Mortar Filler Research Articles

Utilization of Dry Tailing as Mortar Filler in Bricks

Utilization of Dry Tailing as Mortar Filler in Bricks

Mechanical grinding kinetics and particle packing novel characterization of iron ore tailings as inert filler for cement mortar

This study utilized image processing techniques to extract the morphological parameters of IOTs and established a grinding kinetic equation for particle morphology. The Divas-Aliavden equation and RRB model were applied to analyze the grinding kinetics of particle physical parameters. The Fuller and MAA particle packing models were employed to discuss the packing structure and density of particles in mortar. The relationship between particle physical parameters and compressive strength in the IOTs-cement system was explored through path analysis and grey correlation analysis. The results indicated that as the grinding process of IOTs progressed, the particle fineness decreased, the uniformity of particle size distribution and roundness increased, and using IOTs as inert fillers in mortar improved the particle packing structure and increased system density. Path analysis revealed the key influence of particle roundness on compressive strength, while the grey correlation analysis revealed that particles in the 2–60 μm range exerted a positive impact on the compressive strength of the composite binder system, with the most pronounced effect observed within the 8–16 μm range. Based on economic and technical considerations, the optimal mechanical grinding time for IOTs used as inert filler in cement mortar was determined to be 2.5 h.

Evaluation of the suitability of plantain peel ash as a secondary cementitious material/ filler in mortar

The possibility of using Plantain Peel Ash (PPA) as a cementitious or filler material in partial replacement of cement for mortar and concrete was investigated in this research work. Plantain peels were collected in Idah in Kogi state and carbonated in the open air to reduce the carbon content after which it was calcined in a muffled furnace at 600­oC for 3 hours. Samples were taken for oxide composition using XRF analysis. Ordinary Portland cement was partially replaced with PPA at 0, 5, 15, 20 and 25% replacement levels and the OPC-PPA mix used as binder material to produce mortar cubes at 0.5% Water to binder ratio and binder – aggregates ratio of 1:6, which were cured for 7, 14 and 28 days respectively and tested for compressive strength. Durability of the PPA blended mortar was evaluated using water absorption, Sorptivity and apparent porosity tests. The result shows that while specific gravity decreased with increasing percentage replacement from 3.1 to 1.2 for 0 to 25% PPA replacement respectively, standard consistency and setting times increased with increasing percentage replacement. The oxide composition of PPA gives a combined SiO­­2+Al­­2O­­3+Fe­­2O­­3 of 22.44%, which is less than the 50% required for pozzolanas. The compressive strength at 7, 14 and 28 days curing all increased with curing age but decreased as the percentage of ash increases, with only the mortar with 0% ash meeting the strength requirement for a class M mortar; and while the sorptivity increases with curing age and percentage replacement, water absorption and apparent porosity decreases with age but increases with percentage replacement. However, PPA blended mortars showed higher performance in acidic curing environment as compared to normal OPC mortars. It can be concluded on the basis of this research that while PPA does not meet the requirement of ASTM C618 for pozzolanas, it can be used as a filler material in concrete and mortar at up to 10% replacement of OPC to increase concrete durability when in acidic environment.

Experimental investigation of effect of changing gap size in buckling restrained braces

This experimental study investigates the effect of changing the debonding gap between the core and the mortar filler on the global stability of BRBs using different cross-section restrained members. A total of eight mortar-filled BRBs were produced using a rectangular cross-section steel core and two different restraining members, a circular hollow cross-section (BRB-C series) and a square hollow cross-section (BRB-S series). In choosing the gap sizes, the gap limit formulas in the literature were considered. Not exceeding the limits of the gap, 2.8 mm, 5.6 mm, 8.4 mm, and 11.2 mm gaps were left as the multiples for the radius of inertia of the rectangular cross-section core in the BRBs. All specimens were subjected to displacement-controlled axial cyclic loading. As a result, failure modes, hysteretic performance, energy dissipation, and ductility were summarized and analysed for each specimen. The results showed that the specimens had a better structural performance with a 2.8-mm gap size, which is the radius of inertia of the core. Furthermore, the local buckling modes throughout the core increased in number as the size of the gap decreased, thus raising the members' axial load capacity and energy dissipation. It was concluded that the best structural behaviour of the tested series was provided with the smallest gap of 2.8 mm, better behaviour in energy dissipation may be obtained with smaller gap sizes. However, in this case, it is more likely to increase buckling at the gusset plates and cause local deformations with the end of the restraining members.

Reutilizing Waste Iron Tailing Powders as Filler in Mortar to Realize Cement Reduction and Strength Enhancement.

Recently, the massive accumulation of waste iron tailings powder (WITP) has resulted in significant environmental pollution. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an original mortar replacement (M) method to reuse waste solids and reduce cement consumption. In the experiment, the author employed an M method which replaces water, cement, and sand with WITP under constant water/cement and found that the strength development can be significantly improved. Specifically, a mortar with 20% WITP replacement can obtain a 30.95% improvement in strength development. To study the internal mechanism, we performed experiments such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and SEM. The results demonstrate that the nucleation effect and pozzolanic effect of WITP can help promote cement hydration, and MIP reveals that WITP can effectively optimize pore structure. In addition, 1 kg 20% WITP mortar reduced cement consumption by 20%, which saves 19.98% of the economic cost. Comprehensively, our approach achieves the effective utilization of WITP and provides a favorable reference for practical engineering.

Interface Shear Strength at Various Joint Types in High-Strength Precast Concrete Structures.

More precast concrete structures have recently been constructed due to their many advantages when compared to conventional cast-in-place construction. Structural behavior at the joints between the precast segments can significantly affect the overall integrity, safety, and serviceability of the structure. In this study, therefore, the interface shear strength of high-strength precast members was investigated by performing push-off tests with the following variables: compressive strength of precast members, dry or wet joint, number and height of shear keys, joint width, filler type, curing temperature, and lateral compressive stress. The test results were analyzed to reveal the effect of each test variable on the joint shear strengths of the specimens. For instance, the failure loads were increased by 14–140%, depending on the lateral compressive stress, as the specified compressive strength of the precast members was increased from 80 to 150 MPa in the dry joints. The failure loads of the wet joints strongly depended on the strength of the filler rather than on that of the precast members and, as a result, the specimen with ultra-high-strength concrete filler was 46–48% stronger than those with high-strength mortar filler. The shear strengths of various joint types obtained from the test were further analyzed in comparison with the predictive equations of Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) with the aim of validating the appropriateness of these design provisions. In particular, an improved value of a coefficient in the JSCE equation is proposed to cover a range of compressive strengths in various precast members and filling materials.

Strength Comparison between Bolt and Cendani Bamboo (Bambusa multiplex) as A Shear Connector

Bamboo is a natural material that can replace wood, but the bamboo weakness is easily attacked by powder beetle and a bad connection system. a simple method of bamboo connection system often uses fibbers, ropes or rattan. However, this method cannot guarantee the unity of structural elements, over time the bonds will become saggy because the shrinkage that is affected by temperature changes. Another alternative can be done by using the bolt or the Cendani bamboo (Bambusa multiplex) as shear connector. The purpose of research is to know the ability of the bolt and the Cendani bamboo the shear connector in an element structures of bamboo. The research method is done by combining three pieces of bamboo with mortar filler using the bolt and Cendani bamboo as a shear connector, then apply the load to the ultimate limit. The result showed that use of bolt as the shear connector was stronger than Cendani bamboo. This is available with the results of the higher tensile strength of the bolt compared by the tensile strength of Cendani bamboo.

Evaluation of mortar properties obtained through partial substitution of Portland cement by ashes of oil palm empty fruit bunch

Abstract Currently, palm oil is a leader in production and consumption among commercial edible oils, with a growing world production that exceeds 66 million tons per year. It is estimated that the generation of residues from the burning of palm oil empty fruit bunches as fuel in the boilers corresponds to 5% in mass of the total of oil extracted. This work evaluated the mechanical properties resulting from the use of the empty fruit bunch ashes as a partial substitute of Portland cement in mortars in different contents in 1:3 and 1:6 mixes. Mortars obtained with the use of ash presented greater deformability, implying greater workability. The results obtained pointed to potential use of the ash as filler in mortars without loss on compressive strength for contents up to 10% in the 1:3 mix and 5% in the 1:6 mix. It was observed an increase in the void index and the water absorption capacity, with a proportional reduction of the flexural strength.

Experimental investigation of long interlocking brick column subjected to eccentric load

The Industrialized Building System (IBS) is referred as advanced construction technique which involved the prefabrication of construction components in controlled environment and then installed on site. It promotes faster, neater, safer, easier and cheaper construction works in future. Interlocking Brick (Blockwork System) is one of the IBS which has not commonly known in Malaysia. The key objectives of this research are to investigate the compressive strength of long interlocking brick column with cement mortar and SikaGrout®-215 filler under concentric and eccentric load, in addition to study its failure mechanism and compare the experimental result with existing design code. Four number of 2.3 -meter height column was built by using interlocking brick with Y12 steel bar and different filler and performed compressive strength test and the result is compare with the existing design code which is Eurocode 2 and BS 8110. From the research, Interlocking brick column with cement mortar filler had lower compressive strength capacity compare to column with SikaGrout®-215 under concentric and eccentric load. In term of failure mechanism, the column samples were failed by sudden crushing of interlocking brick. For column sample with grout, the percentage of difference of BS 8110 and Eurocode 2 modified equation compare to the experimental result is 10.20% and 12.56% respectively under concentric load. Moreover, for column sample with mortar infill, the percentage of difference is 67.16% for BS 8110 and 73.23% for Eurocode 2. For eccentric load, Eurocode 2 did not provide reasonable agreement where the percentage difference is range from 66.40% to 482.47%. The optimum design of interlocking brick column in this study is the column sample with SikaGrout®-215 as it has higher compressive strength compare to Type M cement mortar.

Structural Behavior of Small-Scale Masonry Panel with Fiber Reinforced Mortar under Compressive Load

The use of fiber reinforced mortar for structural retrofitting/new construction of masonry structures has become increasingly popular in the last years. A preliminary study on the mechanical performances under compression of masonry panels is performed by selecting three different mortar types. The panels were composed of mortar and clay bricks; the mortars adopted are the following: i) commercial type mortar, ii) traditional mortar and iii) traditional mortar with the addition of a cellulose-based industrial non-hazardous waste. In particular, the study proposes the use of deink paper sludge as mortar filler as an example of sustainable end-of-life reuse. Using the collected experimental results involving the mortars and clay brick form a regression analysis on compressive strengths was performed in order to evaluate the influence of the deink paper sludge on the compressive behavior of the panel.

Assessment of glass fibre reinforced polymer waste reuse as filler in mortars

Fibre reinforced polymer composite materials (FRP) have been extensively used worldwide as substitutes of other traditional materials due to their lightness, high mechanical performance, high chemical resistance and the possibility of having any shape required. The waste management of these materials is critical because most of the wastes produced are sent to landfills.This research intends to evaluate the influence of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) waste as a filler in cement-based mortars. The technical performance of the renders with GFRP was analysed in order to find a viable solution to recycle this waste. Two sets of mortars were analysed: mortars with a similar workability and mortars with the same water/binder ratio both with percentages of GFRP waste incorporation of 10%, 15%, 20% and 50%. The water behaviour was analysed through the water absorption by capillarity test and drying test. The mechanical behaviour was analysed through the dynamic modulus of elasticity, velocity of ultrasound waves, flexural strength and compressive strength.The incorporation of GFRP by-products in mortars is a viable solution for the reutilization of this waste. The GFRP waste improved the workability of the mortars and reduced their bulk density. The modified mortar with best technical performance was the mortar with 50% of GFRP by-product as substitute of natural aggregate. The initial water absorption of these mortar was reduced by over 80% (measured by the coefficient of capillarity) and the mechanical strength was significantly improved: at 365 days, there was an increase in flexural strength of 155% and in compressive strength of 166%.

Evaluation of Fe-Based Shape Memory Alloy (Fe-SMA) as Strengthening Material for Reinforced Concrete Structures

This paper aims to evaluate potential of an Fe-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA) for strengthening civil structures. Mechanical properties of the Fe-SMA were investigated with a direct tensile test, which showed the stress-induced transformation, stress at fracture of the Fe-SMA, and modulus of elasticity. Heating temperature ranging from 110 ℃ to 220 ℃ and pre-straining level ranging from 2% to 8% of the Fe-SMA were considered as variables to provoke a shape memory effect (SME), which generates a recovery stress. The recovery stresses ranged from 207.59 MPa to 438.61 MPa, which plays a role in introducing a pre-stressing force to concrete members. Bonding behavior of the Fe-SMA embedded into a groove with a cement-based mortar filler was investigated to determine the required bonding length to fully develop the pre-stressing force of the Fe-SMA with a near-surface mounted (NSM) strengthening technique. All the tested specimens showed slippage failure and suggested a minimum bonding length of 600 mm. The pre-stressing force applied on the concrete can be calculated with the recovery stress of the Fe-SMA. Based on those test results, the Fe-SMA shows sufficient potential to be used as strengthening material for civil structures.

Low Cost Housing Techniques by Replacing Conventional Materials

Economy is a thing of concern since past. Several techniques are been adopted to achieve it. This paper adopts the following alternatives; they are Bamboo as a replacement for steel, mortar filler and fly-ash bricks. As the other two are readily available, this paper aims at determining the feasibility of bamboo as a structural replacement for steel. Beams were casted for M20 with bamboo as reinforcement and were tested for flexural strength. Tensile tests and flexural tests have proved that bamboo can absorb energy thus making it a replacement of steel. Such techniques are eco-friendly and are also economical which is of great concern while providing housing for rural areas.

PERBANDINGAN KEKUATAN SAMBUNGAN BAMBU MENGGUNAKAN PENGISI MORTAR DENGAN ISIAN UJUNG DAN ISIAN SAMPING

<p>This research about strength of bamboo connection using mortar filler to its tension strength using 1 bolt<br />with 12 mm diameter. Mortar filler has ratio of cement to sand 1 : 3 with water cement ratio 0,6. Testing of<br />connection strength conducted with angle of pulling 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° to ba mboo fiber direction. In addition,<br />to identify effect of clamp usage and filler hole position. The testing conducted with hydraulic jack that installed<br />to loading frame. Result of this research showed that clamp usage lead to strength increase 13,82%. Connection<br />strength decrease happened as the angle of pulling more and more. The lowest strength with angle 90° is 8,34<br />KN for side filler connection and 9,81 KN for edge filler connection. The highest of connection strength with<br />angle 0° is 25,51 KN for side filler connection and 28,45 KN for edge filler connection. The mortar filler hole<br />position did not influence connection strength. Comparison between theory and experiment was adjacent,<br />therefore proposed equation can be used.</p>

Bond characteristics of near-surface-mounted anchorage for prestressing

The external bonds of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) used to strengthen structures are known to be vulnerable to delamination. To prevent FRP delamination and efficiently strengthen structures, post-tension CFRP rods are installed for near-surface-mounted (NSM) strengthening. For post-tensioning, grouted anchorage systems have been applied to the NSM strengthening technique. The bond behavior between the CFRP rods and the filler in the anchorage for the post-tension rods should be investigated. This study evaluates the behavior and failure characteristics of bond-type anchorage systems based on the results of 40 pullout tests with different mortar fillers and diameters of the anchorage sleeve. The optimum mortar filler strength and sleeve diameters have been proposed to ensure proper bond behavior in NSM anchorage systems.

Assessment of possibility of metal waterjet cutting wastes use in building materials production

The paper is aimed at studying the composition and properties of the wastes generated during metal waterjet cutting and assessing the possibility of their use in building materials production. The essence of waterjet cutting process, waste generation mechanism, waste accumulation volumes at enterprises are described. The composition and properties of the used abradant – garnet sand is given and the features of its destruction during cutting are revealed. Waterjet cutting wastes are comprehensively studies: average and bulk density, granulometric composition, chemical composition are determined, various fractions are studied with an electronic microscope. It is revealed that during cutting abradant particles are destroyed, a large amount of dust fraction emerges with the particles of cut metal mixed into it. The metal waterjet cutting wastes are found to be very small, practically monofractive, heavy sands with a high content of dust fraction, which chemical composition is dominated by oxides of iron, silicon and aluminum. This characteristic of the wastes has allowed us to outline possible ways of how to use them: in ceramic items production as thinning agents and fluxing agents, in Portland cement production as a correcting iron-containing agent, as a mortar filler, including special mortars, as a building materials volumetric staining pigment, etc.

Fabrication and Characterization of Aluminum Dross-Containing Mortar Composites: Upcycling of a Waste Product

Dross is a byproduct of the aluminum production process. At the present time, dross is further processed in rotary kilns to recover the aluminum, and the remaining salt cake is sent to landfills raising environmental concerns. Furthermore, much energy is consumed attempting to recover the aluminum from the dross; this energy usage can be reduced if the dross could be further utilized in a natural cycle (closed loop) as an engineering material. In this study, two types of dross were used as active aggregates in cement paste through a simple conditioning process to strengthen the mortar material. Particle size, weight fraction, as well as origin of the dross material play significant roles of the homogeneity of the microstructure of dross-containing mortar specimens. Mechanical property evaluations revealed the possibility for dross waste to be utilized as filler in mortar, resulting in a 40 % higher flexural strength and a 15 % higher compressive strength compared to pure cement.

PERBANDINGAN KEKUATAN SAMBUNGAN BAMBU MENGGUNAKAN PENGISI MORTAR DENGAN ISIAN UJUNG DAN ISIAN SAMPING

<p>This research about strength of bamboo connection using mortar filler to its tension strength using 1<br />bolt with 12 mm diameter. Mortar filler has ratio of cement to sand 1 : 3 with water cement ratio 0,6. Testing of<br />connection strength conducted with angle of pulling 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° to bamboo fiber direction. In addition,<br />to identify effect of clamp usage and filler hole position. The testing conducted with hydraulic jack that installed<br />to loading frame. Result of this research showed that clamp usage lead to strength increase 13,82%. Connection<br />strength decrease happened as the angle of pulling more and more. The lowest strength with angle 90° is 8,34<br />KN for side filler connection and 9,81 KN for edge filler connection. The highest of connection strength with angle<br />0° is 25,51 KN for side filler connection and 28,45 KN for edge filler connection. The mortar filler hole position<br />did not influence connection strength. Comparison between theory and experiment was adjacent, therefore<br />proposed equation can be used.</p>

Incorporation of fine glass aggregates in renderings

This paper presents a viability study of the use of cementitious renderings with incorporation of very fine recycled aggregates with the intention of improving their performance. An experimental programme was therefore designed with a series of tests being performed with the objective of characterizing the behaviour of such renderings at several levels: mechanical strength, water-related behaviour, durability and other properties. Even though several studies report using various materials as filler in mortars, glass has seldom been studied in that role. The results were very positive, with most properties improving with the incorporation of up to 20% of fine glass aggregate.

Mechanical properties of epoxy mortars with fly ash as filler

This paper is concerned with the use of fly ash filler in mortars containing epoxy resins as binders, as a replacement for quartz flour normally employed in such products which find application in pavings for industries, airports and heavily trafficked roads, as well as restoration and protection of concrete works. The stress/displacement curves of bending and compression tests are plotted for the systems tested. The results indicate that the specimens containing fly ash exhibit superior mechanical properties compared with the quartz-filler ones at the shorter curing times, while at longer curing time mechanical performance is comparable.