Morus Alba Research Articles

Assessment of Molecular Diversity and Population Structure of Pakistani Mulberry Accessions Using Retrotransposon-Based DNA Markers

Both morphological and molecular markers have been extensively used to evaluate genetic diversity; however, molecular markers are considered more reliable and can lead to improved reproductive efficiency. This study utilized inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers to examine the genetic diversity and population structure of thirty mulberry accessions from the districts of Sahiwal and Faisalabad, Pakistan. These mulberry accessions belonged to three species: Morus nigra (n = 13), Morus alba (n = 12), and Morus rubra (n = 5). The use of nine iPBS primers in this study provided a comprehensive understanding of genetic diversity among the selected mulberry accessions. Nine iPBS primers were used in the study and generated 431 bands with allelic frequencies ranging from 21 to 75 and band sizes from 200 to 1500 base pairs. The primer 2230 showed the highest polymorphic information content (PIC) value of 0.47 and the highest Shannon’s information index (I = 0.53). The Morus nigra accessions had the highest levels of expected heterozygosity (He = 0.30), unbiased expected heterozygosity (µHe = 0.33), and Shannon’s information index (I = 0.45). The molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) revealed a high degree of genetic variation, as estimated by the pairwise PhiPT value of 0.21, which was significant at the p < 0.001 *** level. The neighbor joining tree, principal coordinate analysis, and structure analysis grouped the 30 mulberry accessions into four main clusters. The distinct grouping of accessions SWLS14, SWLS6, FSDS30, and SWLS7 validated their notable genetic distinctiveness. Overall, these findings contribute valuable insights into the genetic landscape of mulberry accessions, which are essential for conservation and breeding strategies.

Morphology of generative organs of Morus alba L. cultivars introduced in the conditions of the Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Morphology of generative organs of Morus alba L. cultivars introduced in the conditions of the Forest Steppe of Ukraine

From phyllosphere to insect cuticles: silkworms gather antifungal bacteria from mulberry leaves to battle fungal parasite attacks

BackgroundBacterial transfers from plants to insect herbivore guts have been well investigated. However, bacterial exchanges between plant phyllospheres and insect cuticles remain unclear, as does their related biological function.ResultsHere, we report that the cuticular bacterial loads of silkworm larvae quickly increased after molting and feeding on the white mulberry (Morus alba) leaves. The isolation and examination of silkworm cuticular bacteria identified one bacterium Mammaliicoccus sciuri that could completely inhibit the spore germination of fungal entomopathogens Metarhizium robertsii and Beauveria bassiana. Interestingly, Ma. sciuri was evident originally from mulberry leaves, which could produce a secreted chitinolytic lysozyme (termed Msp1) to damage fungal cell walls. In consistency, the deletion of Msp1 substantially impaired bacterial antifungal activity. Pretreating silkworm larvae with Ma. sciuri cells followed by fungal topical infections revealed that this bacterium could help defend silkworms against fungal infections. Unsurprisingly, the protective efficacy of ΔMsp1 was considerably reduced when compared with that of wild-type bacterium. Administration of bacterium-treated diets had no negative effect on silkworm development; instead, bacterial supplementation could protect the artificial diet from Aspergillus contamination.ConclusionsThe results of this study evidence that the cross-kingdom transfer of bacteria from plant phyllospheres to insect herbivore cuticles can help protect insects against fungal parasite attacks.2Gz4BRurS3WWiYBnkN9F_dVideo

Sanggenon C inhibits glioblastoma cell migration and invasion by promoting ubiquitination of β-catenin

Glioblastoma is a malignant and highly invasive tumor, which requires new approaches to search for chemotherapeutic agents. Sanggenon C (SC) mainly exists in the root bark of white mulberry. Although its anti-tumor effects have been reported in some cancers, the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we used microscopic observation, transwell assay, and immunofluorescence assay to verify the effect of Sanggenon C on the migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells. We then carried out the gene set enrichment analysis (GESA), real-time qPCR assay and ubiquitination assay to delineate the molecule mechanism by which Sanggenon C affects the migration and invasion ability of glioblastoma. With the addition of Sanggenon C, glioblastoma cells were rounded up, with the migration and invasion ability weakened as verified by transwell assay and immunofluorescence assay. The results of GESA suggested that SC might regulate the expression of genes associated with migration and invasion and affect the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Western blotting revealed that Sanggenon C promoted the ubiquitination of β-catenin to reduce the levels of β-catenin and its downstream proteins. This was further supported by the results of real-time qPCR analysis of target genes of β-catenin. Taken together, SC inhibits glioblastoma cell migration and invasion by enhancing β-catenin ubiquitination. Our work suggests a new direction for the treatment of glioblastoma.

Understanding the Manufacture of Hetian Administration Banknotes from Xinjiang Using Low- and High-resolution Analytical Methods

ABSTRACT Analytical studies of ancient Chinese handmade papers and paper-based materials have long faced challenges, due to the need for high-quality, scientifically sound data that can lead to suitable diagnostic criteria. This study applies Herzberg staining, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), Raman spectroscopy, pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to five Hetian Administration Banknotes (HABs), a particular type of regional banknotes issued by Ma Hu-shan (1910–1954), a Hui warlord, in southern Xinjiang between 1933 and 1937. The results shed important insights into the use of fiber and dyes on HABs, revealing how locally handmade Sangpi (bark of the mulberry tree, Morus alba L.) papers and imported synthetic dyes (Rhodamine B, Methyl Violet 2B, Direct Black 38, and presumably Sudan II) were combined to serve the needs of the regional economy in southern Xinjiang during the 1930s. We conclude the paper by tentatively proposing guidelines for applying low- and high-resolution analytical methods to understand the manufacture and use of ancient Chinese handmade papers and paper-based materials.

Morushalunin D, a tri-O-bridged Diels-Alder type adduct from Morus alba var. shalun root cultures and the related precursors

Three Diels-Alder type adducts (1-3) along with their precursors, including one 2-arylbenzofuran (4) and one stilbene (5), were isolated from the MeOH extract of M. alba var. shalun root cultures. Among them, 1 is a new Diels-Alder type adduct named morushalunin D. The molecular structures of 1-5 were elucidated based on spectroscopic data and comparison with the literatures. Cytotoxic properties of compounds 1-5 were evaluated against murine leukemia P-388 cells. Morushalunin D (1), mulberrofuran T (2), sorocein A (3), moracin M (4), and oxyresveratrol (5) were active, significantly inhibiting the growth of P-388 cells with IC50 values of 0.5, 1.0, 0.6, 2.0, and 3.3 μg/ml, respectively.

Grafting seedling rootstock strengthens tolerance to drought stress in polyploid mulberry (Morus alba L.)

The economically adaptable mulberry (Morus alba L.) has a long history of grafting in China, yet the physiological mechanisms and advantages in drought tolerance remain unexplored. In our study, we investigated the responses of self-rooted 2X (diploid), 3X (triploid), and 4X (tetraploid) plants, as well as polyploid plants grafted onto diploid seedling rootstocks (2X/2X, 3X/2X, and 4X/2X) under drought stress. We found that self-rooted diploid plants exhibited the most severe phenotypic damage, lowest water retention, photosynthetic capacity, and the least effective osmotic stress adjustment compared to tetraploid and triploid plants. However, grafted diploid and triploid plants showed effective mitigation of drought-induced damage, with higher relative water content and improved soil water retention. Grafted plants also improved the photosystem response to drought stress through elevated photosynthetic potential, closed stomatal aperture, and faster recovery of chlorophyll biosynthesis in the leaves. Additionally, grafted plants altered osmotic protective compound levels, including starch, soluble sugar, and proline content, thereby enhancing drought resistance. Absolute quantification PCR indicated that the expression levels of proline synthesis-related genes in grafted plants were not influenced after drought stress, whereas they were significantly increased in self-rooted plants. Consequently, our findings support that self-rooted triploid and tetraploid mulberries exhibited superior drought resistance compared to diploid plants. Moreover, grafting onto seedling rootstocks enhanced tolerance against drought stress in diploid and triploid mulberry, but not in tetraploid. Our study provides valuable insights for a comprehensive analysis of physiological effects in response to drought stress between stem-roots and seedling rootstocks.

Bioactivity, phytochemistry studies and subacute in vivo toxicity of ethanolic leaf extract of white mulberry (Morus alba linn.) in female mice

Ethnopharmacological relevanceTraditional uses of Morus alba L. leaf extracts (MLE) have been reported for treating hyperglycaemia and diabetes. Phytochemical compounds in the leaves demonstrated the ability to enhance insulin sensitivity and β-cell secretory function, suggesting their potential value in reducing blood glucose and treating diabetes. However, the phytochemical constituents and safety of the herbal medicines need to be verified in each experimental field from different growing areas. Studies on the phytochemistry and toxicity of Morus alba leaves in Southeast Asia, especially in Brunei, have never been investigated. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to investigate the bioactivity and phytochemistry of Morus alba ethanolic leaf extract from Brunei Darussalam and its subacute toxic effects in the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) female mice. Materials and methodsThe phenolic yield and antioxidant of the extract were analysed. Meanwhile, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography were utilised to determine the phenolic compound of the MLE. In the subacute toxicity study, twenty-five female mice were randomly divided into five groups: the control group, which received oral gavage of 5% dimethyl sulfoxide solvent (DMSO), and the MLE treatment group, which received the extract at a dose of 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Physiology, haematology, biochemistry, and histology were evaluated during the study. ResultsMorus alba leaf depicted total phenolic 10.93 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight (DW), flavonoid 256.67 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g DW, and antioxidant bioactivity content of 602.03 IC50 μg/mL and 13.21 mg Fe2+/g DW. Twenty compounds in the Morus alba ethanolic leaf extract were identified, with chlorogenic acid (305.60 mg/100 g DW) as the primary compound. As for subacute toxicity in this study, neither mortality nor haematological changes were observed. On the other hand, administration of 500 and 1000 mg/kg MLE resulted in mild hepatocellular injury, as indicated by a significant (p < 0.05) increase in liver enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The histopathological score showed mild hepatocellular necrosis in administering 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg of MLE. The parameters of renal injury were within normal limits, with the increase in eosinophilic cytoplasm observed in the histological scoring at 1000 mg/kg of MLE. ConclusionsMorus alba leaf extract showed abundant polyphenols. In a study on subacute toxicity, MLE caused mild hepatotoxicity in mice. The toxic effect of the extract may be due to kaempferol and chlorogenic acid compounds. The 125 mg/kg MLE dose was safe with no adverse effects.

Carbon Storage and Sequestration by Trees in some Urban Public Parks of Jalalabad Afghanistan

‌Urban areas, characterized by rapid development and increasing carbon emissions, have become focal points for climate change mitigation strategies. This research investigates the role of urban trees as crucial components in carbon storage and sequestration, exploring their potential impact on mitigating climate change. The objectives include assessing the efficacy of urban trees in sequestering atmospheric carbon, examining variations in carbon storage across different urban settings, and elucidating the factors influencing the sequestration potential of various tree species. Additionally, the research investigates the indirect impacts of urban tree cover on local climate dynamics, including temperature regulation, air quality improvement, and overall environmental resilience. The anticipated outcomes encompass comprehensive data on the carbon storage and sequestration potential of urban trees, providing insights into the variation of these capacities within different urban contexts. By understanding the relationships between urban trees, carbon sequestration, and climate change, the research aims to inform urban planning, policy formulation, and sustainable development practices. The carbon sequestration of 512 trees belonging to 45 species was estimated. The average carbon content of these trees was 50.391t/tree. The total carbon sequestered by these trees was 120.757t/year. Highest (23709 kg/year) sequestration was observed in Ficus relegiosa and the lowest (50.59 kg/year) in Morus alba. Ficus relegiosa showed the highest average DBH and more carbon sequestration potential, whereas Morus alba showed the minimum carbon sequestration potential. The regression analyses indicated that both DBH and number of trees have a positive relation with carbon sequestration rate of tree species.

Unveiling the Antimicrobial and Larvicidal Potential of Butyrolactones and Orsellinic Acid Derivatives from the Morus alba-derived Fungus Aspergillus terreus via Integrated In vitro and In silico Approaches.

The emergence of multi-drug-resistant microbial strains spurred the search for antimicrobial agents; as a result, two distinct approaches were combined: four in vitro studies and four corresponding molecular docking investigations. Antituberculosis, anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (anti-MRSA), antifungal, and larvicidal activities of the crude extract, two fractions, and seven isolated compounds from Aspergillus terreus derived from Morus alba roots were explored. The isolated compounds (5 butyrolactones and 2 orsellinic acid derivatives) showed potent to moderate antitubercular activity with MIC values ranging from 1.95 to 62.5 μg/mL (compared to isoniazid, 0.24 μg/mL) and promising anti-MRSA potential with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 8 to 25 mm. Additionally, the in silico study proved that the isolated compounds bind to the two corresponding proteins' active sites with high to moderate -(C-Docker interaction energies) and stable interactions. The isolated compounds displayed antifungal activities against different fungal strains at diverse degrees of activity, among them compound (8"S,9")-dihydroxy-dihydrobutyrolactone I eliciting the best antifungal activity. Meanwhile, all isolated compounds, fractions, and the crude extract demonstrated extremely selective potent to moderate activity against Cryptococcus neoformans. The isolated five butyrolactone derivatives could develop potential mosquito larvicidal agents as a result of promising docking outcomes in the larval enzyme carboxylesterase.

Antimicrobial effects of Cinnamomum verum essential oil against Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus in mulberry and carrot juices

SummaryIn developing countries, fresh fruit juices are prepared and sold without ongoing assessment of the quality and safety of mulberry and carrot juices. Therefore, most fruit juices offered for consumption had high microbial content. This investigation was performed to indicate the efficacy of low concentrations of Cinnamomum verum essential oils (CEO) in the inactivation of E. faecalis and S. aureus in carrot juice and white mulberry juice and the impact on the sensorial characteristics of the juices. CEO antimicrobial activity can prevent the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis at 12 and 4 °C in juices. For the MIC and MBC concentrations, CEO exhibited higher antibacterial effects against S. aureus and E. faecalis. A higher number of pathogens were inactivated at 12 °C than at 4 °C. Cytoplasmic membrane permeability plays a vital role in the CEO bactericidal action. CEO can be recommended to extend the shelf‐life of juices by retaining the sensorial quality and inactivating pathogenic microorganisms, which provides a reference for practical production and application.

Alginate-Based Carriers Loaded with Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Leaf Extract: A Promising Strategy for Prolonging 1-Deoxynojirimicyn (DNJ) Systemic Activity for the Nutraceutical Management of Hyperglycemic Conditions.

The iminosugar 1-deoxynojirimicyn (DNJ) contained in mulberry leaves has displayed systemic beneficial effects against disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Nevertheless, its effect is impaired by the short half-life. Alginate-based carriers were developed to encapsulate a DNJ-rich mulberry extract: Ca-alginate beads, obtained by external gelation, and spray-dried alginate microparticles (SDMs). Mean size and distribution, morphology, drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, experimental yield, and release characteristics were determined for the two formulations. Ca-alginate beads and SDMs exhibited an encapsulation efficiency of about 54% and 98%, respectively, and a DNJ loading in the range of 0.43-0.63 μg/mg. The in vitro release study demonstrated the carriers' capability in controlling the DNJ release in acid and basic conditions (<50% in 5 h), due to electrostatic interactions, which were demonstrated by 1H-NMR relaxometry studies. Thus, alginate-based particles proved to be promising strategies for producing food supplements containing mulberry leaf extracts for the management of hyperglycemic state.

Total arsenic contamination in soil, vegetables, and fruits and its potential health risks in the Chitral Valley, Pakistan

Total arsenic (TAs) contamination is a serious health issue that affects many parts of the world. The sources of TAs in the Himalayas and Hindu Kush Mountains are rocks containing sulfide minerals and coal. The current study investigated the concentrations of TAs in soil, vegetables, and fruits collected from the Chitral Valley in the Hindukush Mountains of Pakistan. Vegetables consisted of Solanum tuberosum (potatoes), Mentha spicata (mint), Chenopodium album (goosefoot), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Amaranthus viridis (green amaranth), and Medicago sativa (alfalfa); and fruits consisted of Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Morus alba (mulberry), Juglans regia (nut), Malus domestica (apple), and Vitis vinifera (grapes). The average concentration of TAs was the highest in the Gabur soils and lowest in the Bamborait soils. In vegetables, the highest TAs concentration was found in goosefoot (11.11 ± 1.9 mg·kg−1) and the lowest in cucumbers (1.38 ± 0.3 mg·kg−1). In fruits, the highest TAs concentration was found in grapes (4.3 ± 0.5 mg·kg−1), while no TAs concentration was detected in nuts (± indicates the one standard deviation range). The transfer factor (TF) values were high only in Bomborait soils (TF > 1). Leafy vegetables and juicy fruits (possessing high water content) were found to be more susceptible to TAs contamination. The daily intake of metals (DIA), human health risk index (HRI), and cancer risk demonstrated that the Chitral Valley is at high risk due to TAs contamination, which may pose a threat to the concerned community and ecosystem. The current findings suggest that leafy vegetables and juicy fruits in the study area should be carefully consumed.

Comprehensive lipidomic analysis revealed the effects of fermented Morus alba L. intake on lipid profile in backfat and muscle tissue of Yuxi black pigs.

Mulberry leaf is a widely used protein feed and is often used as a strategy to reduce feed costs and improve meat quality in the livestock industry. However, to date, there is a lack of research on the improvement of meat quality using mulberry leaves, and the exact mechanisms are not yet known. The results showed that fermented mulberry leaves significantly reduced backfat content but had no significant effect on intramuscular fat (IMF). Lipidomic analysis showed that 98 and 303 differential lipid molecules (p < 0.05) were identified in adipose and muscle tissues, respectively, including triglycerides (TG), phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingolipids, and especially TG; therefore, we analysed the acyl carbon atom number of TG. The statistical results of acyl with different carbon atom numbers of TG in adipose tissue showed that the acyl group containing 13 carbon atoms (C13) in TG was significantly upregulated, whereas C15, C16, C17, and C23 were significantly downregulated, whereas in muscle tissue, the C12, C19, C23, C25, and C26 in TG were significantly downregulated. Acyl changes in TG were different for different numbers of carbon atoms in different tissues. We found that the correlations of C (14-18) in adipose tissue were higher, but in muscle tissue, the correlations of C (18-26) were higher. Through pathway enrichment analysis, we identified six and four metabolic pathways with the highest contributions of differential lipid metabolites in adipose and muscle tissues respectively. These findings suggest that fermented mulberry leaves improve meat quality mainly by inhibiting TG deposition by downregulating medium- and short-chain fatty acids in backfat tissue and long-chain fatty acids in muscle tissue.

Modulation of gut microbiota by crude mulberry polysaccharide attenuates knee osteoarthritis progression in rats

Mulberry (Morus alba L.), a kind of common fruits widely cultivated worldwide, has been proven various biological activities. However, its potential role in the progression of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the potential protective effects of crude polysaccharide extracted from mulberry fruit, referred to as a complex blend of polysaccharides and other unidentified extracted impurities, on KOA progression. The KOA rats were established by injection of 1 mg sodium monoiodoacetate into knee, and administrated with crude mulberry polysaccharide (Mup) by gastric gavage for 4 weeks. Furthermore, intestinal bacteria clearance assay (IBCA) and fecal microbiota transplantation were conducted for the evaluation of the effect of gut microbiota (GM) on KOA. Our findings demonstrated that Mup, particularly at a dosage of 200 mg/kg, effectively improved abnormal gait patterns, reduced the level of inflammation, mitigated subchondral bone loss, restored compromised joint surfaces, alleviated cartilage destruction, and positively modulated the dysregulated profile of GM in KOA rats. Moreover, IBCA compromised the protective effects of Mup, while transplantation of fecal bacteria from Mup-treated rats facilitated KOA recovery. Collectively, our study suggested that Mup had the potential to ameliorate the progression of KOA, potentially through its modulation of GM profile.

Effect of mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) extract on the quality and formation of heterocyclic amines in braised muscovy duck

Effect of mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) extract on the quality and formation of heterocyclic amines in braised muscovy duck

Assessment of Particulate Matter, Heavy Metals, and Carbon Deposition Capacities of Urban Tree Species in Tehran, Iran

Air pollution is a pressing environmental concern in urban areas, with particulate matter (PM) posing serious health and environmental threats. Urban greening has emerged as a potential solution to capture and retain PM. This study assesses the PM deposition capacity of five common tree species: Morus alba (M. alba), Ailanthus altissima (A. altissima), Platanus orientalis (P. orientalis), Robinia pseudoacacia (R. pseudoacacia), and Ulmus minor (U. minor) in two highly polluted sites in Tehran, Iran. Additionally, this study investigates the accumulation of heavy metals (Ni, Fe, Cd, and Pb), Organic Carbon (OC), Elemental Carbon (EC), and Total Carbon (TC) on the leaves of these tree species. The results demonstrate species-specific differences in PM deposition capacity, with U. minor and M. alba showing high PM retention. A. altissima exhibits strong capability in adsorbing PM 0.1–2.5, while U. minor demonstrates greater retention of PM &gt; 2.5. Moreover, the deposition of heavy metals varies among species, with R. pseudoacacia and A. altissima capturing higher levels. This study highlights the significance of appropriate tree utilization in urban environments against air pollution in order to make the air healthier in major cities. Awareness of the different tree species capacities leads urban planners and policymakers to make intelligent decisions about urban greening initiatives to improve air quality and overall well-being.

Biogenic Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles from Morus alba L. Leaves by Microwave Extraction Method

The aim of this study was to investigate the rapid, simple, and inexpensive biosynthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) an extract from leaves of Morus alba L. The generated gold nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, FT-IR and zeta-sizer. For the biogenesis of gold nanoparticles, Morus alba L. (Mulberry) leaves and HAuCl4.3H2O solution were utilized as the starting ingredients. Fresh leaves of Morus alba L. were collected from Turkey (Trabzon). 100 mL of distilled water was mixed with 10 g of dried material for 120 minutes. The mixture was then extracted using a laboratory microwave for 4 minutes at 600 W. For the biosynthesis of AuNPs, different amounts 100 ml of (0.5 mM, 1 mM) aqueous HAuCl4.3H2O solution of leaf extract (0.5 and 1 mL) were mixed with HAuCl4. 3H2O solution, and then the mixture was placed in a household microwave at 90 W for 1 to 30 minutes. UV-vis spectroscopy, TEM, FT-IR and zeta-sizer were performed to characterize the produced gold nanoparticles. UV-Vis absorption spectra was measured using a Shimadzu UV-1240 UV-Vis spectrophotometer with a wave length range of 300 to 800 nm. The development of AuNPs was indicated by the mixture's purple-red colour. From the results of zetasizer study, the average particle size of the AuNPs was 78.95±0.57 nm, the zeta potential was 12.9±0.808 mV, and the polydispersity index was 0.321±0.004. When the AuNP solutions were kept in the refrigerator, their UV-Vis absorption spectra rarely changed and remained stable for around 2 to 2.5 months.

Characterization of The Chemical Composition of White Mulberry (Morus alba) Leaves Extracts and Its Role in The Mutualism Between White Mulberry and Silkworms (Bombyx mori)

Of the Hundreds of thousands of plant species in the world, silkworms (Bombyx mori) consume only one species, the white mulberry (Morus alba L.). This narrow specificity is still poorly understood. In this study, we compared the chemical composition of white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves with that of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.), used as a control. We analyzed the quantity of polyphenols, essential oils, proteins, and other substances present. The results revealed significant differences between the chemical composition of the leaf extracts from the two trees. The results of our research revealed that the yield of essential oils present in the leaves of Morus nigra (0.54%) was higher than that of the leaves of the host plant Morus alba (0.21%). The dosage of polyphenols contents showed a 72% superior value in Morus nigra leaf extracts compared to Morus alba leaf extract. In line with our results, studies have shown that high concentrations of essential oils and polyphenols present in plants play a repellent role for silkworms (Bombyx mori). The results also showed that the dosage of total chlorophyll and proteins was higher in Morus alba leaf extracts compared to Morus nigra (43% and 28% respectively). The final result was electrophoresis, which showed the presence of certain silk proteins in the leaves of Morus alba and not in those of Morus nigra, to explain the specific preferences of the silkworm. Other parameters, such as carotenoids and soluble sugars did not show any significant difference between the leaves of the two species. Thus, it appears that the silkworms are not attracted by a single molecule or substance, but rather by a structured arrangement of several substances, each playing a role in this close relationship between the white mulberry (Morus alba L.) and the silkworms (Bombyx Mori).

Biogenic derived cobalt nanoparticles using Morus alba and their potent antibacterial and catalytic degradation activity

Biogenic derived cobalt nanoparticles using Morus alba and their potent antibacterial and catalytic degradation activity