Mosquito Larvae Research Articles

Dengue Infection Survey on Prevention and Control Strategies Among Community in Malaysia

Dengue is a vector-borne disease caused by a rapidly spreading virus. Dengue vector control is considered the most efficient way for limiting and curbing the spread of the dengue virus. This study aimed to determine the perception of the Malaysian community towards prevention and control measures of Dengue infection. A total of 402 respondents in Putrajaya and Selangor participated in the survey. The questionnaire was broadly divided into three sections: i) respondent profile ii) knowledge about prevention of Dengue Fever and insecticide use for mosquito control iii) knowledge about biological control.Most of the respondents (83.0%) expressed concern regarding the effects of fogging activities on their health, whereas slightly more than half (56.0%) posited that fogging activities may have adverse environmental effects. The fogging method was reported as the most frequent method (29.2%) employed in controlling the mosquito population. Biocontrol with guppy fish scored (15.5%) and Abate® (mosquito larvae insecticide) (28.9%) were the other control measures utilised. Community perspectives revealed that 5.0% of the respondents were aware of biocontrol as a control method for the mosquito population. The biological method was considered safe for public health while guppy was reported as the most effective biocontrol agent. The introduction of novel biocontrol and successful community programmes is significantly influenced by the perception of prevention and control measures for mosquitoes.

Enhanced Production of Bacillus Thuringiensis Israelensis using Solid State Fermentation Technique

Vectors play an important role in disease transmission, globally. Despite various advancements in vector management, mosquitoes are still prime vectors of dreadful diseases which influences human health and economy as well. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) is a major bacterium that produces δ-endotoxin, which can kill the certain strains of mosquito larvae. Bti based biopesticides can be used as an alternative technique to control insects. Biopesticides derived from Bti are the most prominent biological agents for selective control of insect pests. In this study we aim to produce Bti using different cost-effective medias based on the fruit, pulses and sea food waste and other such materials using solid state fermentation techniques (SSF). SSF has been described as the process that takes place in solid matrix in the absence or near absence of water, and the substrate requires less moisture to support the growth and metabolic activity of organisms. Here, in the present study we use different fruit wastes as carbon sources and other wastes as nitrogen source to optimize cost effective and efficient media for the growth and sporulation of Bti. Fruit juices of rotten fruits like pineapple, grapes, watermelon etc were used as a substrate for the production of Bti. Nitrogenous supplements like prawn peel powder, peanut meal extract, poultry manure was also used for the overproduction of Bti. Finally, the larvicidal efficiency of the novel media was also determined. This method was found to be cost effective and is functional also, and it can solve the problems caused by fruit waste accumulation. It can also reduce the problems inflicted by disease carrying vectors like mosquitoes.

Potensi Ekstrak Bunga Telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) sebagai Larvasida Alternatif Larva Aedes albopictus Instar III

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by the Dengue Virus, which is carried by vectors. One of which is the Aedes albopictus. DHF case data in Indonesia in 2016 was reported to reach 204,171 cases (IR 78.85/100,000 population) with a mortality rate of 1,598 people (CFR 0,78%). The most common way to control DHF is chemically using synthetic insecticides. Improper use of chemicals can have negative impacts, such as the death of non-target organisms, environmental pollution and vector resistance. Because of this impact, efforts are needed to use natural larvicides derived from natural ingredients to kill mosquito larvae that are safe for the environment, one of which is larvicides from butterfly pea flower extract. Based on this description, this study aims to determine the potential of butterfly pea flower extract (C. ternatea L.) on the death of A. albopictus larvae. This research is a pure experimental research. The control group in this study consisted of positive controls using 1% Abate and negative controls using distilled water. The experimental group was the administration of butterfly pea flower extract (C. ternatea L.) to A. albopictus larvae with varying concentrations of 30% and 40%. From the results of research on the potential of butterfly pea extract as an alternative larvicidal of A. albopictus larvae, it can be concluded that the butterfly pea extract has a larvicidal effect on A. albopictus larvae. The concentration of butterfly pea extract has the potential to kill A. albopictus larvae with an LC50 value obtained at a concentration of 39.815%.

Random Mutational Analysis Targeting Residue K155 within the Transmembrane β-Hairpin of the Mosquitocidal Mpp46Ab Toxin.

Mpp46Ab is a mosquito-larvicidal pore-forming toxin derived from Bacillus thuringiensis TK-E6. Pore formation is believed to be a central mode of Mpp46Ab action, and the cation selectivity of the channel pores, in particular, is closely related to its mosquito-larvicidal activity. In the present study, we constructed a mutant library in which residue K155 within the transmembrane β-hairpin was randomly replaced with other amino acid residues. Upon mutagenesis and following primary screening using Culex pipiens mosquito larvae, we obtained 15 mutants in addition to the wild-type toxin. Bioassays using purified proteins revealed that two mutants, K155E and K155I, exhibited toxicity significantly higher than that of the wild-type toxin. Although increased cation selectivity was previously reported for K155E channel pores, we demonstrated in the present study that the cation selectivity of K155I channel pores was also significantly increased. Considering the characteristics of the amino acids, the charge of residue 155 may not directly affect the cation selectivity of Mpp46Ab channel pores. Replacement of K155 with glutamic acid or isoleucine may induce a similar conformational change in the region associated with the ion selectivity of the Mpp46Ab channel pores. Mutagenesis targeting the transmembrane β-hairpin may be an effective strategy for enhancing the ion permeability of the channel pores and the resulting mosquito-larvicidal activity of Mpp46Ab.

Physicochemical characteristics of larval habitats and biodiversity of mosquitoes in one of the most important metropolises of southern Iran

The present study aimed to investigate the roles of the physicochemical characteristics of larval habitats in biodiversity and other bionomic factors of mosquitoes in Shiraz.The physical parameters of all habitats were recorded separately. The collected mosquito larvae were identified based on morphological characters. The water samples of larval habitats were analyzed for Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD, mg/L), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD, mg/L), pH, alkalinity, turbidity, total hardness (mg/L), Electrical Conductivity (EC, μS/cm), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS, mg/L), Cl2 (mg/L), and water temperature (°C). In addition, three main indices were used for surveying biodiversity.A total of 1229 larvae were collected from April to September 2018 and May to August 2019. Seven medically important mosquito species were identified morphologically. Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx. laticinctus had the highest distribution and abundance. Ecological results showed that the richness and diversity of species were higher and more stable in natural sites than in manmade places. The optimum BOD, COD, alkalinity, TDS, EC, pH, and temperature of water for mosquitoes of the studied areas were 140 mg/L, 360 mg/L, 160 mg/L, 420 mg/L, 840 μS/cm, 8.3, and 24 °C, respectively. Most mosquitoes tended to live in manmade, temporary, and sunny larval habitats with turbid water.The results provided a better understanding of the biology and ecology of mosquitoes as the most important group of disease vectors to humans and animals. Hence, they could be used to apply some safer and more environmentally friendly methods for mosquito control.

Magical World of Carnivorous Plants

Carnivorous plants are the most wonderful creatures of the earth. These found only in lack of soil-nutrients. They confluently evolved nearly 2-4 times in the history of evolution. In order to trap their prey, they adopt leaves. The current survey on these flesh-eating plants. Reported that there are nearly 630 species, found conveniently. Because of poor-nutrients in the soil, they derive their nutrients from these animals. Thus, they are benefited from the animals and other small creatures. The most flesh-eating plants can consume reptiles, small mammals, large plants and in some rare cases humans too. Small carnivorous plants can accumulate protozoa and bacteria which are single celled organisms. Aquatic carnivorous plants also feed on mosquito larvae, small fishes and crustaceans etc., According to the report given by Flokerts in 1982, A single bog contain nearly 13 species of the carnivorous plants in 1857, Charles Darwin, the very first person to classify carnivorous plants on phylogenetic tree.

Influence of land use on the abundance and spatial distribution of mosquito larvae of the Anopheles gambiae complex in a malaria expansion area in northern Tanzania

Influence of land use on the abundance and spatial distribution of mosquito larvae of the Anopheles gambiae complex in a malaria expansion area in northern Tanzania

Micro-scale urbanization-based risk factors for dengue epidemics.

Dengue is one of the world's most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral diseases. As it is found mostly in urban and semi-urban areas, urbanization and associated human activities that affect the environment and larval habitats could become risk factors (e.g., lane width, conditions of street ditches) for the spread of dengue. However, there are currently no systematic studies of micro-scale urbanization-based risk factors for the spread of dengue epidemics. We describe the study area, two micro-scale environmental risk factors associated with urbanization, and meteorological data. Since the observations involve spatial and temporal correlations, we also use some statistical methods for the analysis of spatial and spatial-temporal data for the relationship between urbanization and dengue. In this study, we analyzed data from Kaohsiung, a densely populated city in southern Taiwan, and found a positive correlation between environmental risk factors associated with urbanization (ditches positive for mosquito larvae and closely packed streets termed "dengue lanes") and clustering effects in dengue cases. The statistical analysis also revealed that the occurrence of positive ditches was significantly associated with that of dengue lanes in the study area. The relationship between climate variables and positive ditches was also analyzed in this paper, indicating a relationship between dengue and both rainfall and temperature, with temperature having a greater effect. Overall, this work is immediately relevant and applicable for policymakers in government, who will need to reduce these favorable habitats for vector-born disease spreaders and implement regulations for new urban constructions to thus reduce dengue spread in future outbreaks.

Mosquito larvae exposed to a sublethal dose of photosensitive insecticides have altered juvenile development but unaffected adult life history traits

BackgroundLarvicides are critical for the control of mosquito-borne diseases. However, even sublethal exposure to a larvicide can alter development and life history traits, which can then affect population density and disease transmission dynamics. Photosensitive insecticides (PSIs) are a promising class of larvicide that are toxic when ingested and activated by light. We investigated whether the time of day when exposure occurs, or the process of pupation, affects larval susceptibility to PSI phototoxicity in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae, and whether sublethal exposure to PSIs alters life history traits.MethodsLarvae were treated with lethal concentrations of the PSIs methylene blue (MB) and rose bengal (RB), and larval survival was measured at various times of day. Additionally, larvae were exposed to two concentrations of each PSI that resulted in low and medium mortality, and the life history traits of the surviving larvae were measured.ResultsPupation, which predominantly occurs in the evening, protected larvae from PSI toxicity, but the toxicity of PSIs against larvae that had yet to pupate was unaffected by time of day. Larval exposure to a sublethal concentration of MB, but not RB, shortened the time to pupation. However, larval exposure to a sublethal concentration of RB, but not MB, increased pupal mortality. Neither PSI had a meaningful effect on the time to eclosion, adult longevity, or adult melanization potential.ConclusionsPSIs are lethal larvicides. Sublethal PSI exposure alters mosquito development, but does not affect adult life history traits.Graphical

Recurrent West Nile virus outbreak in the United States in 2022: Current challenges and recommendations

West Nile virus (WNV) has afflicted various countries around the world, affecting not only humans but also non-human animals, such as horses and birds. WNV is an arbovirus that is transmitted to humans by mosquito bites. The WNV epidemic was initially localized to Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. An outbreak of WNV recently occurred in the United States (US), and is currently ongoing. This article aims to elucidate the trajectory of this ongoing outbreak in the US to inform efforts to control the recurring infection. As of November 15, 2022, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported 913 cases of WNV in humans in the US, of which 639 (70%) were categorized as neuroinvasive and 274 (30%) were categorized as non-neuroinvasive disease. Health authorities should swiftly act before WNV reaches a severe level, to prevent aggravation of existing challenges amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 and monkeypox pandemics in the US. Decreasing breeding habitats, ongoing surveillance of mosquito larvae, biological and microbial larval control methods (fish and copepods), chemical control methods (larvicides), controlling adult mosquito vector populations (hot or cold aerosols), and active practice of community-based preventive measures may avoid widespread outbreaks of WNV in the US. This brief article discusses the ongoing outbreak of WNV in the US, and highlights epidemiological and preventive measures related to WNV infection.

Determinants of Aedes mosquito larval ecology in a heterogeneous urban environment- a longitudinal study in Bengaluru, India.

Aedes-borne disease risk is associated with contemporary urbanization practices where city developing structures function as a catalyst for creating mosquito breeding habitats. We lack better understanding on how the links between landscape ecology and urban geography contribute to the prevalence and abundance of mosquito and pathogen spread. An outdoor longitudinal study in Bengaluru (Karnataka, India) was conducted between February 2021 and June 2022 to examine the effects of macrohabitat types on the diversity and distribution of larval habitats, mosquito species composition, and body size to quantify the risk of dengue outbreak in the landscape context. A total of 8,717 container breeding sites were inspected, of these 1,316 were wet breeding habitats. A total of 1,619 mosquito larvae representing 16 species from six macrohabitats and nine microhabitats were collected. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus were the dominant species and significantly higher in artificial habitats than in natural habitats. Breeding preference ratio for Aedes species was high in grinding stones and storage containers. The Aedes infestation indices were higher than the WHO threshold and showed significant linear increase from Barren habitat to High density areas. We found Ae. albopictus breeding in sympatry with Ae. aegypti had shorter wing length. A large proportion of larval habitats were man-made artificial containers. Landscape ecology drives mosquito diversity and abundance even at a small spatial scale which could be affecting the localized outbreaks. Our findings showed that sampling strategies for mosquito surveillance must include urban environments with non-residential locations and dengue transmission reduction programmes should focus on 'neighbourhood surveillance' as well to prevent and control the rising threat of Aedes-borne diseases.

Nanoliposomal Trachyspermum ammi (L) sprague essential oil for effective control of malaria mosquito larvae, Anopheles stephensi Liston

Controlling mosquito vectors at immature stages using larvicides is a practical strategy to stave off mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria. Developing nanoliposomes bearing essential oil is a promising approach to improving the efficacy and stability of EOs-derived larvicides. The main aim of this investigation was to assess the efficacy of nanoliposome containing Trachyspermum ammi L. EO (TAEO-NL) as a new potential formulation to control Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera, Culicidae) mosquito larvae. The chemical constituents of T. ammi L. essential oil (TAEO) were first investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis; its dominant component (48.22%) was thymol. TAEO-NL with a particle size of 54.6 ± 5 nm and zeta potential of −18 ± 0.5 mV were then prepared using the ethanol injection method. Besides, the successful loading of TAEO was confirmed using Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infra-Red (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in the efficacy of TAEO-NL and TAEO with lethal concentration 50% (LC50) values of 14.09 and 59.47 μg/mL against An. stephensi larvae. However, free nanoliposomes show negligible larvicidal effects (<5%). This nano-formulation could thus be suggested as a green product against insects to impede transmission of deadly infectious diseases with possible field applicability scope.

Bioactive Potentials of Petunia Integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz &amp; Thell. Against Culex Quinquefasciatus Larvae, Artemia Salina Nauplii and Poecilia Reticulata Adults

Petroleum ether (pet. ether), chloroform (CHCl3) and methanol (CH3OH) extracts of Petunia integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz &amp; Thell. Whole plant was subjected to assess cytotoxicity against the brine shrimp Artemia salina L. nauplii, larvicidal activity against the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say larvae and piscicidal activity against the Poecilia reticulata Peters adults. The P. integrifolia extract in pet. ether showed the highest cytotoxic activity against A. salina nauplii by giving the minimum LC50 value of 49.25 parts per million (ppm) at 48 h, while in case of CHCl3 and CH3OH extracts, the values were 63.37 and 342.55 ppm, respectively. Against C. quinquefasciatus larvae the three extracts gave LC50 values of 4.92, 5.51 and171.26 ppm, respectively all after 48 h of exposure. Against P. reticulata the LC50 values were 21.70 ppm for pet. ether extract at 48 h, and 31.91 ppm for CHCl3 extract after 42 h of exposure but CH3OH extract offered no mortality. According to the intensity of activity, therefore, the extracts could be arranged in the descending order of: pet. ether &gt; CHCl3 &gt; CH3OH extracts; and the sensitivity of the test organisms to the extract of P. integrifolia could be arranged in the following descending order: C. quinquefasciatus larvae (in Pet. ether; LC50 = 4.92 ppm) &gt; P. reticulata (in pet ether; LC50 = 21.70 ppm) &gt;A. salina nauplii (in pet. ether; LC50 = 49.25 ppm) J. Bio-Sci. 31(1): 99-108, 2023

Evaluation of different high doses aqueous plant extracts for the sustainable control of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes under laboratory conditions

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes represent a significant public health hazard as they serve as vectors for a variety of arboviral infections, including Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya. This necessitates the development of efficacious vector control strategies. The current study conducted at the Medical Entomology laboratory of the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA) Peshawar, Pakistan, evaluated the potential use of locally sourced aqueous-based plant extracts against different life stages of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The utilization of plant extracts, including Parthenium hysterophorus, Nicotiana tabacum, Melia azedarach, and Fagonia indica, offers a potentially effective and ecologically sustainable strategy for pest control. The above excerpts present environmentally friendly alternatives that are biodegradable and have a little impact on the environment. These alternatives are in contrast to synthetic pesticides and contribute to the promotion of sustainable and ecologically responsible methods of pest control. The study tested various plant extracts, specifically those from Parthenium hysterophorus, Nicotiana tabacum, Melia azedarach, and Fagonia indica. These were examined at high concentrations to assess their toxicity to the mosquito species. The extract of P. hysterophorus demonstrated impressive efficacy, displaying 100 % effectiveness across all mosquito life stages. This was closely followed by N. tabacum, F. indica, and M. azedarach in decreasing order of efficacy. To better understand the potency of these plant extracts, their LC50 values were determined after 24, 48, and 72 h post-exposure. LC50 values, a common measure in toxicology, indicate the concentration at which 50 % of the test organisms are killed. Among the tested extracts, M. azedarach exhibited the highest LC50 values (1.703 %, 2.142 %, 2.640 %), implying lower toxicity, while P. hysterophorus showed the lowest LC50 values (0.120 %, 0.420 %, 0.975 %), indicating high toxicity to Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. Based on the comparative analysis of toxicity, the extracts' efficiency order was established as follows: P. hysterophorus extracts > N. tabacum extracts > F. indica extracts > M. azedarach extracts. These findings suggest that P. hysterophorus and N. tabacum, particularly at a 3 % concentration, hold promising potential as components in eco-friendly integrated vector management (IVM) strategies. This approach would serve as an alternative to the traditional reliance on synthetic pesticides, which often pose environmental and health risks due to their residual toxicity.

Male and Female Rosy Barb Fish (Pethia conchonius) Predation Time Against Aedes aegypti Mosquito Larva and Pupa Stage in the Morning

Male and Female Rosy Barb Fish (Pethia conchonius) Predation Time Against Aedes aegypti Mosquito Larva and Pupa Stage in the Morning

THE FAUNA OF AQUATIC HEMIPTERA (HETEROPTERA) IN CHARYN NATURE PARK

The material for this research resulted from the authors’ work during 2018–2020 at the Charyn Nature Park in different floodplain reservoirs of the Charyn and Temirlik Rivers, Almaty region, Kazakhstan. Their study of the fauna and ecology of Hemiptera followed the methods of route surveys and stationary observations. The simplest way to collect is to catch aquatic Hemiptera using aquatic entomological nets and account for potential water bugs. Corixidae has 21 species, while other families have one or two species. Their density comprised Gerridae (8–10), Corixidae (16–20), Naucoridae (3–5), Notonecta (8–9), and Ranatra (3–5) specimens/m2, respectively. The mass species found included Ilyocoris cimicoides, Noton ecta glauca, Nepa cinerea, and Gerris costae. During the autumn survey, an observation revealed that the previously studied reservoirs have decreased in size, and some have even dried up. In the coastal part of the reservoirs, water scorpions (Nepa cinerea) were crawling along the bottom of the pool. Water backswimmers (Notonectidae) and toad bugs (Naucoridae) moved to deeper pond areas. Representatives of the Corixidae family were zoophytophages (21 species), with the remaining species being zoophages (12 species). Under the Charyn Nature Park conditions, most species were mono or univoltine (21 species), bivoltine (five species), and poly or multivoltine (seven species). The fauna of the Charyn State National Nature Park (SNNP) has the main characteristic of species of Hemiptera with Western Asia (40%), Trans-Palearctic (21%), Western Palearctic (18%), and Trans-Eurasian (12%) ranges. All the recognized species have a wide selection of hunting objects, feeding on aquatic invertebrates, including regulating the numbers of blood-sucking mosquito larvae (Culicidae).

The Key Associated Factor of the Emergence of the Dengue Vector in Peri-Urban and Rural Settlements

Introduction: The population density of Aedes mosquitoes is a risk factor for dengue in endemic areas. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the risk factors for mosquito vector emergence in settlements. This study aimed to determine the key factors associated with the occurrence and population density of dengue vectors in peri-urban and rural settlements. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two dengue-endemic villages, Bergas-Kidul and Gebugan, representing peri-urban and rural settlements, respectively. A cluster-based larval survey was conducted in the dengue-case house and in 18–20 houses around a radius of 100 m. All water containers and their characteristics and mosquito larvae emergence were recorded in each house to calculate Aedes indices. The geographic coordinates, altitude, air temperature, and humidity were mapped and analyzed using GIS and SPSS software. Results and Discussion: Dengue vectors were found in peri-urban and rural with HI, CI, BI, and DF indices of 29.3%, 32.2%, 35.4, 6.0; then 12.2%, 14.3%, 14.6, and 3.0, respectively. In peri-urban areas, larval occurrence was associated with air temperature, air humidity, container type, and open microhabitat, whereas in rural areas, it was associated with only open microhabitat. Conclusion: The Aedes indices represent a high density of mosquito populations, and the existence of open microhabitats is the key factor for larval occurrence in both peri-urban and rural settlements. Community participation in vector control needs to be increased in addition to studying the resistance of Aedes mosquitoes to a number of insecticide groups.

The differences in the toxicity of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus lam.) seed extract and cocoa fruit (Theobroma cacao l.) extract on mortality of Culex spp. mosquito larvae: Elephant foot disease vector

Culex spp. mosquitoes are the main vectors of filariasis. According to the East Java Provincial Health Office on 2018, the total number of filariasis (elephantiasis) cases in East Java Province was 134 cases distributed across 38 districts/cities. So far, the control of Culex mosquitoes has been carried out using synthetic insecticides. The use of synthetic insecticides is considered effective, practical, potent, and economically advantageous. However, continuous and repeated use of synthetic insecticides can lead to environmental pollution, the death of various types of living creatures, and resistance. Synthetic insecticides are hazardous to human and domestic animal health, as well as having an impact on other non-target organisms. An alternative that can be pursued is the use of natural insecticides derived from plants. Jackfruit seeds contain secondary metabolites such as tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and saponins. Meanwhile, cocoa fruit husks contain tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids. The utilization of compounds present in the extracts of jackfruit seeds (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) and cocoa fruit husks can be used to control the population of Culex spp. mosquitoes, the main vectors of filariasis. The methods employed in this research include extraction, preparation of serial concentrations, colonization of test larvae, preliminary testing, and final testing. The research results reveal the toxicity or LC50 value of jackfruit seed extract (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) towards Culex spp. mosquito larvae are 430.303 ppm, while the toxicity (LC50) value of cocoa fruit husk extract (Theobroma cacao L.) is 306.742 ppm. The conclusion drawn from this research is that the cocoa fruit husk extract (Theobroma cacao L.) is more toxic compared to the jackfruit seed extract (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) towards Culex spp. mosquito larvae.

Identifikasi larva nyamuk di Desa Lawang Uru Kabupaten Pulang Pisau

. In tropical nations like Indonesia, mosquitoes serve as carriers of viruses and parasites that can infect humans. Finding out which mosquito larvae species were present and where in Banama Tingang District—particularly in Lawang Uru Village—was the study's main goal. Descriptive survey research using simple random sampling methodology is what this study is. All of the mosquito larvae used in this study were collected from Lawang Uru Village. In residential areas, larvae are collected. Descriptive survey research using simple random sampling methodology is what this study is. All of the mosquito larvae used in this study were collected from Lawang Uru Village. In residential areas, larvae are collected. The study's findings revealed 232 larvae belonging to the following species: Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes albopictus, Culex vishnui, and Aedes aegypti. utilized paint cans, tires, drums, boats, and livestock feeders were among the materials utilized to create larval breeding habitat in Lawang Uru Village.

A novel pyrazole–pyridine derivative (PPD) targets specific biological pathways in the larval stages of the northern house mosquito Culex pipiens Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae)

BackgroundMosquitoes cause a variety of health problems in humans and pets. So, the control of mosquito larvae is one of the best ways to avoid health problems arising from diseases transmitted by these insects. There are various control mechanisms including mechanical, biological and chemical control. The latter, despite the presence of some obstacles associated with its use, is preferred because of its ability to supply rapid management results.ResultA novel laboratory-synthesized chemical compound containing pyrazole and pyridine moieties (pyrazole–pyridine derivatives, PPD) was used to control and address the biological effects on Culex pipiens mosquito second larval instar. A sublethal concentration (LC30) of PPD inhibited larval growth by about 50%. Furthermore, the developmental time of larvae into pupae and the emergence of adults from the pupal stages were increased by about 20% and 17%, respectively. The ultrastructural studies on the midgut cells revealed that treated larvae suffered dramatic degeneration in the gastric caeca and the posterior midgut cells, while the anterior midgut epithelium appeared with an abundance of lysosomal activities. Additionally, treated larvae showed fluctuated activities in the levels of the detoxifying enzymes and increased levels in total antioxidants.ConclusionsThese results clearly show that pyrazole and pyridine moieties containing compounds can be used against larval stages of C. pipiens.