Mosquito Coils Research Articles

Design and Evaluation of Poly Herbal Mosquito Repellent Incense Sticks

The current study's goal was to create multi-herb mosquito-repellent incense sticks. Two formulations were made F1 and F2. The F1 formulation contains less quantity of poly herbal ingredients than the F2 formulation. The developed formulation's effectiveness as a mosquito repellent was assessed. The Incense mosquito sticks were prepared by hand rolling method in research laboratory. The herbal ingredients used are the Holy basil, Neem, Rosemary, Camphor, Cinnamon bark, lemongrass oil. The Acacia used as a binder to roll the sticks and lemon grass oil used as flavoring agent. The prepared formulation F1 and F2 was evaluated its efficacy. The F2 formulation containing increased quantity of poly herbs so it shows better repellent activity than F1 formulation. So the uses of natural herbs in the formulation of mosquito repellent sticks are free from carcinogenic chemicals, cheaper, and easy to formulate.

Design and Parameter Optimization of Double-Mosquito Combination Coils for Enhanced Anti-Misalignment Capability in Inductive Wireless Power Transfer Systems

This paper proposes a novel double-mosquito combination (DMC) coil for inductive wireless power transfer (IPT) systems to improve their anti-misalignment capability. The DMC coil consists of a mosquito coil with single-turn spacing and a tightly wound close-wound coil. By superimposing the magnetic fields generated by both coils, a relatively uniform magnetic field distribution is achieved on the receiving coil plane. This approach addresses the challenges of significant output voltage fluctuations and reduced transmission efficiencies caused by coupling coil misalignments in conventional IPT systems. To further optimize the DMC coil, an interaction law between its parameters and the mutual inductance is established, setting the coil mutual inductance fluctuation rate as the optimization objective, and using the coil turn spacing, number of turns, and outer diameter as constraint conditions. The beetle antennae search algorithm (BAS) is employed to enhance the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), facilitating the adaptive optimization of the coil parameters. An experimental IPT system platform with a 50 mm transmission distance is developed to validate the robust anti-misalignment capability of the proposed coil. The results demonstrate that within a horizontal misalignment range of 50 mm, the system’s output voltage fluctuation rate stays below 7.4%, and the transmission efficiency remains above 83%.

Practice and Perception Analysis of Mosquito Coil Usages in Bangladesh

Among many mosquito control approaches, the use of mosquito coil is popular because of its cost effectiveness and ease of use. But along with repelling mosquitoes, the burning of mosquito coils can cause severe health hazard. In mosquito coils, pyrethrin, allethrin, d-allethrin etc. are typically used as active ingredients. In this study, it was found that mosquito coil is used mostly (51%) in rural area and most of the rural people (64.7%) believed it to be beneficial as mosquito repellent as well as they are not so aware of the harmful effects of the mosquito coil (25%). Due to mosquito coil burning, the participants feel many such complications like suffocation (32.3%), eye irritation (29.2%), sneezing (13.1%) but they do not take any special measure or treatment to protect them. Rather, they mostly place the coil away from them (50%) to protect themselves after being exposed to those complications. These findings have raised a question, ― which one is more harmful: Mosquito or mosquito coil? Besides, most of the people even don’t know about the dangerous effects of mosquito coils. Although mosquito net is the most effective way to repel mosquito, 69% people do not use mosquito net due to laziness. Extensive research regarding alternative mosquito repelling strategy and safe use of mosquito coil is urgently needed in the context of countries like Bangladesh. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 27(1): 92-102, 2024 (January)

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. (haramonting) protects against allethrin-exposed pulmo damage in rats: mechanistic interleukins.

Inhaling Allethrin (C19H26O3) may induce oxidative stress in lung cells by causing the formation of free radi-cals. Interleukins (IL) are a group of secreted cytokines or proteins and signaling molecules initially produced as an immune response by leukocytes. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. (haramonting) contains antioxidants that may prevent lung damage induced by allethrin-containing electric mosquito repellents. In this study, six groups of rats were exposed to allethrin via an electric mosquito repellent, including positive, negative, and comparison control groups and three groups were administered Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk at 100mg/kg BW, 200mg/kg BW, and 300mg/kg BW. After 30days, the pulmonary tissue and the blood were taken for immunohisto-chemical and ELISA analysis. The accumulation of inflammatory cells causes the thickening of the alveolar wall structures. Injuries were more prevalent in the A+ group than in the other groups. The connection between the alveoli and blood capillaries, which can interfere with alveolar gas exchange, is not regulated, and the lu-minal morphology is aberrant, causing damage to the alveolar epithelial cells. Exposure to electric mosquito coils containing allethrin can increase the expression of interleukin-1, interleukin-8, interleukin-9, and interleu-kin-18 in blood serum and tissues while decreasing the expression of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10. Like the Vitamin C group, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa can increase alveolar histological alterations by decreasing the ex-pression of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-9, and IL-18 while increasing IL-6 and IL-10. So that this plant can be developed in the future as a drug to prevent lung harm from exposure.

Risk Factor of Paediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Wajo Regency, Indonesia

Background: Pneumonia is the second highest cause of under-five mortality in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyse the risk factors for pneumonia among under-fives in Wajo Regency. Methodology: This type of research was a quantitative study using a case-control study design. The population was all children in the working areas of Salewangeng Health Centre, Penrang Health Centre, and Belawa Health Centre. The sample size was 224 children consisting of 112 cases and 112 controls. The odds ratio test and logistic regression were used to evaluate the data. Results: Risk factors associated with pneumonia were under-five nutritional status (OR=3.563; 95%CI=1.57-8.65; p=0.0008), indoor smoke exposure (OR=5.852; 95%CI=2.88-12.36; p=0.000), maternal age (OR=2.575; 95%CI=1.45-4.58; p=0.0005), and number of children in the family (OR=3.133; 95%CI=1.65-6.05; p=0.0002). Conclusions: The most influential risk factor for under-five pneumonia was indoor smoke exposure. The probability of pneumonia among under-fives who were exposed to indoor smoke, had a maternal age 30 years, and had poor nutritional status was 89.8%. It is recommended for the community to reduce smoking activities in the house and reduce the use of mosquito coils to prevent smoke exposure to children at home.

Forest-goers as a heterogeneous population at high-risk for malaria: a case–control study in Aceh Province, Indonesia

BackgroundA major challenge to malaria elimination is identifying and targeting populations that are harbouring residual infections and contributing to persistent transmission. In many near-elimination settings in Southeast Asia, it is known that forest-goers are at higher risk for malaria infection, but detailed information on their behaviours and exposures is not available.MethodsIn Aceh Province, Indonesia, a near-elimination setting where a growing proportion of malaria is due to Plasmodium knowlesi, a case–control study was conducted to identify risk factors for symptomatic malaria, characteristics of forest-goers, and key intervention points. From April 2017 to September 2018, cases and controls were recruited and enrolled in a 1:3 ratio. Cases had confirmed malaria infection by rapid diagnostic test or microscopy detected at a health facility (HF). Gender-matched controls were recruited from passive case detection among individuals with suspected malaria who tested negative at a health facility (HF controls), and community-matched controls were recruited among those testing negative during active case detection. Multivariable logistic regression (unconditional for HF controls and conditional for community controls) was used to identify risk factors for symptomatic malaria infection.ResultsThere were 45 cases, of which 27 were P. knowlesi, 17 were Plasmodium vivax, and one was not determined. For controls, 509 and 599 participants were recruited from health facilities and the community, respectively. Forest exposures were associated with high odds of malaria; in particular, working and sleeping in the forest (HF controls: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 21.66, 95% CI 5.09–92.26; community controls: aOR 16.78, 95% CI 2.19–128.7) and having a second residence in the forest (aOR 6.29, 95% CI 2.29–17.31 and 13.53, 95% CI 2.10–87.12). Male forest-goers were a diverse population employed in a variety of occupations including logging, farming, and mining, sleeping in settings, such as huts, tents, and barracks, and working in a wide range of group sizes. Reported use of protective measures, such as nets, hammock nets, mosquito coils, and repellents was low among forest-goers and interventions at forest residences were absent.ConclusionsSecond residences in the forest and gaps in use of protective measures point to key malaria interventions to improve coverage in forest-going populations at risk for P. knowlesi and P. vivax in Aceh, Indonesia. Intensified strategies tailored to specific sub-populations will be essential to achieve elimination.

PENGENDALIAN LARVA NYAMUK Culex pipiens DENGAN EKSTRAK BIJI SRIKAYA (Annona squamosa L)

The Culex pipiens mosquito is one of the insects that carries diseases, especially filariasis. Mosquito control can be done using insecticides, either in the form of mosquito coils, electricity, or anti-mosquito lotion. However, the safety of insecticides on the market needs to be questioned because they contain chemicals. Therefore, alternative methods based on natural ingredients are needed, one of which is srikaya seeds. Therefore, this research was carried out to measure the biolarvicidal activity of sugar apple seed extract against Culex pipiens mosquito larvae. This research is an experimental study with treatment in the form of a concentration of srikaya seed extract, consisting of 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15% with 3 repetitions. The data obtained was the average number of Culex pipiens mosquito larvae that died as a result of the treatment given. The percentage of larval death data was then calculated and the data was analyzed statistically using one-way anova with calculations using SPSS 23 software. The results of the study showed that differences in the concentration of sugar apple seed extract had a significant influence on the mortality of Culex pipiens mosquito larvae, where a concentration of 15% gave the highest average larval death. but not significantly different from concentrations of 12%, 9%, and 6%.

Indoor air pollution and cognitive function among older adults in India: a multiple mediation approach through depression and sleep disorders

BackgroundStudies across multiple countries reveal that depression and sleep disorders can lead to cognitive decline. This study aims to speculate on the effect of different sources of indoor air pollution on cognition and to explore the mediation effect of depression and sleep disorders on cognition when exposed to indoor air pollution. We hypothesize that an older adult experiences higher cognitive decline from indoor pollution when mediated by depression and sleep disorders.MethodsWe use data from Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI), 2017–2018, and employ a multiple mediation model to understand the relationship between indoor air pollution and cognition through sleep disorders and depression while adjusting for possible confounders. Sensitivity analysis was applied to see the effect of different sources of indoor pollution (cooking fuel, indoor smoke products, and secondhand smoke) on cognitive performance.ResultsThe effect of three sources of indoor pollutants on cognition increased when combined, indicating stronger cognitive decline. Unclean cooking practices, indoor smoke (from incense sticks and mosquito coils), and secondhand smoke were strongly associated with sleep disorders and depression among older adults. Indoor air pollution was negatively associated with cognitive health (β= -0.38) while positively associated with depression (β= 0.18) and sleep disorders (β= 0.038) acting as mediators. Sensitivity analysis explained 45% variability while adjusting for confounders.ConclusionThe study lays a foundation for future investigations into the nexus of indoor pollution and mental health. It is essential to formulate policies to reduce exposure to varying sources of indoor air pollutants and improve screening for mental health services as a public health priority.

Mosquito Control Strategies and Insecticide Resistance of the Malaria Vector in Urbanized Land Use Types in Suame Municipality, Ghana.

Modified landscapes could create breeding habitats for mosquitoes and affect their community structure and susceptibility with implications for their management. Hence, in this study, household mosquito control methods in two urbanized landscapes; industrial and residential human settlements, in Ghana and insecticide susceptibility of the inhabiting Anopheles populations were assessed. Household knowledge and usage pattern of mosquito control methods in the modified landscapes were obtained using a questionnaire. Female adult Anopheles mosquitoes were also subjected to susceptibility tests using mosquito coils (0.08% meperfluthrin, 0.03% dimefluthrin, and 0.3% transfluthrin) and World Health Organization (WHO) insecticide test papers (0.05% deltamethrin, 4% DDT, 0.1% bendiocarb, 0.25% pirimiphos-methyl, and 5% malathion). Although insecticide-treated nets and aerosols were used for mosquito control, mosquito coils were the most common and widely preferred household method. The Anopheles mosquitoes were resistant to all the insecticides (mosquito coils and WHO test papers) except pirimiphos-methyl. Land use type did not affect insecticide resistance, but the insecticide type did. The findings indicate the effect of household insecticide usage practices on local mosquito populations and their implications for effective vector management and disease control in modified landscapes.

Risk Factors for Pneumonia in Toddlers at a Regional General Hospital of Mappi Regency, South Papua Province

Mappi Regency of South Papua has a high prevalence of pneumonia, with 387 cases in 2022 and a death rate of 8. This study aims to prove the risk factors for pneumonia in young children in Mappi Regency. The research used a case-control design, involving 72 samples for a case group and control group, respectively. Variables studied include child factors (male gender, asthma history, history of other diseases or comorbidities, non-exclusive breastfeeding, poor nutritional status); mother factors (low education, lack of knowledge, not employment, and mother’s behavior of smoking and chewing areca nut); environmental factors (habitat density, presence of family members who smoke, family members with a history of pneumonia, use of mosquito coils, and use of wood fuel for cooked); and low family income factors. Data analysis was carried out using chi-square and double logistic regression tests with the help of SPSS 25. The results for the multivariate trial demonstrated that the history of asthma (OR = 20.303; 95% CI = 6.461-63.802), the comorbital history (OR = 4.687; 95% CI = 1.834-11.977), poor nutritional status (OR = 2.905; 95% CI = 1.166-7.240), and the use of cooking wood fuel (OR = 3.831; 95% CI = 1.452-10.108) were risk factors for lung infection in toddlers. A history of asthma was the most risky factor among others. Parents whose children have a history of asthma should recognize asthma triggers in their children such as exposure to cigarette smoke, cold air, and air pollution, and provide medication according to doctor’s recommendations, provide food intake with good nutrition, keep children away from the cooking area where they can inhale smoke from burning firewood used for cooking, and encourage children to get used to a healthy life by washing their hands to avoid cold, diarrhea or other diseases that can worsen their pneumonia.

Risk analysis of temperature, humidity, ventilation, use of mosquito repellent, and smoking behaviour on the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in Toddlers

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) are commonly experienced by children, infants, and toddlers. This study analysed the relationship of several factors that cause the occurrence of ARI in Toddlers, namely temperature, humidity, exposure to cigarette smoke, and the use of mosquito repellent.
 This study used the meta-analysis method by doing a literature search and then finding the value of the effect size using JASP.
 The research with meta-analysis showed that the smoking behaviour of family members is the highest risk of ARI in toddlers with a value of PR=E1.57=4,572 (95% CI 1.28-1.77). Furthermore, ventilation is the second highest risk of ARI in toddlers, with PR=E1.36=3.896. Then the humidity condition with the value of PR=E1.31=3.706. Other variables, such as air temperature risk increasing the incidence of ARI up to 2,829 times, and mosquito coils that had an impact up to 2,293 times increased the risk of ARI in Toddlers.
 All variables can increase the risk of ARI in toddlers, with the three most potent variables being smoking behaviour, ventilation, and humidity. Other variables can still increase the risk of ARI in toddlers, but to a lesser extent

Mosquito control exposures and breast cancer risk: analysis of 1071 cases and 2096 controls from the Ghana Breast Health Study

Epidemiologic data on insecticide exposures and breast cancer risk are inconclusive and mostly from high-income countries. Using data from 1071 invasive pathologically confirmed breast cancer cases and 2096 controls from the Ghana Breast Health Study conducted from 2013 to 2015, we investigated associations with mosquito control products to reduce the spread of mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria. These mosquito control products were insecticide-treated nets, mosquito coils, repellent room sprays, and skin creams for personal protection against mosquitos. Multivariable and polytomous logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORadj) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) with breast cancer risk-adjusted for potential confounders and known risk factors. Among controls, the reported use of mosquito control products were mosquito coils (65%), followed by insecticide-treated nets (56%), repellent room sprays (53%), and repellent skin creams (15%). Compared to a referent group of participants unexposed to mosquito control products, there was no significant association between breast cancer risk and mosquito coils. There was an association in breast cancer risk with reported use of insecticide-treated nets; however, that association was weak and not statistically significant. Participants who reported using repellent sprays were at elevated risks compared to women who did not use any mosquito control products, even after adjustment for all other mosquito control products (OR = 1.42, 95% CI=1.15–1.75). We had limited power to detect an association with repellent skin creams. Although only a few participants reported using repellent room sprays weekly/daily or < month-monthly, no trends were evident with increased frequency of use of repellent sprays, and there was no statistical evidence of heterogeneity by estrogen receptor (ER) status (p-het > 0.25). Our analysis was limited when determining if an association existed with repellent skin creams; therefore, we cannot conclude an association. We found limited evidence of risk associations with widely used mosquito coils and insecticide-treated nets, which are reassuring given their importance for malaria prevention. Our findings regarding specific breast cancer risk associations, specifically those observed between repellent sprays, require further study.

PM2.5 bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an Indian residential indoor air environment and their health risk

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), a group of semi-volatile organic pollutants with 2–7 aromatic rings are emitted in association with particulates/gases from incomplete combustion. They are persistent and affect human health adversely. This is the first study wherein PM2.5 bound PAHs from 8 different indoor air pollution sources, namely dhoop (DH1, DH2), incense sticks (IS1, IS2), cigarette, mosquito coil and solid fuels ‘coal and wood’, that are widely used in South-Asian countries were studied. Their emission rates and concentration profiles were compared. Dhoop was studied for the first time and found to be emitting the highest quantity of total PAHs. FLA/(FLA + PYR) ratio rightly indicated ingredients like wood and grass as sources. However, other ratios indicated petrogenic/coal origin, while BaP/(BaP + CHR) and BaA/(BaA + CHR) ratios were not reported earlier. The highest Toxicity Equivalent Concentration and Mutagenic Equivalent Concentration were estimated for DH2 and the lowest for cigarette smoke. The maximum Inhalation Lifetime Cancer Risk equal to 1.85 × 10−05 (adults) was observed for DH2, exceeding the WHO guidelines. These inferences will help in optimizing the indoor sources’ combustion duration and formulating manmade indoor sources. They will assist in identifying high-risk indoor environments, causative sources and control mechanisms.

Meperfluthrin poisoning from mosquito repellent fumes in a 14-year-old Nigerian male adolescent- a case report

Mosquito coils, common in resource-constraint countries where mosquito-borne diseases are endemic, are slow- burning sticks that emit smoke containing mosquito repellents, commonly pyrethroids like meperfluthrin. In humans, the documented side effects of inhaled meperfluthrin are few. We report a case of meperfluthrin toxicity following exposure to mosquito coil fumes. A 14-year-old male adolescent developed multiple episodes of vomiting, respiratory distress, and altered consciousness following exposure to mosquito- repellent fumes containing 0.25% meperfluthrin. He had slept on a floor mat CC –BY 4.0 with the burning coil 20cm from his face before the onset of symptoms. He received initial oxygen, steroids, and antibiotics care at a private hospital before being referred to the teaching hospital. At presentation, his Glasgow Coma Score was 12, otherwise normal CNS finding. He developed irrational talk, violent behaviour and insomnia three days later. He recovered fully with supportive care. Excessive inhalation of meperfluthrinfumes maylead to neurotoxicity and pulmonary toxicity.

SCIENCE PRACTICUM ACTIVITIES THROUGH WATER AND AIR POLLUTION EXPERIMENTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION MATERIALS IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS

Learning that is carried out using the experimental practicum method gives students the ability to think critically, actively and collaboratively in solving a problem in science material, especially environmental pollution material. This study aims to provide an alternative way for educators to convey material related to environmental pollution, especially water and air pollution. The method used is the development of practicum learning methods on the material of water pollution and air pollution which is carried out in class 7th grade students at junior high school. The results of the water pollution practicum research stated that the average fish operculum movement experienced the highest decrease in Jar 3, from 95 to 69. The results of observations on the average movement of fish that experience slow changes and die the most are in Jar 2 with an average of 60% of fish moving slowly and 80% of fish dying in the second minute. The higher the dose of detergent, the less movement of the fish operculum and the slower the movement of fish and the death. In air pollution, the highest percentage decline in normal cricket activity was in Jar 2, from 50% in the 3rd minute to 30% in the 6th minute. The longer the crickets were exposed to the smoke of the mosquito coils, the lower the displacement of the places carried out by the crickets and the higher the activity move the antenna.

Lung Function Impairment Among Women Cooking with Biomass Fuels Compared to LPG Fuel in Rural Tamil Nadu

Background: Women in developing countries are exposed to household air pollution from traditional cook a stove, which causes a huge burden of morbidity. This study aims to examine the impact of cooking fuel use on lung function changes among women in rural Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: Between 2012 and 2014, 565 adult women (237 using solid biomass fuel and 328 using clean fuel for cooking) participated in this cross-sectional study. Basic demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and exposure related information such as fuel type, kitchen type, type of house, and other potential sources of particulates inside the house, such as cigarettes; incense, and mosquito coils, were collected using questionnaires. A pulmonary function test assessment was done for all participants using a KOKO spirometer following the standard protocols. Results: Pulmonary function was significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower in rural women using biomass fuel for cooking. Women in the biomass group had FVC 2.45 (0.58), FEV1 1.99 (0.49), and PEFR 5.31 (1.54), while women in the LPG group had FVC 2.63 (0.48), FEV1 2.19 (0.42), and PEFR 5.81 (1.38). Conclusion: This cross-sectional study found that the reduction in the pulmonary function parameters was considerably higher among women using biomass for cooking compared to women using liquefied petroleum gas for cooking in rural Tamil Nadu. Objective measurements by spirometry from this study can help physicians and health policy makers develop measures for better prevention and management of respiratory diseases among rural women in Tamil Nadu, southern India.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding malaria prevention and control in communities in the Eastern Region, Ghana, 2020.

In sub-Saharan Africa countries including Ghana, the malaria burden remains unacceptably high and still a serious health challenge. Evaluating a community's level of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding malaria is essential to enabling appropriate preventive and control measures. This study aimed to evaluate knowledge of malaria, attitudes toward the disease, and adoption of control and prevention practices in some communities across the Eastern Region of Ghana. A cross‑sectional based study was carried out in 13 communities across 8 districts from January -June, 2020. Complete data on socio-demographic characteristics and KAP were obtained from 316 randomly selected household respondents by a structured pre-tested questionnaire. Associations between KAP scores and socio-demographic profiles were tested by Chi-square and binary logistic regression. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 26.0. Most respondents (85.4%) had good knowledge score about malaria. Preferred choice of treatment seeking place (50.6%) was the health center/clinic. All respondents indicated they would seek treatment within 24 hours. Mosquito coils were the preferred choice (58.9%) against mosquito bites. Majority of households (58.5%) had no bed nets and bed net usage was poor (10.1%). Nearly half of the respondents (49.4%) had a positive attitude toward malaria and 40.5% showed good practices. Chi-square analysis showed significant associations for gender and attitude scores (p = 0.033), and educational status and practice scores (p = 0.023). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that 51-60 year-olds were less likely to have good knowledge (OR = 0.20, p = 0.04) than 15-20 year-olds. Respondents with complete basic schooling were less likely to have good knowledge (OR = 0.33, p = 0.04) than those with no formal schooling. A positive attitude was less likely in men (OR = 0.61, p = 0.04). Good malaria prevention practice was lower (OR = 0.30, p = 0.01) in participants with incomplete basic school education compared to those with no formal schooling. Overall scores for respondents' knowledge, though good, was not reflected in attitudes and levels of practice regarding malaria control and prevention. Behavioral change communication, preferably on radio, should be aimed at attitudes and practice toward the disease.

Mortality Effects of Mosquito Anopheles Sp. Malaria Vectors Caused by Exposure to Burning Mosquito Drugs and Male Breadfruit Mat

This study aims to determine the effect of mortality on Anopheles sp . vector of malaria due to exposure to mosquito coils and male breadfruit mats. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD), in which 180 Anopheles sp. divided into 3 groups with 3 replications, Anopheles sp. placed in 9 plastic cups, where each plastic contains 20 Anopheles sp larvae, then reared until they become mosquitoes in a mosquito net box. The results obtained were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and continued with the Duncan test at real rate a= 0.05 using SAS software and continued with the smallest significant difference test to determine the difference in the treatment given. The results showed that the use of mosquito coils and electric mats for male breadfruit flowers had the same mortality effect, where the percentage of mortality was 100%.&#x0D;

Emission of water soluble brown carbon from different combustion sources: optical properties and functional group characterisation

Brown carbon (BrC) has a large impact on the Earth’s radiative balance. This study examined BrC’s optical characteristics, chemical functional groups, and total organic carbon (TOC) in deposited particulate matter from combustion of biomass, fossil fuels, and mosquito coil. A UV–vis spectrophotometer was used to assess BrC’s optical properties, a TOC analyzer was used to quantify TOC, and attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was used to identify functional group. The light absorption properties (absorption coefficient (babs-BrC), mass absorption efficiency (MAE365), absorption angstrom exponent (AAE), and refractive index (kabs-BrC)) were determined. Among biomasses, wheat straw exhibited the greatest value of babs-BrC (27.26 × 103 ± 4.09 × 103 Mm−1) whereas maize straw had the lowest value of babs-BrC (7.38 × 103 ± 1.11 × 103 Mm−1). A higher light absorption coefficient at 365 nm suggested that chromophores contributed more to the process. AAE followed this sequence - mosquito coil (5.46 ± 0.82) > biomass (5.13 ± 1.45) > fossil fuels (2.85 ± 0.32). The highest value of MAE365 (0.99 ± 0.15 m2 gC−1) and kabs-BrC (0.028 ± 0.004) was obtained in wheat straw, whereas the lowest value of MAE365 (0.07 ± 0.011 m2 gC−1) and kabs-BrC (0.002) was identified in octane. Biomasses samples showed a strong peak at ∼850, ∼1368, ∼1370, ∼1306, and near 1640 cm−1, indicating that the major component of BrC was organic nitrate R-ONO2 which is responsible to increase the light absorption properties. It also contains complex heterocyclic aromatic ring compounds, carbonyl group (C=O), and nitrogen-containing groups such as −NO 2, C≡N. The projected substantial contribution of BrC to overall light absorption is one illustration of the probable climatic effect of biomasses and fossil fuel burning in Southeast Asian region.

Toxicological and histopathological alterations in the heart of young and adult albino rats exposed to mosquito coil smoke

Mosquito coil repellents are well-known indoor air pollutant with significant health concerns. The present study investigated the toxic effects of mosquito coil smoke on the heart of young and adult male rats. The animals were subjected to the smoke for 6 h/day, 6 days/week, for 4 weeks. Within the first hour after lighting the coil, significant amounts of formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) were detected. Both exposed ages, particularly the young group, showed a significant increase in the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase-MB, and the levels of troponin I, myoglobin, Na+ levels, lipid profile, and inflammatory markers (interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein) as well as a significant decrease in K+ levels and cardiac Na–K ATPase activity, indicating development of cardiac inflammation and dysfunction. Furthermore, the toxic stress response was validated by significant downregulation at expression of the detoxifying enzyme cytochrome p450. Histopathological studies in both age groups, especially the young group, revealed cardiomyocyte degeneration and necrotic areas. Moreover, upregulation at the pro-apoptotic markers, caspase3, P53, and cytochrome C expressions, was detected by immunohistochemical approach in heart sections of the exposed groups. Finally, the myocardial dysfunctional effects of the coil active ingredient, meperfluthrin, were confirmed by the docking results which indicated a high binding affinity of meperfluthrin, with Na–K ATPase and caspase 3. In conclusion, both the young and adult exposed groups experienced significant cardiac toxicity changes evidenced by cell apoptosis and histopathological alterations as well as disruption of biochemical indicators.Graphical