Moscow Province Research Articles

Особенности чертежей Русского государства второй половины XVII века как средства интерпретации сведений об объектах, упоминаемых в документах статистического учета (на примере чертежей Рузского уезда Московской губернии)

This article presents the results of the analysis of the features of the drawings of the Russian state of the second half of the XVII–early XVIII centuries which can influence the interpretation of information about property objects depicted on them and those who own these objects (various departments and persons). The analysis was carried out by comparing the information available on the drawings depicting the territory of the Ruza District of the Moscow province with the information contained in the statistical accounting documents of the XVI–XVII centuries and the materials of the Moscow diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church. The article draws attention to the features of the execution of inscriptions inscribed on the drawings which can lead to an erroneous interpretation of the information contained in them. In the course of the work they were revealed not described in special literature earlier used in some drawings of the second half of the XVII century: a way to transfer information about property and owners of objects as well as a way to indicate the states in which Orthodox churches were located. The awareness of specialists using cartographic materials of the Russian state of the second half of the XVII–early XVIII centuries about the features of the drawings presented in this article will avoid inaccuracies when interpreting the information available on them and increase the amount of information taken from them. Of particular importance are the results of the research presented in this article when working with drawings both when they are used as a means of increasing the reliability of information about small rural settlements and land holdings extracted from statistical records of the XVI–XVII centuries and when they are the only source of information about the objects depicted on them and their owners.

Chekhov as a writer and as a doctor

In his short autobiography, Anton Pavlovich wrote that after a great number of years, although he could not remember what exactly had prompted him at one time to choose the profession of a doctor and enter the medical faculty of the university, he knew for sure that subsequently he never regretted his choice. In his letters, he even wrote that he considered literature to be his wife, while medicine was his mistress, and when he got tired of one, he turned his gaze to the other. «Perhaps this is immoral to some extent,» he wrote, «but I never get bored. Why not chase two hares if there were hounds!» Chekhov began his medical practice in the Zvenigorod district of the Moscow province. He was lucky to have as his mentor an outstanding physician P. A. Arkhangelsky, whose fame as a practicing therapist was so great that young doctors from almost all over the country came to him to gain experience. The eminent doctor was very pleased with the success of the talented young man, and even left him solely for the entire hospital as a practicing doctor. Such activity helped Chekhov not only gain invaluable medical experience, but also formed the basis of many of his works, such as «The Runaway», «Village Doctors», «On Official Duty». Anton Chekhov devoted the first half of the day to receiving patients, and in the afternoon, he took part in autopsies, acted as a medical expert, and consulted especially difficult and controversial cases of diseases.

Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis) Competition and Control in Rain-Fed Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) is a weed that frequently infests spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields in Moscow province, Russia. It is an annual broad leaf weed, which is indigenous throughout most parts of the globe and one of the most competitive weeds of spring cereal crops. In southern Russia it is emerging as an important crop competitor. Field trials focusing on herbicide timing and efficacy on wild mustard control and spring wheat yield in the Moscow region, Kashira and Baribino districts. A PRE glyphosate application to wheat regardless of fall or spring application timing favorably suppressed wild mustard in 2018. Weeds were not controlled in 2019 with the earliest application timings of glyphosate because weeds emerged late. In comparing fall and spring application timings, the formulated combination of (iodosulfuron/mesosulfuron/antidote mefenpyr-diethyl) at both field rates provided 80% weed control for all application timings and locations, and also resulting in the greatest spring wheat grain yield. Overall, herbicide treatments performed greater when they were in the fall than during the spring. Based on POST herbicide application, tribenuron-methyl provided the greatest wild mustard suppression (75%) and also caused the highest reduction in wild mustard biomass (3.3 g), stem number (6), seed number (880) and germination percentage (33%). When wild mustard was approximately 32 weeds/m2 causedtotal wheat yield loss.

Peer pressure: The puzzle of aristocrats’ tax compliance in early nineteenth‐century Moscow

AbstractHow can developing countries successfully implement an income tax in the absence of a strong state? Recent theoretical research has suggested a possible solution: relying on voluntary compliance with tax demands can avoid the need for costly enforcement. This article provides empirical evidence for such a mechanism by investigating the introduction of the income tax in Russia in 1812. It uses a novel dataset to estimate the individual‐level tax compliance of Russian nobles. The dataset is constructed from self‐reported tax returns of all Russian aristocrats (around 4 000) who owned real estate in Moscow province. On the basis of both private narrative sources and state financial documents, findings show that the Russian nobility reliably declared their income: only 10 to 30 per cent of aristocrats evaded tax despite the limited legal repercussions of doing so. This surprisingly high level of tax compliance was achieved by the threat of public disclosure, whereby nobles had to declare their incomes to their peers. Nobles could face reputational risks from attempted evasion, particularly in the shadow of the looming Napoleonic invasion. Russia thus achieved its fiscal aims despite its low administrative capacity and without resorting to coercion.

Using Internet for the mass dating of drawings in the Russian state of the late XVII – early XVIII centuries for completing special GIS databases

This article presents the results of assessing the possibility of determining the dates of compiling cartographic materials (drawings) of the Russian state in the second half of the 17th - early 18th centuries using information provided exclusively by Internet resources. For correct dating, the author chose the method based on the analysis of available on historical drawings information about the property of the depicted objects and their owners. The method is mostly based on the content of the drawings making it possible avoid additional information (for example, the names of their compilers). The research was carried out on the example of seventeen drawings of Ruza district, Moscow province of the specified era. Based on data of the selected Internet resources was carried out, the author set the dates of fifteen from seventeen drawings. The accuracy of the results was acceptable, although slightly lower than the results provided by the scientific community, but the effectiveness of the used method turned out to be significantly higher than the traditional ones. The conducted studies have demonstrated the possibility of using the considered method and information sources for the mass dating of the Russian drawings of the late 17th - early 18th centuries, allowing to fill the gaps in relevant information for specialized geographic information systems.

Comparative Study of the Phenotypic Structure and Photoperiodic Responses of Female Asian Ladybirds Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) from Moscow, Belgorod, and Sochi

Insect invasions are often accompanied by changes in the phenotypic structure of the populations and in the photoperiodic responses that regulate seasonal cycles. The Asian ladybird Harmonia axyridis has been recently discovered in Krasnodar Territory, from whence it is now gradually colonizing Central Russia. Our comparative study of individuals collected in 2020 in Sochi, Belgorod Province, and Moscow Province shows that interpopulation differences in their phenotypic structure are nonsignificant. The proportion of the light morph succinea is 77–83%; the proportion of the most common dark morph, spectabilis, is 13–20%. Laboratory experiments show that females from all the studied populations exhibit only a weak photoperiodic response. Comparative analysis reveals that females from the more northerly Moscow and Belgorod populations have a somewhat greater tendency to diapause and slightly delay reproductive maturation.

Emerald Ash Borer Approaches the Borders of the European Union and Kazakhstan and Is Confirmed to Infest European Ash

Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, native to East Asia, is an invasive pest of ash in North America and European Russia. This quarantine species is a threat to ash trees all over Europe. Survey in ten provinces of European Russia in 2019–2020 showed that EAB had spread faster and farther than was previously thought. The new infested sites were first detected in St. Petersburg (110–120 km from the EU border: Estonia, Finland) and Astrakhan Province (50 km from the Kazakhstan border). The current range of EAB in Europe includes Luhansk Province of Ukraine and 18 provinces of Russia: Astrakhan, Belgorod, Bryansk, Kaluga, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Orel, Ryazan, Smolensk, St. Petersburg, Tambov, Tula, Tver, Vladimir, Volgograd, Voronezh, and Yaroslavl. Within these, only seven quarantine phytosanitary zones in five provinces are declared by the National Plant Protection Organization of Russia. EAB was not found in the regions along the Middle Volga: Mari El, Chuvash and Tatarstan republics, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara and Saratov provinces. The infested sites in St. Petersburg and in the Lower Volga basin are range enclaves separated from the core invasion range by 470 and 370 km, correspondingly. It is possible that new enclaves can appear in the cities of Eastern Europe and Kazakhstan far from the current known range. All previously known infestations in European Russia were in green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), which was introduced from North America, and individual trees of European ash (F. excelsior). A first confirmed case of mass decline of several thousand of EAB-infested European ash trees in Moscow province is provided. Therefore, there is no more doubt that under certain conditions EAB can seriously damage native ash trees in European forests.

ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ КАЧЕСТВА МЯСА ЦЫПЛЯТ-БРОЙЛЕРОВ (Gallusgallus L.) ПРИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ В РАЦИОНАХ ФЕРМЕНТАТИВНЫХ ГИДРОЛИЗАТОВ ПЕРА И КОЛЛАГЕНА

The deficit of feed-grade protein for the productive animals and poultry is presently propelling the interest toward the use of the hydrolysates of slaughter wastes as the potential protein sources. The slaughter wastes of poultry (feathers, intestines, blood, heads, shanks, meat-bone residues of the deboning) can mount up to one third of the initial bodyweight. Earlier we have developed the two-stage technology of easily digestible protein additives involving the hydrolysis and fermentation of protein from poultry slaughter wastes (primarily keratin from feathers and collagen from meat-bone residue). The study presented is a pioneer evidence that the substitution of these additives for fishmeal in diets for broilers provides more rapid growth and does not deteriorate the protein, fatty and amino acid profiles, concentrations of non-peptide, peptide and residual nitrogen, technological properties of meat. The study was performed in 2019 and aimed at the comparative evaluation of meat quality at 38 and 49 days of age in floor-housed broilers fed standard diet and three experimental diets with these hydrolysates. The broilers (cross Ross-308, 35 birds per treatment) kept in conditions of the Center for Genetics & Selection “EPH Zagorskoye” (Moscow Province) were allotted to four treatments partially slaughtered at 38 days of age and partially at 49 days. Control treatment 1 was fed a standard broiler diet with fishmeal; in experimental treatments fishmeal was substituted by enzymatic hydrolysate of feathers (treatment 2), enzymatic hydrolysate of collagen (treatment 3), mixture of these two hydrolysates with addition of probiotic Bacell M (0.2 %), and bran (0.5 %) as a source of vegetable fiber (treatment 4). It was found that supplementation of diets with the hydrolysates of keratin and collagen significantly improved live bodyweight in broilers by 8.78-10.89 % in compare to control (p £ 0.001). The content of peptide nitrogen in breast muscles in treatments 1 and 4 tended to grow with the increase in slaughter age (in treatment 1 from 0.07 at 38 days to 0.27 % at 49 days; in treatment 4 from 0.07 to 0.35 %). The number of protein fractions (with molecular weights from 100 to < 20 KDa) in meat increased with slaughter age with all studied diets. Protein of breast muscles contained more isoleucine, leucine, valine, and phenylalanine at 38 and 49 days of age in compare to thigh meat with all studied diets. The digestibility of essential amino acids in breast muscles in treatment 4 grew from 81.78 % with slaughter at 38 days to 90.29 % at 49 days. Evaluation of biological value of meat revealed better balanced ratios of the essential amino acids in breast muscles in control treatment at 38 days of age (the difference in the amino acid score 70.53 %) and in treatment 4 at 49 days of age (the difference in the amino acid score 66.48 %). In thigh meat this difference was higher in treatment 3 at 38 days of age (59.69 %) and in treatment 4 at 49 days of age (61.43 %). There were no significant differences between the treatments in concentrations of fatty acids in meat. The conclusion was made that the use of new protein additives based on the enzymatic hydrolysates of feathers and collagen in diets for broilers does not deteriorate the parameters of meat quality.

THE EFFECTS OF ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSATES OF FEATHERS AND COLLAGEN IN DIETS FOR BROILER CHICKS (Gallus gallus L.) ON MEAT QUALITY

The deficit of feed-grade protein for the productive animals and poultry is presently propelling the interest toward the use of the hydrolysates of slaughter wastes as the potential protein sources. The slaughter wastes of poultry (feathers, intestines, blood, heads, shanks, meat-bone residues of the deboning) can mount up to one third of the initial bodyweight. Earlier we have developed the two-stage technology of easily digestible protein additives involving the hydrolysis and fermentation of protein from poultry slaughter wastes (primarily keratin from feathers and collagen from meat-bone residue). The study presented is a pioneer evidence that the substitution of these additives for fishmeal in diets for broilers provides more rapid growth and does not deteriorate the protein, fatty and amino acid profiles, concentrations of non-peptide, peptide and residual nitrogen, technological properties of meat. The study was performed in 2019 and aimed at the comparative evaluation of meat quality at 38 and 49 days of age in floor-housed broilers fed standard diet and three experimental diets with these hydrolysates. The broilers (cross Ross-308, 35 birds per treatment) kept in conditions of the Center for Genetics & Selection “EPH Zagorskoye” (Moscow Province) were allotted to four treatments partially slaughtered at 38 days of age and partially at 49 days. Control treatment 1 was fed a standard broiler diet with fishmeal; in experimental treatments fishmeal was substituted by enzymatic hydrolysate of feathers (treatment 2), enzymatic hydrolysate of collagen (treatment 3), mixture of these two hydrolysates with addition of probiotic Bacell M (0.2 %), and bran (0.5 %) as a source of vegetable fiber (treatment 4). It was found that supplementation of diets with the hydrolysates of keratin and collagen significantly improved live bodyweight in broilers by 8.78-10.89 % in compare to control (p £ 0.001). The content of peptide nitrogen in breast muscles in treatments 1 and 4 tended to grow with the increase in slaughter age (in treatment 1 from 0.07 at 38 days to 0.27 % at 49 days; in treatment 4 from 0.07 to 0.35 %). The number of protein fractions (with molecular weights from 100 to < 20 KDa) in meat increased with slaughter age with all studied diets. Protein of breast muscles contained more isoleucine, leucine, valine, and phenylalanine at 38 and 49 days of age in compare to thigh meat with all studied diets. The digestibility of essential amino acids in breast muscles in treatment 4 grew from 81.78 % with slaughter at 38 days to 90.29 % at 49 days. Evaluation of biological value of meat revealed better balanced ratios of the essential amino acids in breast muscles in control treatment at 38 days of age (the difference in the amino acid score 70.53 %) and in treatment 4 at 49 days of age (the difference in the amino acid score 66.48 %). In thigh meat this difference was higher in treatment 3 at 38 days of age (59.69 %) and in treatment 4 at 49 days of age (61.43 %). There were no significant differences between the treatments in concentrations of fatty acids in meat. The conclusion was made that the use of new protein additives based on the enzymatic hydrolysates of feathers and collagen in diets for broilers does not deteriorate the parameters of meat quality.

AGE DYNAMICS OF FREE AMINO ACIDS IN THE TISSUES OF THE MEDICINAL LEECH Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 UNDER ARTIFICIAL REPRODUCTION IN AQUACULTURE

Medicinal leeches (Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820) used in veterinary medicine, human medicine and pharmacology, are currently bred artificially at bio-factories. The technology of leech culture as a component of aquaculture biotechnics is based on the method of accelerated growth of leeches due to intensive feeding, which allows you to get high-quality products in a fairly short time (8-10 months). Nevertheless, the problem of assessing the physiological status of raised individuals upon artificial reproduction remains not fully addressed. The findings we present herein for the first time allow us to suggest that the age-specific amino acid composition of tissues can be used to assess the physiological state and well-being of medicinal leeches in nature and in aquaculture. The aim of the work is to study the age-dependent content of the free amino acids in the tissues of medicinal leeches artificially bred in aquaculture. Studies were conducted in 2012 on the leech (Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820) individuals without signs of diseases which were purchased at the biofactory International Center for Medicinal Leeches (Moscow Province, p. Udelnaya). Leeches were kept in the laboratory in glass vessels with dechlorinated water at 20-22 oC and fed once a month with fresh bovine blood from healthy animals. The experimental specimens of H. verbana was: 5 days (newborn filaments, 0+), 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 months old, with an average body weight of 0.029, 0.09, 0.25, 0.61, 1.33 and 1.81 g, respectively. Newborn individuals served as a control. The concentration of free amino acids (AA) in the skin and muscle tissue was determined on the analyzer AAA-339M (Mikrotechna, Czech Republic). A total of 105 leech specimens were used, 30 bioassays were prepared, and 660 element determinations were performed. The amino acid composition of the tissues of medicinal leeches H. verbana was represented by 23 AA and their derivatives. The dominant AA with an antioxidant orientation, regardless of age, were glutamine and glutamic acid, alanine, valine, leucine, and glycine, the total content of which was 65 % in filaments, and 58 % in 9-month — old individuals of the total fund AA. In the tissues of medicinal leeches, as well as in warm-blooded animals, the full composition of essential amino acids (EAA) was revealed: threonine, valine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine, histidine, arginine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan. With age, the total concentrations of free amino acids decreased (r = -0.98 at p = 0.000), due to a sharp decrease in the content of arginine (24.0-fold), proline (13.4- fold), isoleucine (12.2- fold), glycine (8.5- fold), lysine (6.8- fold), histidine (6.6-fold), leucine (5.2-fold), ornithine (4.0- fold), glutamic acid and glutamine (3.8-fold), and alanine (2.9-fold). At the age of 5, 7 and 9 months, leeches had a trace content of secondary metabolites: taurine, citrulline and tryptophan (p < 0.001). However, the amino acid balance of nitrogen and protein metabolism was not disturbed, since the ratio of essential / non-essential AА did not change significantly and was 0.60 in newborn filaments, 0.73 — in 9-month-old leeches. It was found that the growth and development of H. verbana was accompanied by a significant decrease in the indicator of maturity (glycine/alanine) from 0.75 (newborn filaments) to 0.25 (9 months). The information available in the literature and the data of our research allow us to put forward the concept of using functional amino acids as biomarkers in the development of the scientific bases of technologies for the industrial breeding of these amphibionts.

ВОЗРАСТНАЯ ДИНАМИКА СВОБОДНЫХ АМИНОКИСЛОТ В ТКАНЯХ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ПИЯВКИ (Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820) ПРИ ИСКУССТВЕННОМ ВОСПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ В АКВА-КУЛЬТУРЕ

Medicinal leeches (Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820) used in veterinary medicine, human medicine and pharmacology, are currently bred artificially at bio-factories. The technology of leech culture as a component of aquaculture biotechnics is based on the method of accelerated growth of leeches due to intensive feeding, which allows you to get high-quality products in a fairly short time (8-10 months). Nevertheless, the problem of assessing the physiological status of raised individuals upon artificial reproduction remains not fully addressed. The findings we present herein for the first time allow us to suggest that the age-specific amino acid composition of tissues can be used to assess the physiological state and well-being of medicinal leeches in nature and in aquaculture. The aim of the work is to study the age-dependent content of the free amino acids in the tissues of medicinal leeches artificially bred in aquaculture. Studies were conducted in 2012 on the leech (Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820) individuals without signs of diseases which were purchased at the biofactory International Center for Medicinal Leeches (Moscow Province, p. Udelnaya). Leeches were kept in the laboratory in glass vessels with dechlorinated water at 20-22 oC and fed once a month with fresh bovine blood from healthy animals. The experimental specimens of H. verbana was: 5 days (newborn filaments, 0+), 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 months old, with an average body weight of 0.029, 0.09, 0.25, 0.61, 1.33 and 1.81 g, respectively. Newborn individuals served as a control. The concentration of free amino acids (AA) in the skin and muscle tissue was determined on the analyzer AAA-339M (Mikrotechna, Czech Republic). A total of 105 leech specimens were used, 30 bioassays were prepared, and 660 element determinations were performed. The amino acid composition of the tissues of medicinal leeches H. verbana was represented by 23 AA and their derivatives. The dominant AA with an antioxidant orientation, regardless of age, were glutamine and glutamic acid, alanine, valine, leucine, and glycine, the total content of which was 65 % in filaments, and 58 % in 9-month — old individuals of the total fund AA. In the tissues of medicinal leeches, as well as in warm-blooded animals, the full composition of essential amino acids (EAA) was revealed: threonine, valine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine, histidine, arginine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan. With age, the total concentrations of free amino acids decreased (r = -0.98 at p = 0.000), due to a sharp decrease in the content of arginine (24.0-fold), proline (13.4- fold), isoleucine (12.2- fold), glycine (8.5- fold), lysine (6.8- fold), histidine (6.6-fold), leucine (5.2-fold), ornithine (4.0- fold), glutamic acid and glutamine (3.8-fold), and alanine (2.9-fold). At the age of 5, 7 and 9 months, leeches had a trace content of secondary metabolites: taurine, citrulline and tryptophan (p < 0.001). However, the amino acid balance of nitrogen and protein metabolism was not disturbed, since the ratio of essential / non-essential AА did not change significantly and was 0.60 in newborn filaments, 0.73 — in 9-month-old leeches. It was found that the growth and development of H. verbana was accompanied by a significant decrease in the indicator of maturity (glycine/alanine) from 0.75 (newborn filaments) to 0.25 (9 months). The information available in the literature and the data of our research allow us to put forward the concept of using functional amino acids as biomarkers in the development of the scientific bases of technologies for the industrial breeding of these amphibionts.

Отечественная историография крестьянского предпринимательства Московской губернии конца XIX — начала ХХ века

Рассматриваются основные вехи отечественной историографии истории предпринимательства крестьян Московской губернии конца XIX — начала ХХ века. Автором прослежены тенденции в изучении данной темы на соответствующих исторических этапах — дореволюционном, советском и постсоветском. В дореволюционной историографии исследовались условия и факторы становления и развития крестьянского предпринимательства, региональная специфика промысловой активности крестьянства. Советская аграрно-историческая наука преимущественное внимание уделяла социально-классовым аспектам, в частности динамике доходов и расходов крестьянского хозяйства, исследуемой в том числе с широким применением историко-статистических методов. В современных условиях историки стремятся к многофакторному междисциплинарному анализу социально-экономического положения подмосковных крестьян. В статье охарактеризованы научные труды и исследовательские концепции в отечественной историографии аграрно-крестьянских аспектов отечественной истории. В итоге автор приходит к выводу, что изучение крестьянского предпринимательства в России конца XIX — начала ХХ века в целом и Подмосковье в частности носило фрагментарный характер. Исследователей интересовали лишь отдельные аспекты предпринимательской деятельности крестьян, такие как мелкотоварное производство, промысловая деятельность, отходничество, земельная аренда, а также сбыт сельскохозяйственной и молочной продукции. The article treats major landmarks of the history of Russian peasant entrepreneurship in the Moscow Province of the late 19th — early 20thcenturies. The author analyzes the tendencies associated with the investigation of the issue at various historical stages: the prerevolutionary stage, the Soviet stage, the post-Soviet stage. Prerevolutionary historiography focuses on the conditions and factors pertaining to the development of peasant entrepreneurship, region-dependent specialization of peasants’ trade-related activities. Soviet agrarian history focuses on the issues of social status and class, including the dynamics of peasants’ income and expense, which are investigated via a number of historical and statistical methods. Modern scholars tend to analyze social and economic conditions Moscow peasants lived in. The article investigates research works and research concepts associated with historiography of peasant-related aspects of Russian history. The author concludes that the investigation of peasant entrepreneurship in the late 19th — early 20th centuries in Russia in general and the Moscow Region in particular is rather fragmentary. Researchers focus on some aspects of peasant entrepreneurship, such as small commodity production, seasonal work, land leasing, agricultural and dairy marketing.

ОБ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ОБРАБОТКИ СЕМЕННЫХ КЛУБНЕЙ КАРТОФЕЛЯ ЭТИЛЕНОМ

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important agricultural crops in Russia. Potato tubers contain protein of high biological value, starch and vitamins necessary for humans. There are various ways to increase the yield of the crop, currently, it is mainly due to application of mineral fertilizers. However, this method has limitations, since an increase in doses of fertilizers is associated with deterioration of consumer quality and culinary indicators of tubers. One possible alternative is the gassing of seed tubers with ethylene. This phytohormone is widely used on various crops, but its effect on potatoes has not yet been fully studied. It is known that depending on the treatment modes it can act as both a stimulator and an inhibitor of tuber germination. We have developed a new method for increasing potato yield based on the property of phytohormone ethylene to suppress apical dominance at the beginning of tuber germination and thereby promote the formation of a larger number of lateral sprouts from which additional stems are formed. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of seed potato tubers treatment with ethylene on their biochemical parameters, as well as on the growth, development and tuber yield of the crop. The experiments were conducted on the basis of storage facilities of JSC Ozyory (Ozyorsky District, Moscow Province). For gassing, the adapted technology of the company «Restrain Company Ltd» (Great Britain) was used. The storage temperature for seed potatoes was 4 °С; the period of ethylene gassing was from November to the end of April. The treatment with ethylene was stopped 3-5 days before planting. Ethylene-treated potatoes were planted in 2015-2017 on the territory of the Moscow region. A two-factor small-plot field trial was conducted in the Lyuberetsky District at the Korenevo experimental base, the soil was sod-podzolic sandy loam. Seed tubers of potato varieties Lady Claire (early), Gala (mid-early) and Saturna (mid-late) were treated with ethylene. In the control, ethylene was not applied. A three-factor large-scale (40 ha) field trial was performed during commercial potato growing of the same varieties (JSC Ozyory, Ozyorsky District, Moscow Province, sod-podzolic loamy soil). We used the same treatment as in experiment 1 added with 2-3 irrigation (200 m3/ha). In both experiments, the potatoes were planted in the first decade of May (45 thousand tubers per hectare, row spacing width of 75 cm; N60P120K120 applied locally). Biochemical, biometric parameters, and potato yield were measured.It was found that the treatment of potato seed tubers with ethylene at 4 °С changes their biochemical parameters, i.e., dry matter content decreases by 0.2-0.5 % while sucrose increases by 0.03-0.08 %, which indicates the breakdown of tubers’ dormancy. There was a suppression of apical dominance and the formation of more lateral sprouts on tubers, a greater number of stems per plant (by 19.9-36.0 %), and an increase in number of tubers per plant (by 6.3-19.0 %, especially in the Gala variety). Potato yield increased by 9.9-19.0 % depending on the variety, growing area and irrigation. The produced potato tubers were more uniform and marketable. Depending on the common agricultural level and the technology used at a farm, a differentiated approach is proposed in choosing the planting rate. If low agricultural technology and no irrigation, the planting rate of ethylene-treated tubers reduced by 10-15 % allows for the same yield as that for high technology and irrigation.

EFFICIENCY OF ETHYLENE APPLICATION ON SEED POTATO TUBERS

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important agricultural crops in Russia. Potato tubers contain protein of high biological value, starch and vitamins necessary for humans. There are various ways to increase the yield of the crop, currently, it is mainly due to application of mineral fertilizers. However, this method has limitations, since an increase in doses of fertilizers is associated with deterioration of consumer quality and culinary indicators of tubers. One possible alternative is the gassing of seed tubers with ethylene. This phytohormone is widely used on various crops, but its effect on potatoes has not yet been fully studied. It is known that depending on the treatment modes it can act as both a stimulator and an inhibitor of tuber germination. We have developed a new method for increasing potato yield based on the property of phytohormone ethylene to suppress apical dominance at the beginning of tuber germination and thereby promote the formation of a larger number of lateral sprouts from which additional stems are formed. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of seed potato tubers treatment with ethylene on their biochemical parameters, as well as on the growth, development and tuber yield of the crop. The experiments were conducted on the basis of storage facilities of JSC Ozyory (Ozyorsky District, Moscow Province). For gassing, the adapted technology of the company «Restrain Company Ltd» (Great Britain) was used. The storage temperature for seed potatoes was 4 °С; the period of ethylene gassing was from November to the end of April. The treatment with ethylene was stopped 3-5 days before planting. Ethylene-treated potatoes were planted in 2015-2017 on the territory of the Moscow region. A two-factor small-plot field trial was conducted in the Lyuberetsky District at the Korenevo experimental base, the soil was sod-podzolic sandy loam. Seed tubers of potato varieties Lady Claire (early), Gala (mid-early) and Saturna (mid-late) were treated with ethylene. In the control, ethylene was not applied. A three-factor large-scale (40 ha) field trial was performed during commercial potato growing of the same varieties (JSC Ozyory, Ozyorsky District, Moscow Province, sod-podzolic loamy soil). We used the same treatment as in experiment 1 added with 2-3 irrigation (200 m3/ha). In both experiments, the potatoes were planted in the first decade of May (45 thousand tubers per hectare, row spacing width of 75 cm; N60P120K120 applied locally). Biochemical, biometric parameters, and potato yield were measured.It was found that the treatment of potato seed tubers with ethylene at 4 °С changes their biochemical parameters, i.e., dry matter content decreases by 0.2-0.5 % while sucrose increases by 0.03-0.08 %, which indicates the breakdown of tubers’ dormancy. There was a suppression of apical dominance and the formation of more lateral sprouts on tubers, a greater number of stems per plant (by 19.9-36.0 %), and an increase in number of tubers per plant (by 6.3-19.0 %, especially in the Gala variety). Potato yield increased by 9.9-19.0 % depending on the variety, growing area and irrigation. The produced potato tubers were more uniform and marketable. Depending on the common agricultural level and the technology used at a farm, a differentiated approach is proposed in choosing the planting rate. If low agricultural technology and no irrigation, the planting rate of ethylene-treated tubers reduced by 10-15 % allows for the same yield as that for high technology and irrigation.

Long-Term Analysis of the Variability of Agronomic Characters in the VIR Oat Germplasm Collection in Central Black Soil Region of Russia

Climate change has become a significant factor in crop production in the 21st century for many countries. To turn losses into profit, adaptation measures are needed, which are based on the analysis and forecast of economically valuable characteristics of crops. The field trial data were analyzed for 764 oat accessions from the global germplasm collection by the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) in 2001–2019 and the cultivar ‘Gorizont’ in 1990–2019 in Yekaterinino Experiment Station of VIR (Tambov Province, Russia, 52°59′ N, 40°50′ E). A progressive shortening of the growing season and a yield increase were observed during the study both in the mean values for the tested accessions and in the cv. ‘Gorizont’. Grain yield variability of cv. ‘Gorizont’ across the years was also associated with 1000 grain weight variations. The models predict a further reduction in the growing season by 2.4 days/10 years, mainly caused by an increase in temperatures above 15 °C, and an increase in yield by 47.6 g/m2/10 years, mainly caused by an increase in the temperature in May. ANOVA demonstrated that the highest yields in Tambov Province were produced by accessions from Ulyanovsk Province, Ukraine, Moscow Province, Norway, Germany, and Poland.

Социально-экономические условия и региональные особенности крестьянского предпринимательства Московской губернии начала XX века

The paper aims to identify specificity of peasant entrepreneurship in Moscow province and to reveal the socio-economic factors that influenced its development at the beginning of the XX century. Scientific originality of the study involves a comprehensive analysis of peasant entrepreneurship development in Moscow province in the mentioned period. The research findings are as follows: the author proves that such occupations as metal smelting, beekeeping, silkworm breeding, fishery and hunting were least frequent due to the regional specificity. The peasants engaged in seasonal work most often migrated to Moscow. Seasonal work was typical of the peasants who did not own any land or couldn’t earn a living from agriculture.

The policy of proletarisation of education based on the example of educational institutions of Moscow department of professional education

The article considers the process of proletarisation of secondary and lower vocational schools and their results. Certain methods of forming the social composition of students are highlighted and described n the example of admission campaigns to educational institutions of Moscow department of professional education. Concrete examples show the adoption of the principle of class selection for admission to technical schools, factory schools, and professional schools. The representatives of working and peasant youth took advantage of enrolling them to educational institutions. The features of the principle of sending students to educational institutions as a way to improve the social composition of students are revealed. Travel orders were issued by regional and local Communist Party and professional organisations. The presence of travel order increased the opportunity of admission, although that did not guarantee it. The article also shows the role of ideological upbringing of students in the context of the policy of proletarisation. Political and educational activities were carried out within the framework of teaching a course in social studies, extracurricular class activities, as well as the efforts of representatives of the Russian Communist Youth Union. In the course of the study the materials of reports on admission campaigns to vocational and technical educational institutions in Moscow and Moscow Province were analysed. In conclusion we note the progress in formation of the composition of students from the position of class selection.

ГЖЕЛЬСКАЯ КЕРАМИЧЕСКАЯ ШКОЛА В 1918–1925 ГГ. В АРХИВНЫХ ДОКУМЕНТАХ РГАЛИ И ЦГАМО

The article considers the documents related to the work of the Gzhel Ceramic School in the first half of the 1920s. This period became one of the defining stages of the development of art and industrial education on the territory of the distribution of the oldest folk art craft in the Moscow province. The Gzhel Ceramic School of the People’s Commissariat of Education, which began its activity in the autumn of 1918, was the successor of the drawing classes opened here in 1899 by the Imperial Stroganov Central Art and Industrial School. The analysis of the School’s work allows us to ascertain the leading role of the state in the formation of art and industrial education, a characteristic feature of the development of which in those years was the search for optimal organizational forms of training, aimed at mass training of master ceramists in combination with their general secondary education. In the first post-revolutionary years, the development of handicraft production in the places of the traditional existence of folk arts and crafts was an important area of activity for the Soviet republic. In the 1920s the products of folk crafts were one of the few goods produced in the RSFSR that were in demand abroad, which made it possible to consider it as a means of obtaining foreign currency. In addition, the development of crafts, which employed a significant number of workers in imperial Russia, seemed to be one of the ways to level the social tension associated with unemployment in the regions that had previously been distinguished by the relative prosperity of the residents. The article notes the role of the School’s management and the teaching staff in its educational, economic and awareness-raising activities.

Food insecurity and commotion of workers in Russia during the World War I (July 1914 – February 1917)

The topic of the living standards of population during the World War I remains polemical, namely due to the fact that worsening of food insecurity was traditionally regarded by Soviet historiography as one of the factors of escalation of revolutionary moods in the society. The article describes the dynamics of industrial protests during the wartime, which were caused shortage and costliness of food products. The research is based on the 2019 edition of the chronicle of industrial protests during the World War I, which contains information on the higher number of conflicts than that of materials used in earlier research. Assessment of the severity of food insecurity through the prism of industrial strikes demonstrates that the situation becomes critical by the beginning of 1917, gradually changing for the worse during the wartime. In the initial stages of the war, the demands for food provision and lowering the prices were expressed during the strikes in the remote provinces. Although in 1916, the provinces of the Central Industrial District take on the leading positions, the Moscow province is not among them. The employees of light industry, and particularly textile industry, were engaged in the strikes more often. By the end of 1916, the escalation of protest activity due to food insecurity issue is observed in Moscow and Petrograd provinces, involving the workers of metal industry and defense enterprises.

Анализ отражения важнейших событий XVI–XIX веков в названиях сёл Рузского уезда Московской губернии, используемых в документах и нанесённых на картографические материалы

This article presents the results of the analysis of the formed set of information about the rural located on the territory of the Ruza district of the Moscow province in the XVI–XIX centuries. The source of information was historical documents and materials summarising them of the Russian state and the Russian empire of the XVI–XIX centuries and cartographic materials of the XVIII–XIX centuries, containing information about rural and settlements that became rural later, as well as information about the owners of settlements and their families in the XVI–XVIII centuries. The search was performed taking into account changes in the administrative- and church-territorial divisions of the territory of the county and taking into account changes in the types and names of settlements during the considered period of time. The systematisation of the received information and its presentation in tabular form were performed in order to ensure the convenience of performing further work with their use. The assessment of the adequacy of the reflection of the events of the social and political life of the XVI–XIX centuries formed by the totality of information about the rural of the Ruza district is made. The dependence of the predominance of a number of methods of formation of the corresponding toponyms on the era of their mention in documents and the creation of cartographic materials is revealed. The coincidence of the results obtained as a result of this study with the results obtained by recognised experts who worked in this field, allowed us to conclude that it is possible to use the formed set of information to study the reflection of the life of Russian society in documents and cartographic materials of the XVI–XIX centuries on the example of the Ruzsky district of the Moscow province.