. Lastly, the batch preparation of this solution was explored, which contributed to commercialization. This work provides a novel and simple approach to efficiently fabricate multifunctional high–performance air filter, which will promote the development of bio–based and sustainable air filter.

Collodial Chitin Synthesised from Marine Waste as Novel Ecofriendly Antifeedant for the Fall Army Worm <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> (J E Smith)

Colloidal chitin is a natural compound shown to have antifeedant activity against insects. In this study, the antifeedant activity of colloidal chitin was investigated against the first instar larva of Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith). The results showed that colloidal chitin had antifeedant activity, with the highest activity observed at 7% concentration. The antifeedant effect was enhanced with increase in concentration and also with increase in time after treatment. Specifically, colloidal chitin 7% showed 90.43% antifeedant effect after 72 hr of treatment, followed by 87.43 and 81.76% after 48 hr and 24 hr of treatment, respectively. The results suggest that colloidal chitin could be a potential candidate for use as an insect repellent or pesticide.

ECONOMICAL TREATMENT OF MAGGOT WOUNDS IN CAPTIVE AFRICAN LIONS: A STUDY OF 12 CASES

Maggot wound is a common threat to felines caused by eggs of fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). The study was conducted to establish an economic treatment of maggot wounds without anesthesia in Panthera leo at Safari Zoo Lahore, Pakistan. In this treatment, Lions having maggot wounds were first isolated in a squeeze cage and treated with antiseptics i.e. hydrogen peroxide and pyodine. The antiseptic that was a combination of hydrogen peroxide and pyodine used against maggots’ grip being pierced in the tissues. Once they lost grip, maggots were removed with sterilized forceps one by one with great care. After cleaning, the wound was left for open healing, only wound oil (herbal maggot killer) was applied. Once satisfied that no maggot is left, Mycitracin was applied, being an effective pain reliever. Pink spray (crude liquid 60ml) is a fly repellent that helps in healing wounds as well. It was concluded Mycitracin and pink spray can be used till animals recovered successfully. No side effects of these medicines were likely observed.

Uji Aktivitas Larvasida Minyak Daun Kemangi (Ocinum sanctum L.) Asal Pulau Timor Terhadap Larva Nyamuk Aedes Aegypti

The tropical climate in regions like Timor Island can lead to the proliferation of disease-carrying mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti, which are responsible for diseases like dengue fever, filarial infections, and elephantiasis. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a major concern in Indonesia, particularly in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of basil leaf oil (Ocimum Sanctum L.) as a natural substitute for electric mosquito repellents. The study focused on evaluating its impact on the mortality of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae and determining the LC50 (Lethal Concentration 50) of basil leaf oil against these larvae. Basil leaves (Ocimum Sanctum L.) were used to extract basil leaf oil through distillation, followed by separating water and oil. The study employed a randomized block design (RAK) to conduct experiments on mosquito larvae. The larvicidal activity of basil leaf oil was tested using 5 different concentrations: 750 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm, 2000 ppm, and 5000 ppm. A control group containing 70% alcohol was also included. Ten Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae were transferred from a holding container to a beaker containing 100 mL of distilled water mixed with basil leaf oil at the specified concentrations. The larvae were observed at 5, 10, 15, and 20-minute intervals to track the mortality rate of the larvae over time. The findings of the research demonstrated that basil leaf oil (Ocimum Sanctum L.) exhibited larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. The mortality rate of the larvae increased as the concentration of basil leaf oil increased, with the most significant impact observed at a concentration of 2000 ppm. This study highlights the potential of basil leaf oil as a natural larvicide against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae, which are responsible for transmitting diseases like dengue fever. The results suggest that basil leaf oil could serve as an alternative or complementary method to conventional mosquito control strategies. Given the importance of controlling mosquito-borne diseases, the use of locally available plant-based substances like basil leaf oil could contribute to public health efforts, particularly in regions like East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Further research and development in this area could lead to the creation of effective and environmentally friendly mosquito control products.

IMPLEMENTATION OF BINARY LOGISTIC ANALYSIS ON DETERMINANTS OF MALARIA STATUS

Malaria is a disease transmitted through mosquitoes; malaria is still one of the endemic diseases in Eastern Indonesia. This study aims to determine the factors that affect malaria status. The independent variables used were region, gender, insect repellent, sowing larvicide powder, draining the bathtub, and mosquito nets. The data comes from the Basic Health Research Report (Riskesdas) 2018. The analysis method used is binomial regression / binary logistics. Based on research states that together all independent variables have a significant effect on a person's malaria status. Partially, the chances of rural status, male sex, not using insect repellent, not using larvicide powder, not draining bathtubs, and not wearing mosquito nets are greater than other categories of malaria status. Therefore, self-awareness of individuals and communities is needed in striving for cleanliness and personal health

Antimicrobial property of functional viscose fibre by using mint extract

The use of cellulosic fibres treated with natural extracts can kill bacteria. Viscose is a regenerated cellulosic fibre with excellent biodegradability. The use of mint extract makes viscose a functional fibre, which gives beneficial results and can be used as an antimicrobial textile. The results clearly showed that the increasing ratio of the mint extract also increased the bacteriostatic ratio so that the antimicrobial property against E. Coli and S. Aureus for 100% viscose fabric is 97% and 94%, respectively. The bacteriostatic ratio against 50/50 cotton/functional viscose is proportionally lower, i.e., 85% and 81% against E. Coli and S. Aureus. The different number of washings affected the antimicrobial property of the fabrics in such a way that: the fabric with 100% functional viscose indicated a reduction of 14% for E. Coli, whereas the antimicrobial property decreased by 15% against S. Aureus after 5 to 20 washes as compared to the fabric with the blend 50/50. All the samples exhibited antimicrobial property more than 60% after 20 washes. The breaking strength of the functional viscose fibre decreased by about 12.9% in dry form and 14% in wet state compared with standard viscose fibre. However, the elongation of functional viscose fibre improved by 6.4% in dry form and 3.7% in the wet state, resulting in the low modulus of functional viscose fibre. The mosquito repellency rate ranges from 70–90% against 100% functional viscose fabrics, whereas 60–80% against the fabric is made up of a 50/50 blend for 5 to 20 washes. The overall results show acceptable behaviour against mosquito repellency. A simple approach was applied to develop antimicrobial textile products with cost-effectiveness and fruitful results.

GC-MS Analysis and In-silico Molecular Docking study of Skin Fruit Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Methanol Extract as Mosquito Repellent

Malaria is an endemic disease that is still a problem globally, especially in countries with tropical and subtropical climates. People generally use mosquito repellents from synthetic materials, but they still cause effects and toxicity. Using active compounds from plants is an alternative to developing mosquito repellents. The 30 active compounds from the GC-MS analysis of methanol extract of Arabica coffee skin fruit and we selected the highest percentage compound, namely n-Hexadecanoic acid, Caffeine, Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 3-O-Methyl-d-glucose and desulphosinigrin. The highest compounds were carried out by molecular docking with Odorant binding protein 1 (OBP1) as the protein target and N, N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) as the native ligand. Desulphosinigrin has the highest binding affinity, which is -6.2 Kcal/mol, close to the native ligand DEET. It can be concluded that the active compound desulphosinigrin has the potential as a repellent. This study concludes that active compounds from the methanol extract of Arabica coffee skin have the potential as a repellent.