Morus Alba Leaf Research Articles

Morus alba leaf extract: Metabolite profiling and interactions with antibiotics against Staphylococcus spp. including MRSA

HPLC-DAD-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS metabolite profiling of Morus alba leaf extract led to the annotation of 25 constituents (two stilbene derivatives, 11 prenylflavonoids, five 2-arylbenzofurans, seven Diels–Alder type adducts). The extract was found to contain 57.83 mg/g flavonoids, 15.42 mg/g kuwanon G and 10.47 mg/g morusin. Despite its moderate antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 250 μg/mL against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 33591 and ATCC 43300, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) ATCC 6538 and S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, Morus alba leaf extract reversed oxacillin-resistance of MRSA ATCC 43300. In addition, the extract showed synergy with gentamicin against MRSA ATCC 33591 and ATCC 43300 and S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, oxacillin against MRSA ATCC 33591 and tetracycline against S. epidermidis ATCC 12228. In these synergistic combinations, MIC values of antibiotics were significantly decreased (4–32-fold). These findings might be valuable for the development of novel treatment strategies in infections caused by MRSA and S. epidermidis.

MANAGEMENT OF CHENOPODIUM ALBUM L. THROUGH ALLELOPATHY

The aim of the up to date study was to hold out evaluation of the allelopathic activity of leaves and bark of mulberry (Morus alba L.) on germination processes and a few growth parameters of the foremost problematic weeds in maize (Zea mays L.) fields; herb (Chenopodium album L). The investigator hopes that the study can provide data regarding the chances of mistreatment the target species as bioherbicides. In pure culture, the germination percentage (GP) of maize seeds was inefficaciously decreasing with increasing the concentrations of Morus alba leaves (MALAE) and bark (MABAE) aqueous extracts whereas the germination percentage (GP) was considerably attenuated with increasing the concentrations of MALAE and MABAE in mixed culture with wild spinach. Similarly, in pure and mixed culture with Indian corn the doc of wild spinach seeds significantly attenuated with increasing the concentrations of MALAE and MABAE. Accordingly, the inhibition percentage (IP) for the germination processes in Zea seeds in pure culture wasn't vital in response to the apparent allelopathic action of the 2 applied extracts. The proportion was considerably multiplied with increasing the concentrations of MALAE and MABAE in mixed culture with Chenopodium album. Similarly, in pure and mixed culture with Zea mays the (IP) of Chenopodium album seeds significantly multiplied with increasing the concentrations of MALAE and MABAE.

Formulation and statistical analysis of an herbal medicine tablet containing Morus alba leaf extracts

It has reported that Morus alba has properties to treat fever, protect liver damage, improve eyesight, strengthen the joint, facilitate discharge of urine, and prevent high blood pressure. Extracts from herbal plants, have hygroscopic and low flowability characteristics. Due to these properties, it is difficult to develop the formulation using herbal extracts in pharmaceutics. In this study, Morus alba leaf extract (MLE) was fermented by Viscozyme® (MLE-V) and Pectinex® (MLE-P) as well as non-fermented MLE (MLE-C). Physicochemical properties of MLEs were evaluated for optimization of formulation. As a result, cell viability was higher MLE-V than MLE-P, although there was no difference in flowability depending on the enzyme type. Based on the pre-formulation study, MLE-V was selected. Wet granulation method was used to overcome the poor flowability of MLE and MLE tablet was developed by statistical-based experimental design method. A Box-Behnken design, one of the models of experimental design, was constructed using lactose content in lactose plus microcrystalline cellulose (X1), disintegration agent (X2), and binding agent (X3). The dependent variables were hardness (Y1), friability (Y2), and disintegration time (Y3). Finally, MLE tablet with hardness (11.83 ± 0.36 Kp), friability (0.26 ± 0.01%) and disintegration time (1395.56 ± 49.84 s) were optimized. This is the first work to report the formulation design using herbal extracts fermented with enzyme through quality by design.

Morus alba Leaf Bioactives Modulate Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor γ in the Kidney of Diabetic Rat and Impart Beneficial Effect.

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor that can be activated or repressed by several exogenous and endogenous ligands and acts by modulating genes that regulate lipid, glucose, and insulin homeostasis. In kidney, PPARγ is involved in normal kidney development and other physiological functions. In our earlier report, we showed that feeding Morus alba leaves to experimental diabetic rats ameliorated diabetic nephropathy and significantly decreased microalbuminuria. In this paper, we have attempted to look into the molecular mechanism involving PPARγ modulation by mulberry leaf bioactive compounds by in vitro and in vivo methods and its impact on key inflammatory markers. In vitro assay by TR-FRET suggested that mulberry leaf extracts can serve as a putative modulator of PPARγ. High glucose conditions in vitro and in vivo increased PPARγ levels, which were ameliorated by mulberry leaves or their extracts. Interestingly, PPARγ was significantly phosphorylated at Ser112 by upstream kinases ERK42/44 in kidney of diabetic animals on feeding mulberry leaves. In vitro studies using MDCK cell line revealed that increased Ser112 phosphorylation was observed when cells were treated with bound phenolic acid rich extract but not with free phenolic acid rich extracts. HPLC analysis and bioassay-guided activity revealed that coumaric acid was the bioactive molecule within bound phenolic acid rich extract that was responsible for increased ERK42/44-mediated phosphorylation at Ser112. Furthermore, mulberry leaf bioactive compounds showed beneficial effect on the tested inflammatory markers.

Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of Extracted Flavonoids from Morus Alba Leaves and its interaction with DNA

ABSTRACT Morous Alba, known as white mulberry contains many oxidative flavonoids, widely used in the treatment of many diseases like hyperglycemia, inflammation, fever and cancer. In the present study we investigated the interaction of extracted flavonoids from Iranian Morus Alba leaves with DNA as a main target for anticancer drugs. Various spectroscopic techniques (UV/Vis, CD and Fluorescence Spectroscopy) were used to detect the interaction. In vivo studies also were done to confirm the effectiveness of the extracted flavonoids. The spectroscopic results showed that the extracted flavonoids bind to DNA especially to the sugar-phosphate backbone and making DNA conformational changes upon this binding. Experiments on the cancerous mice with solid tumors indicated that the treatment of mice with these extracted flavonoids increased significantly the life span but they did not have any effects on the tumor size reduction. These data suggest that Morus Alba flavonoids may use as an effective natural anticancer drug in the near future.

Feeding value potential of mulberry (Morus alba) leaf meal to replace concentrate mix

The experiment was carried out to estimate the feeding value of mulberry (Morus alba) leaf meal by evaluating its chemical composition in vitro organic matter digestibility and in sacco dry matter (DM) degradability. This study aimed to assess the potential of mulberry foliage in supplementing the feed of ruminant animals during the dry season, when other feed resources are scarce and their quality generally fall short of animal requirements. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents of the different diets were determined. In vitro organic matter digestibility was determined by two-stage method. In sacco rumen degradability was measured using three rumen fistulated Boran-Holstein Friesian cross steers at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The composition of mulberry leaf meal compares favorably with that of the concentrate mixture in most of the nutrients. The ash content of mulberry leaf meal was more than double that of the concentrate mixture. Similarly, the calcium value of mulberry leaf meal was more than threefold to that of calcium content of concentrate mixture. Mulberry leaf meal alone had the greatest values for slowly degradable fraction (b) than the diets with less proportion of mulberry, whereas mulberry leaf meal alone (T5) and 75 g concentrate mix + 259.7 g mulberry leaf (T4) had significantly (p>0.05) less soluble fraction (a), and effective degradability (ED) values as compared to the diets with less proportion of mulberry. In a nutshell, all treatment diets recorded more than 66% DM degradability at 24 h, which implied that they were all greatly degradable in the rumen. Key words: Chemical composition, degradability, digestibility, Morus alba.

A Chemical Investigation of the Leaves of Morus alba L.

The leaves of Morus alba L. are an important herbal medicine in Asia. The systematic isolation of the metabolites of the leaves of Morus alba L. was achieved using a combination of liquid chromatography techniques. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis and the absolute configuration was determined based on electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopic data and hydrolysis experiments. Their biological activity was evaluated using different biological assays, such as the assessment of their capacity to inhibit the aldose reductase enzyme; the determination of their cytotoxic activity and the evaluation of their neuroprotective effects against the deprivation of serum or against the presence of nicouline. Chemical investigation of the leaves of Morus alba L. resulted in four new structures 1–4 and a known molecule 5. Compounds 2 and 5 inhibited aldose reductase with IC50 values of 4.33 μM and 6.0 μM compared with the potent AR inhibitor epalrestat (IC50 1.88 × 10−3 μM). Pretreatment with compound 3 decreased PC12 cell apoptosis subsequent serum deprivation condition and pretreatment with compound 5 decreased nicouline-induced PC12 cell apoptosis as compared with control cells (p < 0.001).

Survey of the effect of doxorubicin and flavonoid extract of white Morus alba leaf on apoptosis induction in a-172 GBM cell line

In this study, the effect of doxorubicin, flavonoid extract of white Morus alba leaf (MFE) and a combination of doxorubicin and flavonoid extract on Bax and Bcl2 levels and caspase 3 activity of cancer A-172 GBM cell line was investigated. Bax/Bcl2 levels of treated A-172 GBM cell line with flavonoid extract of white mulberry leaf were estimated by ELISA methods. Caspase 3 activity of treated A-172 GBM cells was determined by calorimetric assay. The flow cytometry assessment was used to estimate the apoptosis percent of treated A-172 GBM cells. Treatment of A-172 GBM cells with MFE, doxorubicin and a combination of MFE and doxorubicin caused a significant decrease in Bcl2 level and an increase in Bax level. The apoptosis percent of treated cells were also elevated significantly. Present results suggest that concomitant use of herbal medicine and chemotherapy may be an effective alternative method for the treatment of cancers.

Phytofabrication of Silver nanoparticles: Novel Drug to overcome hepatocellular ailments.

This study aimed to treat hepatocellular ailments with biologically prepared silver nanoparticle (AgNPs). AgNPs were formulated using Morus alba leaf extract and their synthesis and characterization were determined by UV-visible spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Scanning Electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Zeta analysis. In vitro studies on HepG2 cell lines for cytotoxic effect and in vivo studies in a rat model for hepatoprotective effect were carried out using biologically prepared AgNPs as curing agents. Dose response cytotoxicity on hepatic cancer (HepG2) cells was confirmed by 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazole-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were found to be 20 μg/mL and 80 μg/mL for AgNPs and M. alba leaf extract respectively against HepG2 cells at 24 h incubation. In addition, hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats (180 ± 10 g) was induced by intraperitoneal injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and were treated with different doses of AgNPs (25, 50, 100 μg/kg). NDEA administration showed a significant rise in the biochemical parameters whereas the levels of enzymic antioxidants were decreased. Obtained results revealed that the elevated levels of Liver Function Test (LFTs) biomarkers were significantly reversed and the antioxidant levels were significantly recouped towards normal after the conjoint treatment of AgNPs in a dose-dependent manner. Thus green synthesized AgNPs showed a promising curing effect on hepatocellular ailments.

Pollos cuello desnudo alimentados con harina de Morus alba y Cajanus cajan

El objetivo de la investigación fue estudiar el comportamiento productivo de pollos cuello desnudo heterocigotos que se alimentaron con harina de hojas de Morus alba y granos de Cajanus cajan tostados a 120 ºC por 12 min, se utilizaron 144 pollos sexados de la estirpe T451N de 1 a 90 d de edad. Se distribuyeron según diseño de bloques al azar, en tres tratamientos, 48 pollos por tratamiento repartidos en ocho réplicas. Fueron criados en piso, en instalaciones rústicas. Se evaluaron indicadores productivos como el consumo de alimento, ganancia de peso promedio diario, conversión alimentaria y la eficiencia en el uso de los nutrientes. Los tratamientos fueron: T1=Control, T2=5% Cajanus cajan y 3% Morus alba y T3=3% C. cajan y 5% M. alba. El control consumió maíz y soya, como dieta base. La mayor ingestión de alimento (p

Effect of biologically synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles on metabolism and antioxidant activity to the crop plants Solanum lycopersicum and Brassica oleracea var. botrytis

Study on the ecological effect of metal oxide nanomaterials (NMs) has quickly amplified over the precedent years because it is assumed that these NMs will sooner or later be released into the environment. The present study deals with biologically oriented process for the green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) by using Morus alba leaf extract as reducing agent. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis revealed the monoclinic phase and 20–40nm size respectively. The presence of reducing and capping agents revealed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The seedlings of Brassica oleracea var. botrytis and Solanum lycopersicum were exposed to 10, 50, 100, and 500mgL−1 concentrations of CuO NPs in the sand medium. Bioaccumulation of Cu was also investigated by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Plant exposure to 100 and 500mgL−1 of CuO NPs has resulted in significant reduction of total chlorophyll and sugar content in the two test plants while 10mgL−1 of NPs slightly increased the pigment and sugar content in tomato plants only. Augmentation of lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, and antioxidant enzyme activity was observed in a dose dependent manner upon plants exposure to CuO NPs. Deposition of lignin in roots of both plants treated with the highest concentration of CuO NPs was observed. Histochemical analysis of leaves of treated plant with nitroblue tetrazolium and 3′3′ diaminobenzidine showed a concentration dependent increase in superoxide and hydrogen peroxide formation in leaves. The green synthesis of CuO NPs was carried out by using Morus alba leaf extract. Accumulation of NPs more actively by tomato plants as compared to cauliflower was possibly due to the difference in root morphology. The histochemical visualization highlights the spatial organization of oxidant biochemistry occurring in response to metal stress.

In vitro and in vivo analyses of Morus alba Polish var. wielkolistna zolwinska leaf ethanol–water extract—antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic activities in hyperlipideamic rats

We previously reported that mulberry leaf extracts possess in vitro antioxidant activity and show antihypergliceamic activity in diabetic rats. The aim of this study was to: quantify bioactive components of Morus alba (Polish variety: wielkolistna zolwinska) ethanol–water extract and to examine the effect of different doses of extract on plasma lipids and plasma antioxidant capacity in rats fed high‐fat diet for 6 weeks. The composition of phenolic compounds and DNJ content by chromatography analyses in the ethanol–water extract from M. alba L. leaves as well as the results of ABTS and DPPH assays were determined. The effect of the extract addition to the diet of hyperlipidaemic Wistar rats was also measured. In the in vivo study, conducted in rats fed high‐fat (∼45% energy from fat) diet for 6 weeks, we found that M. alba leaf extract supplement ingested with food (6 g/kg) decreased total cholesterol (24.1%) and LDL‐c fraction (21.0%). M. alba ethanol–water extract showed a significant effect on lowering plasma total and LDL cholesterol and antioxidant activity measured by the ferric reducing ability of plasma. The extract is a good source of natural antioxidants and could be potentially used as a dietary supplement in future human studies.Practical applications: M. alba L. (Polish variety: wielkolistna zolwinska) leaf ethanol–water extract with high antioxidant activity and rich in chlorogenic acids and flavonols in in vitro analyses and shows an effect on lowering plasma total and LDL cholesterol and antioxidant activity in hyperlipideamic rats could be a dietary supplement in food for hypercholesterolemic individuals.The Morus alba (Polish variety: wielkolistna zolwinska) leaf ethanol–water extract, rich in flavonols and phenolic acids, ingested with high‐fat diet by hyperlipideamic rats effectively lowers plasma total and LDL cholesterol and improves oxidative status.

Morus alba leaf extract mediates neuroprotection against glyphosate-induced toxicity and biochemical alterations in the brain.

Recent studies demonstrate that glyphosate exposure is associated with oxidative stress and some neurological disorders such as Parkinson's pathology. Therefore, phytochemicals, in particular phenolic compounds, have attracted increasing attention as potential agents for neuroprotection. In the present study, we investigate the impact of glyphosate on the rat brain following i.p. injection and the possible molecular target of neuroprotective activity of the phenolic fraction from Morus alba leaf extract (MALE) and its ability to reduce oxidative damage in the brain. Wistar rats from 180 to 240g were i.p. treated with a single dose of glyphosate (100mgkg-1 b.w.) or MALE (100μgmL-1kg-1 b.w.) for 2weeks. Brain homogenates were used to evaluate neurotoxicity induced by the pesticide. For this, biochemical parameters were measured. Data shows that MALE regulated oxidative stress and counteracted glyphosate-induced deleterious effects and oxidative damage in the brain, as it abrogated LDH, protein carbonyls, and malonyldialdehyde. MALE also appears to be able to scavenge H2O2 levels, maintain iron and Ca2+ homeostasis, and increase SOD activity. Thus, in vivo results showed that mulberry leaf extract is a potent protector against glyphosate-induced toxicity, and its protective effect could result from synergism or antagonism between the various bioactive phenolic compounds in the acetonic fraction from M. alba leaf extract.

Morus alba Leaf Lectin (MLL) Sensitizes MCF-7 Cells to Anoikis by Inhibiting Fibronectin Mediated Integrin-FAK Signaling through Ras and Activation of P38 MAPK.

Lectins are a unique class of carbohydrate binding proteins/glycoproteins, and many of them possess anticancer properties. They can induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, inhibit protein synthesis, telomerase activity and angiogenesis in cancer cells. In the present study, we have demonstrated the effect of Morus alba leaf lectin (MLL) on anoikis induction in MCF-7 cells. Anoikis induction in cancer cells has a significant role in preventing early stage metastasis. MLL treatment in monolayers of MCF-7 cells caused significant detachment of cells in a time and concentration dependent manner. The detached cells failed to re-adhere and grew even to culture plates coated with different matrix proteins. DNA fragmentation, membrane integrity studies, annexin V staining, caspase 9 activation and upregulation of Bax/Bad confirmed that the detached cells underwent apoptosis. Upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) caused a decrease in fibronectin (FN) production which facilitated the cells to detach by blocking the FN mediated downstream signaling. On treatment with MLL, we have observed downregulation of integrin expression, decreased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), loss in FAK-integrin interaction and active Ras. MLL treatment downregulated the levels of phosphorylated Akt and PI3K. Also, we have studied the effect of MLL on two stress activated protein kinases p38 MAPK and JNK. p38 MAPK activation was found to be elevated, but there was no change in the level of JNK. Thus our study substantiated the possible antimetastatic effect of MLL by inducing anoikis in MCF-7 cells by activation of caspase 9 and proapoptotic Bax/Bad by blockage of FN mediated integrin/FAK signaling and partly by activation of p38 MAPK.

Effects of a new combination of nutraceuticals on postmenopausal symptoms and metabolic profile: a crossover, randomized, double-blind trial.

ObjectivesThis study was designed to measure the beneficial effects of a combination of nutraceutics (NUT; AkP04, Morestril®, Akademy Pharma) containing soy isoflavones (80 mg), dry extract of Angelica sinensis (50 mg), dry extract of Morus alba leaf (200 mg) and magnesium (56.25 mg) in the relief of somatic, psychological, and urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal patients, using the validated Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) and cardiovascular risk factors.Materials and methodsA total of 43 symptomatic postmenopausal women (MRS ≥20) were enrolled in a crossover trial. After a 2-week run-in period, patients were randomized into two arms. One arm received probiotics plus placebo over 4 weeks, followed by a 4-week treatment with probiotics plus NUT. The second arm received probiotics plus NUT for 4 weeks, followed by a 4-week treatment with probiotics plus placebo.ResultsAfter the NUT period, participants showed a significant reduction in MRS score (18.4±5.4) in comparison to baseline (28.4±5) and the placebo period (28±5.2) (P<0.0001 for both comparisons). Furthermore, at the end of the active-treatment period, we observed a significant reduction in triglycerides, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol plasma levels and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol plasma concentration versus baseline and versus placebo (all P<0.04). Moreover, during the NUT period, we detected a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure in comparison to baseline, but not in comparison to the placebo period.ConclusionThis NUT combination was effective for the relief of menopause symptoms in postmenopausal patients and improved their cardiovascular risk profile.

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN DAUN MURBEI (Morus alba) SEGAR SEBAGAI PENGGANTI SEBAGIAN RANSUM TERHADAP PERFORMANS BROILER

THE EFFECT OF FRESH MURBEI (Morus alba ) LEAF INCLUSION IN THE DIETS ON BROILER CHICKEN PERFORMANCE. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of inclusion of fresh Murbey leaf (Morus alba) substituting part of diets on broiler chicken performance. Sixty broiler chicken aged 3 weeks were used in the present study. The dietary treatments were in Completely Randomized Design arrangement with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Treatments were fresh Murbey leaf (Morus alba) with several levels of inclusion in the diets (R0 = 0%, R1 = 2%, R2 = 4%, dan R3 = 6%). Parameters measured were: daily feed consumption, daily gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). All data was submitted to the ANOVA procedure for completely randomized design. Differences were considered significant at P &lt; 0.05. Tukey's significant difference test was used to compare means. Research results showed that treatments gave a significant effect on parameters measured. The inclusion of fresh Murbey leaf (Morus alba) of up to 6% in the diets significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased daily feed consumption, but significantly (P &lt; 0.05) decreased daily gain, and significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased feed conversion ratio of brolier chicken in this experiment. It can be concluded that the inclusion of fresh Murbey leaf (Morus alba) of up to 4% in the diets gave the best broiler performance. Key words: Fresh Murbei (Morus alba), Daily feed consumption, Daily gain, Feed conversion ratio, Broiler performance

Intercultural Usage of Mori Folium: Comparison Review from a Korean Medical Perspective.

Objectives. A review on studies related to the use of Mori folium, the leaves of Morus alba, was conducted with the goal of identifying new clinical applications in Korean medicine. Methods. Global literature search was conducted using three electronic databases up to January 2015 with the term Morus alba and its Korean terms. KM literatures including textbooks and standard pharmacopoeia were separately hand-searched and reviewed to provide comparison. Data were extracted according to predetermined criteria, and clinical uses were standardized with ICD-10 categories. Results. 159 potentially relevant studies were identified, and 18 articles including 12 ethnopharmacologic and 6 clinical studies were finally included in this analysis. Ethnopharmacologic studies from 8 countries provided 17 clinical uses. We found that five out of six clinical trials were related to diabetes and suggested a moderate short-term to mild long-term effect. And 43 Korean texts also provided 156 clinical uses in 35 categories including ocular and respiratory disorders. Discussion and Conclusions. Though majority of the clinical uses were also found in Korean medicine literature, treatment of infertility, jaundice, cognitive disorder, and hyperpigmentation was found to be effective and diabetes with Morus alba was recognized to have clinical importance.

In vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Morus alba leaf against periodontal pathogens.

Antibiotic resistance is a major problem with inadvertent usage. Thus, there is a need to search for new antimicrobial agents of herbal origin to combat antibiotic resistance. One such plant is Morus alba which has a long history of medicinal use in traditional Chinese medicine. To compare the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of M. alba leaves with chlorhexidine gluconate against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia. Experimental in vitro study. Crude extract from the leaves of M. alba were prepared by Soxhlet extraction method by using ethanol as a solvent. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was assessed against A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and T. forsythia, and compared with that of chlorhexidine gluconate by broth dilution method. P. gingivalis was the most sensitive organism against the M. alba extract with an MIC value of 1.95 mg/ml; while T. forsythia and P. gingivalis both were most sensitive organisms against chlorhexidine gluconate with MIC values of 0.00781 mg/ml. M. alba possess good antibacterial activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and T. forsythia and thus would be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease. However, chlorhexidine gluconate was found to be more effective when compared to M. alba.

The potential role of Morus alba leaves extract on the brain of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.

Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease which is associated with neuropsychiatric and neuropathological disorders. Herein, the main goal of the presented work is to investigate the effect of Morus alba leaves extract in mice brain infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Since, the resistance of Schistosomes to antischistosomal drug (praziquantel) has been examined, schistosomiasis induced brain oxidative stress as evidenced by the decrease of glutathione level, total antioxidant capacity and the activity of catalase significantly, while a significant elevation in the levels of nitrite/nitrate and malondialdhyde. In addition, the infection resulted in neurochemical disturbances, the main inhibitory amino acid, γ- aminobutyric acid level was decreased. In contrast, the level of chloride ions and acetylcholine esterase activity were significantly increased. Moreover, the histopathological section showed some impairments in the brain. The treatment with Morus alba leaves extract ameliorated the induced disturbances in schistosome-infected mice where the levels of non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants were elevated. On the other hand, the levels of nitrite/nitrate and malondialdhyde were significantly reduced. Likewise, treatment of mice with Morus alba leaves extract improved the altered levels of γ- aminobutyric acid level and chloride ion. Also, it improved the recorded impairments of the histopathological section in the brain of schistosome infected mice.

Antioxidant activities and polyphenol content of Morus alba leaf extracts collected from varying regions

Antioxidant activities and polyphenol content of Morus alba leaf extracts collected from varying regions