Moskva River Research Articles

Human impact on organic matter distribution in the Moskva River

In 2019, we conducted an integrated study on the Moskva River and its tributaries during the low summer season with a focus on organic matter content (OM) assessment in river waters. The maximum OM content was measured at the river headwaters and related to natural sources. The Mozhaysk Reservoir regulation in the summer had the effect of increased organic load below the dam due to a rise in the allochthonous labile OM. Upstream from the Moscow City, the OM content was relatively low, despite wastewater inflow from several densely populated areas and polluted river inflow. Within the city, organic matter concentration increased by a factor of 1.5 due to an inflow from the Volga River via the Moskva-Volga Canal, whereas the release of treated sewage from the Moscow City wastewater treatment facilities did not have a significant effect. Below the city, the OM content increased again by a factor of 1.5 due to the inflow of urban and industrial wastewater and polluted tributaries. The observations in the lower reaches of the Moskva River indicate a high degree of anthropogenic euthrophication.

The specific features of phytoplankton in the reservoirs of Moskva River

Analysis is made of perennial changes of phytoplankton in the reservoirs of the Moskva River (Istrinskoye, Mozhaiskoye, Ozerninskoye, and Ruzskoye reservoirs), which serve as sources of water supply for the city of Moscow. It is concluded that phytoplankton is influenced by morphometric parameters of reservoirs, internal phosphorus load, and biotic interactions in the community. The role of the external factor, the river runoff, is great in the upper reaches of the reservoirs, where zones of increased productivity are formed. Climate changes are revealed, leading to transformation of the river runoff and of the internal processes taking place in the reservoir.

Applying the Method of Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Study Dissolved Organic Matter in Waters of the Moskva River

The applicability of fluorescence spectroscopy for studying the dissolved organic matter in the Moskva River has been shown. The most typical surface water fluorophores—humic and fulvic acids and protein substances—have been revealed in the studied water samples. The fluorescence intensity depends on the sampling site and indicates the contamination rate. The dynamics of the composition and fluorescence parameters of river waters varies with respect to the sampling period. While the concentration of dissolved organic matter and chemical oxygen demand increases from October until November, specific ultraviolet absorbance, biological oxygen demand, and fluorescence of humic acids significantly decrease. The observed dynamics does not depend on the sampling site, which confirms the effect of climatic conditions. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlations between spectral and chemical parameters of water contamination have been revealed. Fluorescence intensity, tryptophan-containing organic substances, fulvic acids, and values of biological index correlate (r = 0.63–0.92) with the content of ammonium and phosphate ions. The fluorescent index A may be used to determine the zone of the effect of anthropogenic biological impurities on the status of waters of the Moskva River.

PROBLEMS OF PARASITIC SAFETY EVALUATION OF WATER IN SOURCES USED BY POPULATION

The importance of state monitoring of water bodies on parasitological indicators is actualized in the article. It was established that summary reports of federal enterprises involved in the state monitoring of water bodies are formed without taking into account natural parasitic systems and insufficient detection of local parasitological pollution. At the same time, the incidence rate in the Russian Federation regarding giardiasis due to the water transport factor has been consistently high for several years. Cryptosporidiosis among the population is not detected due to the use of insensitive methods of diagnosis. With such an unexplored state of factors affecting public health, the level of unidentified etiological causes of acute intestinal infections, upper respiratory tract infections, and community-acquired pneumonia remains high in the Russian Federation: 70% and 90%, respectively. The article presents data on parasitic contamination of water bodies in the catchment area of the Moskva River, obtained with an independent expert survey.

Generation, sink, and emission of greenhouse gases by urban soils at different stages of the floodplain development in Moscow

The purpose of this research was to study the generation, sink, and emission of greenhouse gases by soils on technogenic parent materials, created at different stages of the Moskva River floodplain development (1—construction and 2—landscaping of residential areas). Field surveys revealed the spatial trends of concentration and emission of the greenhouse gases in following groups of soils: Retisols (RT-ab-ct) and Fluvisols (FL-hu, FL-hi.gl) before land engineering preparation for the construction, Urbic Technosols Transportic (TC-ub-ar.tn and TC-ub-hu.tn) at stage 1 and Urbic Technosols Folic (TC-ub-fo) at stage 2. CO2 and CH4 concentration in soils and their emission were determined using subsurface soil air equilibration tubes and the closed chamber method, respectively. Bacterial methane generation rate (MGR) and methane oxidation rate (MOR) were measured by kinetic methods. In natural soils MOR is caused only by intra-aggregate methanogenesis. The imbalance of methane generation and oxidation was observed in FL-hi.gl. It caused CH4 accumulation in the profile (7.5 ppm) and its emission to the atmosphere (0.11 mg CH4 m−2 h−1). RT-ab-ct acted as the sink of atmospheric methane. CO2 emission was 265.1 ± 24.0 and 151.9 ± 37.2 mg CO2 m−2 h−1 from RT-ab-ct and FL-hi.gl, respectively. In Technosols CH4 concentration was predominantly low (median was 2.7, 2.9, and 3.0 ppm, in TC-ub-ar.tn, TC-ub-hu.tn, and TC-ub-fo, respectively), but due to the occurrence of peat sediments under technogenic material, it increased to 1–2%. Methane emission was not observed due to functioning of biogeochemical barriers with high MOR. In TC-ub-ar.tn and TC-ub-hu.tn, the barriers were formed at 60-cm depth. In TC-ub-fo, the system of barriers was formed in Folic and Technic horizons (at 10- and 60-cm depth). CO2 emission was 2 times lower from TC-ub-ar.tn and TC-ub-hu.tn and 1.5 times higher from TC-ub-fo than from natural soils. Greenhouse gas generation, sink, and emission by natural soils and Technosols in floodplain were estimated. CO2 and CH4 content in Technosols varied depending on the properties of parent materials. Technosols at stage 1 did not emit CH4 due to formation of biogeochemical barriers—soil layers of high CH4 utilization rates. Urbic Technosols (Folic) at stage 2 performed as a source of significant CO2 emission.

New data on the complex of sites near the village of Khotyazhi on the Moskva river (to the issue of the Slavic colonization of Moscow vicinity)

New data on the complex of sites near the village of Khotyazhi on the Moskva river (to the issue of the Slavic colonization of Moscow vicinity)

The Application of Buried Soil Properties for Reconstruction of Various Stages of Early Habitation at Archaeological Sites in Moscow Kremlin

Combined archaeological and pedogenetic study allows reconstructing the history of early habitation in Moscow Kremlin (Moscow, Russia). The area is confined to the third terrace of Moskva River with Podzols as native soils formed in fluvioglacial sandy deposits under virgin broad-leaved forests with conifers. From the Early Iron Age (1500–2000 BP) to the 12th century, alternating stages of agricultural land use and abandonment resulted in human-induced transformation of natural ecosystems into agricultural landscapes. Agricultural land use provoked soil erosion that lead to truncation of the upper soil horizons. Sediments deposited due to slope erosion and mineral materials transported by ancient people enhanced initial lithic discontinuity of soil parent material. Ancient agricultural practices included melioration of soils by mineral and organic fertilizers. During the Early Iron Age the pasture was fertilized by ash and limed by crushed dolomite. Melioration of the 12th century included not only ash and dolomite but also crushed bones, manure and household waste. A change from the agricultural to urban land use after 15th century resulted in the accumulation of cultural layers. A few interruptions in their accumulation, which were caused by accidental fires or other phenomena, were accompanied by regeneration of natural vegetation cover and the formation of shallow soils imprinted on cultural layers.

Floodplain Paleosols of Moskva River Basin: Chronology and Paleoenvironment

ABSTRACTSeven main periods of soil formation can be distinguished in the floodplain of the Moskva (Moscow) River, with the oldest paleosols dated to the Allerød age. We analyzed paleosols buried under alluvial deposits, colluvial sediments, and archaeological deposits within the catchment area of the Moskva River. Paleopedological reconstructions were correlated with the results of the pedoanthracological and palynological analyses. Series of radiocarbon (14C) dates were obtained on humic acids and dispersed macro-charcoal from paleosols and archaeological features. Wide time frames of the floodplain paleosol formation were determined at a 95% probability as 14,600–12,600 cal BP for Soil 7; 9500–7000 cal BP for Soils 6 and 5; 6700–5500 cal BP for Soil 4; 5000–4400 cal BP for Soil 3b; 4100–2700 cal BP for Soil 3a; and 2000–700 cal BP for Soil 2. The dates were compared with the age of archaeological sites from the same areas. The comparison revealed a close correspondence between the ages of the soil charcoal and the timing of archaeological occupations. That allowed us to conclude that the fire occurrence on a regional level was associated mainly with the human occupation. The fire record is especially pronounced in floodplain paleosols, due to both the role of rivers as human migration corridors, and the integral accumulation of combustion products from the entire catchment area in these paleosols.

Natural and Anthropogenic Changes in the Soils and Environment of the Moskva River Floodplain in the Holocene: Pedogenic, Palynological, and Anthracological Evidences

Several series of well-developed paleosols of different ages have been examined on the Moskva River floodplain. In the beginning of the Holocene, forest-steppe biomes were widespread in this area, and dark-humus (Black) soils with stable humate humus and without features of textural differentiation predominated on the floodplain. The presence of meadow-steppe vegetation communities during this period is confirmed by the results of palynological and anthracological analyses. The lower paleosol in section RANIS 2 is represented by the deep humus horizon with 14C dates from 5500 to 8400 BP and the carbonate-accumulative horizon; it also contains large and deep tunnels of burrowing animals typical of chernozems. Wood charcoal is absent, and pollen of Artemisia and Chenopodium species predominates. Paleosols of the second half of the Holocene are represented by gray-humus and soddy-podzolic soils (Luvisols). In these soils and in the alluvial sediments, beginning from the Subboreal period, pollen of trees predominates; there are abundant charcoal of spruce and burnt spruce needles. In that time, forest-steppe and broadleaved forest biomes on the floodplain were replaced by southern taiga biomes. The second half of the Holocene is also specified by the human impacts on the local landscapes. Palynological and anthracological data attest to the large-scale burning of forests for pastures in the Bronze Age and, later, for cropland. The paleosol of the Iron Age is enriched in humus. It contains tunnels of burrowing animals related to the stage of anthropogenic meadows. It also contains pyrogenic calcite. The recent centuries have been characterized by extremely high floods triggered by the human activity; they have been accompanied by the fast accumulation of coarse-textured alluvial sediments and the formation of weakly developed alluvial soils.

Taxonomic diversity of benthic invertebrates of the Moskva River in the Moscow area: diversity and distribution

&lt;p&gt;Biological diversity and distribution of benthic invertebrates in the Moskva River within the frames of Moscow are studied. Totally, 72 invertebrate taxa were found including 8 invasive species with amphipod &lt;em&gt;Gmelinoides fasciatus &lt;/em&gt;(Stebbing, 1899), an invader from the Lake Baikal. A number of observed species are characterized with high abundance and biomass while most of observed taxa are represented by a small number of individuals. The greatest species diversity was revealed for insect larvae, mainly due to Chironomidae. The main species on the investigated section of the river are various crustaceans, mainly amphipods and decapods (when present in samples) showing more than 70-90% of all biomass of zoobenthos at all stations (sites). Multivariate cluster analysis allowed concluding that bottom communities in Moskva River, the degree of their quantitative development, species richness and diversity are mainly influenced by the structure of bottom substrates rather than other factors. The most diverse benthic communities are presented on silty bottom with mixture of shells of mollusks and plant remains. The lowest diversity of benthic communities is characteristic for sites with relatively strong water and well washed sand as the main bottom substrate. Obtained data starts annual monitoring of the river at indicated stations using biological indicators, namely native amphipod &lt;em&gt;Gammarus lacustris&lt;/em&gt; and invasive &lt;em&gt;G. fasciatus&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

Diversity of magnetotactic bacteria of the Moskva River

Diversity of magnetotactic bacteria in the Moskva River at the Strogino area was studied using microscopy and phylogenetic analysis. Magnetotactic cocci were the predominant morphotype. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed 13 OTUs of the orders Magnetococcales and Rhodospirillales, class Alphaproteobacteria. The shares of the relevant sequences were 90 and 10%, respectively. An axenic culture of magnetotactic spirilla was isolated from the studied community. According to the results of the 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the isolate was identified as a new Magnetospirillum species.

Buried Late-Holocene Luvisols of the Oka and Moskva river floodplains and their anthropogenic evolution according to soil and pollen data

According to radiocarbon dating, the ages of the four major soils developed on the floodplains are as follows: (1) modern, (2) 2500–800 cal BP, (3) 4700–3000 cal BP, and (4) 7000–5300 cal BP. The Late-Holocene soil 2 is usually defined as Albeluvisol or Luvisol. It has a developed profile with clearly expressed argic horizons (Bt). It is markedly different from the underdeveloped soil 1 (Fluvisol) and soil 4 (Phaeozem or Chernozem) that have a dark humus (mollic, chernic) horizon. Soil 2 has a typical light gray color of the humus horizon and is characterized by the accumulation of clay fraction in the Bt horizon as compared with the overlying E horizon. Micromorphological data indicate that the Bt horizon has well-developed clay films on pore walls and on the surface of aggregates. Cultural layers belonging to the Iron Age or early Middle Ages are sometimes located in Soil 2. Pollen analysis of this soil attests to its development under forest vegetation, which corresponds to the genesis of Luvisols and Albeluvisols. However, in some places near ancient settlements, characteristic features of the E and Bt horizons become weakly pronounced, and a well-developed dark humus (umbric) horizon is diagnosed in the soil profiles. These soils are marked by the abundance of pollen of herbs, including cultivated cereals and weeds. This is evidently related to the anthropogenic activity and the propagation of secondary grassy and ruderal vegetation that replaced forests on the floodplains. Floodplain environments are considered unsuitable for the development of Luvisols and Albeluvisols within a larger part of the Holocene. These soils appeared on the floodplains in the Late Holocene in relation to the propagation of forest vegetation and extremely low floods within a relatively long time.

New pollen data from paleosols in the Moskva River floodplain (Nikolina Gora): Natural and anthropogenic environmental changes during the Holocene

In the floodplain of the Moskva-river near Nikolina Gora 3, well-developed buried soils have been revealed. The lower soil of Boreal-Atlantic age, a Chernozem, contains pollen of steppe plants but no pollen of conifers. Subboreal and Subatlantic soils have light humus-eluvial horizons. Subatlantic soils also have a well-developed Bt horizon. The pollen data shows the distribution of the spruce forests in the second half of the Holocene. Some signs of economic activities, such as the pollen of ruderal plants and coal, appear at the end of the formation of the Atlantic soil and correspond to the Neolithic. In the Subatlantic soils, there are many traces of intensive development of the floodplain associated with the economic activity of the population of Iron Age and early Middle Ages. The pollen and soil characteristics indicate deforestation of the floodplain and the continued existence of anthropogenic grasslands and meadows within a radius of 1 km from the settlements.

Многолетняя динамика процессов самоочищения как интегральный показатель для выбора управляющих воздействий (на примере реки Москвы)

The main regulating impacts on the Moskva River environmental status over the past 15 years were identified: bottom washing (1998), and commissioning of the snow-melting stations system (2005–2006). Ecological status of the river was assessed by many-year observation rows in the range downstream the main flow of diffuse pollution from the urban territory and by the self-purification rate on the river part 34 km downstream the city. It was shown that functioning of the snow-melting stations system considerable improved ecological status of the river at the urban range. However, self-purification at the downstream range became slower recently while the bottom sediments-caused water pollution in terms of some components was observed. Reasons of the self-purification rates decrease were analyzed. Insufficient self-purification capacity of the urban over-regulated river was acknowledged as the reason the ecological status degradation. Technological solutions were proposed to increase the river self-purification ability: washing the river bottom with big amounts of water from reservoirs with a five-year interval; establishment of nitri-de-nitrification zones within the area of active nitri-de-nitrification; building of phitotreatment facilities in the mouths of the most polluted discharges; artificial growing of hydrocoles that can increase the river self-purification ability.

Linguistic Properties of Reportage Genre

this article the reportage stage by stage, considering the linguistic specificity of reportage genre, analyzed: the linguistic properties of reportage genre, participation effect, factual data and reasoning, messenger, interesting questions, description, the place of the event, the historical references, the fairness and actuality, tell about the event and transfer information, special term vocabulary, brief conclusion and etc. Keywords: accuracy, analysis, answer is a narrative genre event, communication tools, conclusion, contact with readers, documentation, event, factual information and argument, interesting questions, journalist, lead, linguistic features of the genre, reportage, story, theme reportage, text, vocabulary. What are the linguistic properties of reportage genre? Let's answer this question on the example of reportage From the bottom of the Moskva of the journalist Valeriya Dubchak. Photoreporter is Mikhail Semenov. The reportage begins with the lead, briefly explaining the theme of the reportage. The lead ends with a rhetorical question. The role of this sentence and lead in whole is to attract the reader's attention to the material: But does it mean that the water in the Moskva River became clean? Participation effect in this report is provided by the evidences of the experts studying the aquatic fauna, as well as the photographs that accompany the text. Obviously, the report turned out to be informative, because in the process of narration and describing the condition of the Moskva river, the author uses factual data and reasoning. For example: According to the Toxicological analysis carried out with the participation of the Institute of ecology and evolution of the RAS, the use of fish from the Moskva river, caught in the city boundaries and below the capital, is dangerous to health. Direct speech in this reportage is the messenger : All the fish living within the city boundaries, are subjected to the cumulative impact of various chemical substances and pollutants discharged into the water and accumulated in the silts, forage organisms, plants and in the body of animals, Leonid Sokolov notes in his study. Direct speech is included to the narration for the purposes to continue the story, expand on the event which is spoken about: For the last century in the species diversity and in the quantity of fish the significant changes have occurred. From the content the migratory fish has disappeared completely, starlet has disappeared, sneep, dace, orfe, dogfish and asp have become rather rare - the ichthyologist Leonid Sokolov noted. Interesting questions, which he later answers himself, help the journalist to establish the contact with the readers. How is such diversity of fauna explained? The fact is that minerals and organics serve as excellent fodder for worms and those, in turn, provide food for fish eating the inhabitants of soil. The narrative type of speech dominates in the text. The narration is the necessary element of reportage, complying with the intention of the genre - to tell, how exactly the action happened. The author narrate about the events led to the change of fauna of Moskva River: For Moskva River the Russian capital is only the stage of big trip: out of 473 kilometers of waterway only 80 kilometers belong to Moscow. However just this city affected the river fauna stronger than others. Description is used to show the condition of the river. The most pure area is in the west, at the entrance of the river into the city. Here is the most various fauna. direct speech the description is also used: In this silt the larvae of mosquitoes (bloodworms) live, as well as many sludgeworms (annelids), which adapt well to the contaminations, - Michail Chertoprud says, the hydrobiologist, studying benthic assemblages of rivers. - They have enough food, but the lack of oxygen. water there is the overabundance of small decaying organic matters that are oxidized by bacteria. For this the oxygen dissolved in the water is spent, and for sludgeworms it becomes difficult to breathe.

Monitoring of the moskva river water using microbiological parameters and chlorophyll a fluorescence

The results of investigations of three Moskva River sites with different degree of pollution using a complex of microbiological characteristics and the parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence are presented. We determined that the bacterioplankton seasonal dynamics at less polluted waters (Tushino and Vorobyovy Gory) were similar and differed significantly from one in more polluted waters (Dzerzhinskii). The number of bacteria with active electron transport chain, as well as their share in the bacterioplankton structure, was higher in the water of Dzerzhinskii (average annual values of 0.23 x 10(6) cells/mL and 14%), that in the less polluted water of Tushino and Vorobyovy Gory (0.14 x 10(6) cells/mL; 6% and 0.15 x 10(6) cells/mL; 7%, respectively). From April to October, the content of chlorophyll a and its photosynthetic activity were the highest in Tushino. In Dzerzhinskii, during spring the increase in photosynthetic activity commenced earlier and was more intensive that the increase in chlorophyll a content, i.e., the increase in phytoplankton biomass was temporarily suppressed. We suggest association of this phenomenon with suppression of organic matter synthesis by phytoplankton due to the high water pollution in Dzerzhinskii. The second autumn peak of chlorophyll a content, that was typical of clear water and was observed in Tushino, did not occur in Dzerzhinskii. We recommend combined application of these microbiological parameters and characteristics of chlorophyll a fluorescence for a monitoring.

Taste preferences and feeding behavior in nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) in three geographically distant populations

Taste preferences of classical taste substances (10% each sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and sucrose; and 5% citric acid), and 21 free amino acids (L-isomers, 0.1–0.001 M) and feeding behavior of the nine-spined stickleback Pungitius pungitius belonging to the populations of the Moskva River (Caspian Sea basin), Lake Mashinnoe (White Sea, Kandalaksha Gulf), and Bol’shaya River (Western Kamchatka, Okhotsk Sea) are determined. It is proven that the spectra of taste preferences are similar in different stickleback populations. For sticklebacks in all three populations, citric, aspartic, and glutamic acids are mostly palatable. The maximum number of palatable amino acids (16) is found in sticklebacks from the Moskva River. Sticklebacks from the White and Okhotsk seas prefer the lower number of amino acids, 10 and 4, respectively. Deterrent amino acids are not found. The gustatory amino acid spectra of sticklebacks from different populations are positively correlated (p < 0.05). Sticklebacks from the Sea of Okhotsk relatively rare taste the offered food objects again (agar–agar pellets with the studied taste substances). Such behavior is more common in sticklebacks from the White Sea, and those from the Moskva River have an intermediary position. The manipulation activity in the compared fish is associated with the hydrology of the water bodies. In ninespined sticklebacks from all three populations, the actions performed upon intra-oral testing of a food object follow two alternative behavioral stereotypes. The stereotypes of swallowing and of rejection of food differ slightly between the populations and depend on the palatability of the offered object.

On the studies of the species of Navicula Bory sensu stricto (Diatomophyceae) of Moskva River

Twentyeight species of Navicula genus (Diatomophyceae) have been identified in Moskva River in the vicinity of Zvenigorod Biological Station named after S.N. Skadovskii. Seven species have been regis tered for the first time in Moskva River, two species, for Russia. All the found species are described briefly and supported by the original microphotographs.

Evolution of landscapes of the Moskva River floodplain in the Atlantic and Subboreal: Pedological and palynological records

Floodplain deposits in the valley of the Moskva River contain a series of buried soils of the Holocene age, which can be an important source of paleoecological information. These soils were dated as follows: Soil 1 — 100BP, Soil 2 — cal 1200AD–500BC, Soil 3 — 900–2700BC, and Soil 4 — 3700–6000BC. Archeological monuments associated with these soils belong to the Neolithic (Soil 4), Early Bronze Age (Soil 3), and Iron Age and Middle Ages (Soil 2). Buried soils have well developed profiles and diagnostic features. Dark-colored soils of the Atlantic period (Soil 4) in most cases can be attributed to Phaeozems. Pollen analysis shows that these soils were formed under forest-steppe communities. Buried soils of the Subatlantic period (Soil 2) are usually referred to as Luvisols. Unlike them, the soils of the Subboreal period (Soil 3) are traced in rare cases and have no clear diagnostic features allowing reconstruction of the paleoenvironment. These soils have a light-colored humus horizon, which does not allow them to be classified as Phaeozems. However, they do not have the Bt horizon characteristic of Luvisols. This paper describes the results of a new comprehensive study of the Moskva River floodplain near the Zvenigorod Biological Station (ZBS) of Moscow State University. The buried soils of the Atlantic and Subboreal periods were studied by palaeopedological and palynological methods. The findings confirmed previously obtained results and indicated that the buried Soil 3 at the ZBS site could be developed under mixed forests dominated by spruce. These results suggest that the landscapes of the lower levels of the valley changed dramatically between 5000 and 4500calBP. The forest-steppe communities were replaced by dense forests due to the early Subboreal climate change. The paper also examines the specifics of soil and pollen records of the landscape evolution. The anthropogenic influence on the floodplain landscapes is also considered.

Dom nad rzeką Moskwą jako architektoniczny i literacki znak pamięci

The huge constructivist apartment house built in the 1930s in downtown Moscow, on the bank of the Moskva river, owes its present‑day name to Yury Trifonov’s novel The House on the Embankment (1976). Being an example of architecture typical of the Stalinist regime and a symbol of the regime’s triumph and dominance over man, the house functions as a very special character in Trifonov’s novel. It represents both individual and collective memory, shows the destructive influence of history and politics on the life of an individual and the whole nation. The House on the Embankment, related to the archetypal image of house, which is traditionally perceived as a space of love, safety and family ties, emerges in Trifonov’s novel as an anti‑house, a dehumanizing space in which the intergenerational relations are destroyed and which signifies man’s submission to and fear of authorities.