Mosaic Representation Research Articles

Effects of Mosaic Representation of Land Use/Land Cover on Skin Temperature and Energy Fluxes in Noah‐MP Land Surface Model Over China

AbstractThe representations of land use/land cover (LULC) play an important role in land surface models (LSMs) for the simulation of the energy flux partition, soil moisture redistribution, and runoff generation. This study was designed to investigate the regional effects of mosaic LULC representations on skin temperature (Ts) and energy fluxes over China at three horizontal resolutions and how these effects changed with climate regimes, using Noah with multiparameterization (Noah‐MP) LSM. The current officially released Noah‐MP only considered the most abundant LULC type within one model grid. In this study, the mosaic method considering all the LULC types existing in one model grid was implemented into Noah‐MP. Against the reference data (including MODIS land surface temperature products, FLUXCOM energy flux data and Numerical Terra dynamic Simulation Group evapotranspiration data), the mosaic method generally performed better than the default method and reduced the root‐mean‐squared‐error of Ts and energy fluxes significantly over urban region. The mosaic method affected the Ts and energy fluxes by changing leaf area index and soil moisture, mainly by the former. The warm (monthly mean air temperature larger than 10 °C) and relatively humid climate (annual total precipitation larger than 200 mm) could enlarge the effect of mosaic method on Ts and energy fluxes. The mosaic method reduced discrepancies of Ts and energy fluxes among three horizontal resolutions (0.0625°, 0.25°, and 0.50°), especially over the heterogeneous vegetated and urban region.

“Pixels May Lose Kelp Canopy”: The Photomosaic as Epistemic Figure for the Satellite Mapping and Modeling of Seaweeds

This article shows how the photo-mosaic characterizes epistemic practices in contemporary oceanography, particularly through the satellite survey and ecological modeling of marine macroalgae (seaweeds). Drawing on John Murray’s 1912 formulation that oceanographic knowledge relies “upon a patiently put together mosaic representation of the discoveries” and Nancy Cartwright’s description of theory in science as a patchwork, I examine the mosaic as both an organizational form for oceanographic knowledge-making and as an aesthetic that emerges in remote surveillance. Through a comparative analysis of the visual and computational media surrounding sargassum and giant kelp, I analyze how a photo-mosaic epistemics and aesthetics emerges through the squareness of pixels and mapping interfaces, and through the ways that discrete instances of sampling and observation are assembled into provisional pictures of understanding. Moreover, I argue that the visibility of sargassum and giant kelp to a satellite depends on what I call their “photo-availability,” or the physical and metabolic qualities that make them sensible to satellite detection. In this way I consider seaweeds as active agents in the distributed media system of satellite imaging, rather than the passive objects of surveillance and monitoring, where epistemic mosaicking emerges as a strategy for knowledge and control.

Efficient Representation of Laguerre Mosaics with an Application to Microstructure Simulation of Complex Ore

Laguerre mosaics have been an important modeling approach in astronomy, physics, crystallography, geology and mathematics for several decades. In materials science, they are used as models for cellular and polycrystalline materials, networks and cell foams. In this study, Laguerre mosaics are used to model the three-dimensional internal mineral microstructure of complex ores. Here, the difficulties arise in representing and simulating these microstructure mosaics for dimensions larger than two. Therefore, this manuscript introduces a general workflow for the representation in arbitrary dimensions and presents a realization of this workflow using generalized maps for representation in two and three dimensions. With this approach, lower-dimensional components such as cells, facets, edges and vertices can be accessed directly, which enables us to efficiently create the mosaics and derive statistics, plane sections and new mosaic models by intersection. Furthermore, it allows for easy deduction of the dual mosaic and efficient storage. The mineral microstructure of complex ores can be very complicated and often shows a highly fractal structure. Therefore, numerical modeling and representation of these microstructures is challenging. The proposed approach for Laguerre mosaic creation and representation is successfully applied to the modeling of mineral microstructures and particles. These microstructure models are used for mineral processing simulations in order to determine optimal processing strategies to conserve valuable resources.

New Representations of the Myth of Pelops and Hippodamia in Roman Mosaic Art

Although the myth of Pelops and Hippodamia became very popular in the classical mythological tradition, to date, representations of it have been scarce. The few existing examples consisted of the sculptural ensemble of the pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, some 3rd century sarcophagi, and a number of ceramic vessels. The sole mosaic representation was that held by the Museum of Damascus.However, in recent years, the number of mosaic representations has greatly increased. The discovery of the mosaic at Noheda, featuring, for the first time, the entire narrative sequence of the myth, coupled with the discovery of a possible new specimen, in which Pothos is portrayed as a main character for the first time, not only makes it possible to reconstrue hitherto misinterpreted ancient tapestries, but also furthers understanding of the legend’s iconography in Classical Antiquity.

Object maintenance beyond their visible parts in working memory.

Completion of a partially occluded object requires that a representation of the whole is constructed based on the information provided by the physically specified parts of the stimulus. Such processes of amodal completion rely on the generation and maintenance of a mental image that renders the completed object in visual working memory (VWM). The present study examined this relationship between VWM storage and processes of object completion. We recorded event-related potentials to track VWM maintenance by means of the contralateral delay activity (CDA) during a change detection task in which composite objects (notched shapes abutting an occluding shape) to be memorized were primed to induce either a globally completed object or a noncompleted, mosaic representation. The results revealed an effect of completion in VWM despite physically identical visual input: change detection was more accurate for completed compared with mosaic representations when observers were required to memorize two objects, and these differences were reduced with four memorized items. At the electrophysiological level, globally completed (vs. mosaic) objects gave rise to a corresponding increase in CDA amplitudes. These results indicate that although incorporating the occluded portions of the presented shapes requires mnemonic resources, the complete object representations thus formed in VWM improve change detection performance by providing a more simple, regular shape. Overall, these findings demonstrate that mechanisms of object completion modulate VWM, with the memory load being determined by the structured representations of the memorized stimuli. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study shows that completion of partially occluded objects requires visual working memory (VWM) resources. In the experiment reported, we induced observers to memorize a given visual input either as completed or as noncompleted objects. The results revealed both a behavioral performance advantage for completed vs. noncompleted objects despite physically identical input, and an associated modulation of an electrophysiological component that reflects VWM object retention, thus indicating that constructing an integrated object consumes mnemonic resources.

Table of elements writ large and more fun with bacon

The mother of all giant periodic tables Back in June, the Newscripts gang heralded the installation of a giant periodic table of the elements on the facade of Spain’s University of Murcia chemistry building. Pedro Lozano Rodriguez, dean of the department of chemistry at the school, proudly proclaimed, “It could be the world’s largest permanent periodic table placed on a wall.” Not so fast, says intrepid Newscripts reader Michael Koberda of Northfield, Ill., an alumnus of the Warsaw University of Technology. He recalls a student residence named the Riviera blessed with a unique chemistry feature: Smacked broadside against one street-facing exterior wall was a large stone table of the elements installed in 1963. An adjacent exterior wall was adorned with a mosaic representation of a molecule. Alas, the mosaic is gone, victim of a building modernization project undertaken about six years ago. But the table of elements survived—and it’s a

CORRELATION INDICES OF CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS AND ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN CHILDREN WITH IMPAIRED MOTOR SKILLS.

The correlations between the indicators of cerebral hemodynamics and electrical activity in children with impaired motor skills of central origin (children with cerebral palsy) were investigated. There is established a high number of links between indicators of rheoencephalogram (REG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) in the left cerebral hemisphere than in the right. In frontomastoidal allocation 19 correlations and in occipitomastoidal - 59 links. We suppose that poor circulation in vertebroplasty-basilar system leads to the defeat of the brain stem, which, with afferent pathways of the reticular formation, connects the thalamus with the cortex. In the reticular formation there is an inhibition of ascending activators influences, which eland to decreasing of the cortex is tonus. You can talk about the functional immaturity of the system of nonspecific activation by the reticular formation of the brain stem. Children with violation of motor activity had significantly more negative and positive significant and high correlation among the existing indicators of electric brain activity and cerebral hemodynamics, in our opinion, is due to the development of interconnection compensation that is carried out by adjustment of the functional systems and the formation of new forms of adaptive responses in conditions of disontogenetik. Feature correlation pattern of the EEG, of children with disorders of motor activity, is associated with a significantly great number of high and significant correlations between measures of electrical brain activity in the δ- and q- rhythms, especially in the temporal areas of the cerebral cortex. According to visual analysis of EEG there is revealed a common manifestation of changes of bioelectric brain activity in children with disorders of motor activity. This is manifested in the development of paroxysmal activity of action potentials of θ- and δ-rhythms with the focus of activity in the anterior areas of the cerebral cortex; the formation of a mosaic representation of the θ-rhythms in temporal areas; the presence of hypersynchronous a-paroxysms in the posterior areas of the cerebral cortex. The given facts testify to activation of mechanisms of limbic-neocortical systems and synchronizing influences of the reticular formation of the stem and diencephalic structures. There is also detected greater number of correlations when occipitomastoidal registration was lone it reflects compensatory redistribution of cerebral blood flow over the affected structures of brain stem structures that are associated with the provision of cortical functions.

Real‐time construction and visualisation of drift‐free video mosaics from unconstrained camera motion

This work proposes a novel approach for real-time video mosaicking facilitating drift-free mosaic construction and visualisation, with integrated frame blending and redundancy management, that is shown to be flexible to a range of varying mosaic scenarios. The approach supports unconstrained camera motion with in-sequence loop closing, variation in camera focal distance (zoom) and recovery from video sequence breaks. Real-time performance, over extended duration sequences, is realised via novel aspects of frame management within the mosaic representation and thus avoiding the high data redundancy associated with temporally dense, spatially overlapping video frame inputs. This managed set of image frames is visualised in real time using a dynamic mosaic representation of overlapping textured graphics primitives in place of the traditional globally constructed, and hence frequently reconstructed, mosaic image. Within this formulation, subsequent optimisation occurring during online construction can thus efficiency adjust relative frame positions via simple primitive position transforms. Effective visualisation is similarly facilitated by online inter-frame blending to overcome the illumination and colour variance associated with modern camera hardware. The evaluation illustrates overall robustness in video mosaic construction under a diverse range of conditions including indoor and outdoor environments, varying illumination and presence of in-scene motion on varying computational platforms.

3D Scene Modeling And Understanding From Image Sequences

A new method for 3D modeling is proposed, which generates a content-based 3D mosaic (CB3M) representation for long video sequences of 3D, dynamic urban scenes captured by a camera on a mobile platform. In the first phase, a set of parallel-perspective (pushbroom) mosaics with varying viewing directions is generated to capture both the 3D and dynamic aspects of the scene under the camera coverage. In the second phase, a unified patch-based stereo matching algorithm is applied to extract parametric representations of the color, structure and motion of the dynamic and/or 3D objects in urban scenes, where a lot of planar surfaces exist. Multiple pairs of stereo mosaics are used for facilitating reliable stereo matching, occlusion handling, accurate 3D reconstruction and robust moving target detection. The outcome of this phase is a CB3M representation, which is a highly compressed visual representation for a dynamic 3D scene, and has object contents of both 3D and motion information. In the third phase, a multi-layer based scene understanding algorithm is proposed, resulting in a planar surface model for higher-level object representations. Experimental results are given for both simulated and several different real video sequences of large-scale 3D scenes to show the accuracy and effectiveness of the representation. We also show the patch-based stereo matching algorithm and the CB3M representation can be generalized to 3D modeling with perspective views using either a single camera or a stereovision head on a ground mobile platform or a pedestrian. Applications of the proposed method include airborne or ground video surveillance, 3D urban scene modeling, traffic survey, transportation planning and the visual aid for perception and navigation of blind people.

Toward a (Re)signification of Cultural Hybridity: Guji Guji and Master Mason

Drawing on the theories of M. M. Bakhtin and Homi Bhabha, among others, this paper examines the textual discourse of cultural hybridity in two paradigmatic picturebooks, Guji Guji (2003) and Master Mason (2004), published in Taiwan in the first decade of the twenty-first century, with a close look at the socio-political milieu of Taiwan at the turn of the millennium. The story of Guji Guji deals with the dilemma that a hybrid self inevitably comes to face and negotiate and the ambivalences associated with the discourse of culture's in-between, whereas Master Mason pivots on the tension and contestation between the past and the present and views hybridity as a transgressive power to counter, disrupt, or subvert tradition, as well as to bring in a mosaic representation and improvisational negotiation of cultures and ideas. Differing in subject matter and art style, both picturebooks, nevertheless, substantially work to interpret and interrogate the complex and often contentious negotiations and representations of cultural crossings and mixings.

The cropping systems mosaic: How does the hidden heterogeneity of agricultural landscapes drive arthropod populations?

Landscape ecology has emphasized the key role of spatial heterogeneity as a driver of ecological processes, which has led to a shift from a patch-matrix to a landscape mosaic representation of landscapes. However, in agricultural landscapes, the role of heterogeneity for biodiversity is often studied by considering (semi-) natural elements regardless of the functional heterogeneity of the cultivated mosaic. This mosaic, which emerges from the organization of cropping systems by farmers, is not just heterogeneous in space but also strongly dynamic (i.e. temporally heterogeneous) due to crop phenology, management and sequence. In this paper, based on agronomic and ecological literature we highlight the heterogeneous properties of the cropping system mosaics in space and time, and the implications of this “hidden” heterogeneity for controlling of arthropod population dynamics and persistence. An illustration is then given to propose different methodological approaches to map the hidden heterogeneity of agricultural landscapes. This conceptual and methodological framework concerns various species in agro-ecosystems, including crop and multi-habitat species, as well as species that only disperse through the crop mosaic. This paper suggests that the design of the cropping system mosaics could be complementary to the design of natural areas to manage populations, notably for species of economic interest (pests, natural enemies or pollinators). More empirical work on this topic is crucial, which will require new methodological approaches.

Damage mechanics analysis of plain woven fabric composite micromechanical model for mesh-free simulations

A mesh-free Galerkin approach for modeling damage in plain woven fabric composite is presented. The model is based on the continuum damage mechanics and is applied to both mosaic and smooth fabric idealizations of the plain woven composite. A mesh-free Galerkin method is formulated for the first time to include the continuum damage mechanics for micromechanics model of woven fabric composites. An incremental technique of applied displacement/strain is developed to obtain the relationship between the representative volume cell stresses and strains. Also presented for the first time is an analytical formulation for damage in the mosaic unit cell representation of the woven fabric composite. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed methods and comparisons are made between the newly developed analytical formulation and the proposed mesh-free method.

Content-Based 3-D Mosaics for Representing Videos of Dynamic Urban Scenes

We propose a content-based 3-D mosaic (CB3M) representation for long video sequences of 3-D and dynamic urban scenes captured by a camera on a mobile platform. In the first phase, a set of parallel-perspective (pushbroom) mosaics with varying viewing directions is generated to capture both the 3-D and dynamic aspects of the scene under the camera coverage. In the second phase, a segmentation-based stereo matching algorithm is applied to extract parametric representations of the color, structure and motion of the dynamic and/or 3-D objects in urban scenes, where a lot of planar surfaces exist. Multiple pairs of stereo mosaics are used for facilitating reliable stereo matching, occlusion handling, accurate 3-D reconstruction, and robust moving target detection. CB3M is a highly compressed visual representation for a dynamic 3-D scene, and has object contents of both 3-D and motion information. Experimental results are given for various real video sequences of large-scale 3-D scenes.

Effect of mosaic representation of vegetation in land surface schemes on simulated energy and carbon balances

Abstract. Energy and carbon balance implications of representing vegetation using a composite or mosaic approach in a land surface scheme are investigated. In the composite approach the attributes of different plant functional types (PFTs) present in a grid cell are aggregated in some fashion for energy and water balance calculations. The resulting physical environmental conditions (including net radiation, soil moisture and soil temperature) are common to all PFTs and affect their ecosystem processes. In the mosaic approach energy and water balance calculations are performed separately for each PFT tile using its own vegetation attributes, so each PFT "sees" different physical environmental conditions and its carbon balance evolves somewhat differently from that in the composite approach. Simulations are performed at selected boreal, temperate and tropical locations to illustrate the differences caused by using the composite versus mosaic approaches of representing vegetation. These idealized simulations use 50% fractional coverage for each of the two dominant PFTs in a grid cell. Differences in simulated grid averaged primary energy fluxes at selected sites are generally less than 5% between the two approaches. Simulated grid-averaged carbon fluxes and pool sizes at these sites can, however, differ by as much as 46%. Simulation results suggest that differences in carbon balance between the two approaches arise primarily through differences in net radiation which directly affects net primary productivity, and thus leaf area index and vegetation biomass.

Moses in Moravia

Approaching eighty, Freud, in a letter to Lou Andreas-Salomé, described his engagement with the story of Moses as enduring "throughout the whole of my life." The origins of this relationship, usually traced to Freud's experiences with the narratives of his childhood Bible, may have included early encounters, in the company of his Czech caretaker, with sculptural images as well. The first three years of Freud's life were spent in Moravia, where a reverence for Moses was deeply woven into the Catholic identity of its population and the region's visual culture. A statue of this biblical figure in one of the churches in Freud's birthplace provides us with an opportunity to investigate the amalgam of meanings invested in Mosaic representation, and its extension in an important local saint, Methodius. Moses' Jewish identity was incorporated into discourses of local hagiology, perhaps complicating his significance for Freud from the start.

Mobile Sensors for Security and Surveillance

A stereo mosaic representation has been developed for fusing imaging data captured by sensors (cameras) in motion. In addition to providing a wide field of view, the multiperspective mosaics with various oblique views represent occlusion regions that cannot be achieved by using stationary sensors. One or multiple stereo pairs can be formed from mosaics with different oblique viewing angles and thus can be used for 3D viewing and 3D reconstruction. This approach has been applied to a number of important security and surveillance applications, including airborne surveillance, ground vehicle navigation, under-vehicle inspection, and 3D gamma-ray cargo inspection.

Spatiotemporal context influences perception of an ambiguous target in visual search

The two-stage model of amodal completion or TSM (Sekuler & Palmer, 1992), and the ambiguity theory (Rauschenberger, Peterson, Mosca, & Bruno, 2004) provide conflicting accounts of the phenomenon of amodal completion in 2-D images. TSM claims that an initial mosaic (2-D) representation gives way to a later amodally completed (3-D) representation. Furthermore, the 2-D representation is accessible only prior to formation of the 3-D representation. On the other hand, the ambiguity theory claims that the 2-D and 3-D representations develop in parallel and that preference for one of the coexisting representations over the other may be subject to the influence of spatiotemporal context provided by other elements in the visual display. Our experiments support the claim that, once formed, both representations coexist, with spatiotemporal context potentially determining which representation is perceived.

Effect of subgrid cloud‐radiation interaction on climate simulations

The mosaic representation of subgrid cloud‐radiation interaction is implemented in the radiation scheme of the NCAR Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3) to investigate its impacts on global climate simulations. It is found that the CCM3 with the modified radiation scheme enables the use of more realistic cloud amounts as well as cloud water contents while producing net radiative fluxes closer to observations. The improved vertical distribution of cloud water path based on the cloud‐resolving model (CRM) simulations increases the radiative heating in the upper troposphere over the tropics, which reduces the long‐standing cold bias in the temperature field. Consequently, not only the representation of cloud‐radiation interactions is more physically consistent and accurate, but also the climate simulations are significantly affected and improved.

Extraction of video object with complex motion

Object segmentation is a problem within the scope of MPEG-4 standardization activities. This paper proposes a novel technique to extract the moving objects in the video sequences. Our approach is based on the integration of mosaic-based temporal segmentation and color-based spatial segmentation. The mosaic representation of video allows us to fully exploit the spatio-temporal information in the video scene to achieve robust segmentation. Compared with the related works which detect motion by the difference of two consecutive frames, our approach uses the information aggregated over a group of frames. Thus, our system is more robust and is able to extract the non-rigid object that has complex motion from one frame to the next.

Mosaic representations of video sequences based on slice image analysis

There has been a lot of activity recently surrounding the mosaic representation of video sequences. However, existing mosaic methods have in general a strong limitation. They are prone to converge to a local minimum in least-squares estimation, especially when large image motion exists between two consecutive frames or there are too many outliers, for example, when large moving objects appear in the sequence. In this paper, a novel method is proposed to obtain the initial values of the model parameters. The proposed method is based on slice image analysis, and can effectively avoid the local minimum problem and remove the accumulated distortions from the final mosaic which are common in the previous methods. And furthermore, our method is robust even if large moving objects are present in the sequence.