Life Table Research Articles

Trends in Mortality of Cirrhosis in China: An Analysis of the China Death Surveillance Database from 2008 to 2020.

China accounts for 14.9% of total cirrhosis deaths worldwide. A detailed and comprehensive understanding of the contemporary status of cirrhosis mortality in China is crucial for establishing strategies for intervention and decreasing the disease burden of cirrhosis worldwide. The study aimed to report the cirrhosis mortality rates in our whole country or province over time. Mortality data from 2008 to 2020 were retrieved from the Disease Surveillance Point System (DSPs) of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The crude mortality rate and age-standardized mortality rate of patients with cirrhosis were stratified by sex, residential location, and region. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) in cirrhosis mortality rates from 2008 to 2020 was also calculated. The crude mortality rate of cirrhosis was 4.57/100,000 people in 2020. Compared with females and individuals living in urban areas, males and people living in rural areas had greater age-standardized mortality. The crude mortality rate and age-standardized mortality rate in provinces in Southwest China (Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Qinghai) were greater than those in other provinces. Moreover, with increasing age, the age-specific mortality rate increased significantly. From 2008 to 2020, the mortality rate of cirrhosis in China decreased except for in males aged 50-59 years, females aged 45-49 years and females aged 80-84 years. The mortality rate of patients with cirrhosis in China decreased from 2008 to 2020. In the future, interventions of cirrhosis mortality control need to pay more attention to all males, females aged 45-49 and 80-84 years, and people living in rural areas and in provinces in Southwest China.

Demography and Population Projection of Tetranychus urticae (Tetranychidae) on Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae) Colonized by Entomopathogenic Fungal Endophytes.

Tetranychus urticae is a highly polyphagous and global pest. Spider mites primarily feed on the underside of leaves, resulting in decreased photosynthesis, nutritional loss, and the development of chlorotic patches. We investigated the life tables of the two-spotted spider mite T. urticae on fungal endophyte Beauveria bassiana colonized and untreated plants of the common Phaseolus vulgaris L., a bean plant. Based on the age-stage, two-sex life table theory, data were evaluated. The mites raised on untreated plants had protonymphs, deutonymphs, and total pre-adult stage durations that were considerably shorter (1.76, 2.14, and 9.77 d, respectively) than the mites raised on plants that had been colonized (2.02, 2.45, and 10.49 d, respectively). The fecundity (F) varied from 28.01 eggs per female of colonized plants to 57.67 eggs per female of endophyte-untreated plants. The net reproductive rate (R0) in the plants with and without endophytes was 19.26 and 42.53 brood, respectively. The untreated plants had an intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of 0.245 days as opposed to the colonized plants, which had an r of 0.196 days and a finite rate of increase (λ) (1.27 and 1.21, respectively). Population forecasts based on a two-sex, age-stage life table demonstrated the dynamism and variability of the stage structure. Furthermore, the colonization of B. bassiana had a negative impact on the growth and development of T. urticae. It lowered the adult mite life span, female fecundity, net reproduction rate, and intrinsic growth rate. We propose that future research should better use entomopathogenic fungal endophytes to understand host plant resistance strategies in integrated pest management.

Size thresholds for repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms warrant reconsideration

BackgroundThe historical size threshold for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair is widely accepted to be 5.5 cm for men and 5.0 cm for women. However, contemporary AAA rupture risks may be lower than historical benchmarks, which has implications for when AAAs should be repaired. Our objective was to use contemporary AAA rupture rates to inform optimal size thresholds for AAA repair. MethodsWe used a Markov chain analysis to estimate life expectancy for patients with AAA. The primary outcome was AAA-related mortality. We estimated survival using Social Security Administration life tables and published contemporary AAA rupture estimates. For those undergoing repair, we modified survival estimates using data from the Vascular Quality Initiative and Medicare on complications, late rupture, and open conversion. We used this model to estimate the AAA repair size threshold that minimizes AAA-related mortality for 60-year-old average-health men and women. We performed a sensitivity analysis of poor-health patients and 70- and 80-year-old base cases. ResultsThe annual risk of all-cause mortality under surveillance for a 60-year-old woman presenting with a 5.0 cm AAA using repair thresholds of 5.5 cm, 6.0 cm, 6.5 cm, and 7.0 cm was 1.7%, 2.3%, 2.7%, and 2.8%, respectively. The corresponding risk for a man was 2.3%, 2.9%, 3.3%, and 3.4% for the same repair thresholds, respectively. For a 60-year-old average-health woman, an AAA repair size of 6.1 cm was the optimal threshold to minimize AAA-related mortality. Life expectancy varied by <2 months for repair at sizes from 5.7 cm to 7.1 cm. For a 60-year-old average-health man, an AAA repair size of 6.9 cm was the optimal threshold to minimize AAA-related mortality. Life expectancy varied by <2 months for repair at sizes from 6.0 cm to 7.4 cm. Women in poor health, at various age strata, had optimal AAA repair size thresholds that were >6.5 cm, whereas men in poor health, at all ages, had optimal repair size thresholds that were >8.0 cm. ConclusionsThe optimal threshold for AAA repair is more nuanced than a discrete size. Specifically, there appears to be a range of AAA sizes for which repair is reasonable to minmized AAA-related mortality. Notably, they all are greater than current guideline recommendations. These findings would suggest that contemporary AAA size thresholds for repair should be reconsidered.

Associations of postdiagnosis changes in physical activity with all-cause mortality among patients with stage I-IIA colorectal cancer.

87 Background: Several observational studies show an association between physical activity (PA) at diagnosis and reduced risk of mortality among colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, but there has been limited research examining the potential benefit of changes in PA levels after CRC diagnosis. Here we investigate the association between change of PA and all-cause mortality in patients with stage I-IIA CRC receiving resection with curative intent. Methods: Data were used from two large Dutch CRC cohort studies (PLCRC &amp; COLON), which assessed PA at diagnosis (T0), six (T6) and twelve (T12) months after diagnosis, using the SQUASH questionnaire. A total of 2540 stage I-IIA CRC patients with repeated PA measures (i.e. a T0 and at least a T6 or T12 questionnaire) were used for this analysis. Total PA was quantified by calculating Metabolic Equivalent Task (MET) hours per week and categorized as low, moderate, and high PA, based on tertiles of an age- and sex-matched sample of the general population. PA changes were evaluated at T6 and T12 relative to T0. Being active was defined per timepoint as being in the moderate or high total PA group, or adhering to the PA guideline (minimum of 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity PA). Cox proportional hazards models were used to study the association between PA variables and all-cause mortality, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and tumor location (colon vs rectum). Results: Median follow-up time was 35 months (interquartile range 19 – 55) during which a total of 133 deaths occurred. Being active at both T0 and T6 compared to being inactive at these timepoints, was associated with a lower rate of all-cause mortality for both PA variables (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.39 [95% confidence interval 0.24-0.63] and 0.41 [0.23-0.72] for total PA and guideline adherence, respectively). Similar results were found when comparing T12 to T0 (being active according to total PA HR 0.20 [0.09-0.42] and guideline adherence HR 0.31 [0.14-0.72]). Changing to either activity or inactivity at T6 or T12 was not significantly associated with all-cause mortality (Table). Conclusions: Maintaining a physically active lifestyle following surgery for stage I to IIA CRC is associated with longer overall survival, reinforcing the recommendations for physical activity. [Table: see text]

Effect of pupal cold storage on the life table parameters of larval ectoparasitoid Bracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: braconidae)

Bracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), is regarded as one of the most significant biocontrol agents of several pests. An experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of cold storage on the table table parameters. The emergence rate of parasitoids declined as the storage period increased (82.54 ± 2.19, 60.09 ± 2.11, 52.12 ± 4.52 and 48.67 ± 4.20%) after cold storage for one, two, three, and four weeks respectively. The life table parameters were negatively affected by cold storage. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) decreased (0.20 d-1) when pupa storing for 4 week. The net reproduction rate (R0) and the finite rate of increase (λ) both displayed a similar trend. Also, the doubling time (DT) increased when compared to the control (2.36 ± 0.13 d). In conclusion, it is not advised to store the pupae at low temperatures for long durations. However, the cold storing is considered to some extent a suitable way for short-term storage.

Effect of water salinity on immature performance and lifespan of adult Asian tiger mosquito

BackgroundAedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) is a vector for pathogens like dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. Its adaptive capacity enables reproduction in temperate climates and development mainly in artificial containers with fresh water in urbanized areas. Nevertheless, breeding in coastal areas may also occur along with its aggressive invasiveness. Global warming and the consequent rise in sea levels will increase saline (> 30 ppt) or brackish (0.5–30 ppt salt) water in coastal regions. To address whether Ae. albopictus can breed in brackish water, we initiated the current study that analyses the survival of immature stages at different salinity concentrations and explores whether carryover effects occur in the resulting adults. This possible adaptation is important when considering the potential for development in new habitats and expansion of one of the world’s most invasive species.MethodsWe investigated the influence of salinity on the survival of Ae. albopictus larvae and adults under laboratory-controlled conditions. First instar larvae were exposed to different salinity concentrations (0 to 30 ppt) and their development time, pupation, adult emergence, and overall survival were monitored daily. We used Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models to analyze the survival rates at different salinity levels. Furthermore, life tables were constructed under each salinity concentration.ResultsIncreasing salt concentrations significantly increased the mortality risk during immature development, while no significant effect was observed on adult mortality risk. A comparison between distilled and bottled water revealed a notable increase in overall mortality risk for individuals developing in distilled water. However, no significant effects were found when analyzing survival from the first larval stage to adult emergence and adult lifespan. The life expectancy of immature stages decreased with increasing salt concentrations, although salinity concentration did not significantly impact adult life expectancy.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that Ae. albopictus, previously considered freshwater species, can successfully develop and survive in brackish waters, even in the absence of characteristic structures found in euryhaline species. These adaptations may enable Ae. albopictus to establish new breeding sites and colonize unexplored territories. Knowledge of these physiological adaptations of Ae. albopictus to salinity should be pursued to increase the range of control of the species, and to make more accurate predictions of its dispersal and vectoring ability.Graphical

Research on the healthy life expectancy of older adult individuals in China based on intrinsic capacity health standards and social stratification analysis.

Based on the health standard of intrinsic capacity, this paper conducts an empirical study on the healthy life expectancy of older adult individuals aged 60 and older in China and analyzes the health inequities associated with different social characteristics to provide a reference for improving care for the older adult in China. Data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study from 2011 to 2015 were used to evaluate the intrinsic capacity level of older adult individuals, and the multistate life table method was used to measure the healthy life expectancy of older adult individuals in China with the help of IMaCH software. Based on the theory of social stratification, the health inequality between older adult individuals in different social classes was analyzed in three dimensions: residence, income and education level. The calculation results show that the average life expectancy of the older adult in China at age 60 is 21.07 years, the healthy life expectancy is 16.89 years, and the healthy life expectancy accounts for 80.2% of the average life expectancy. The healthy life expectancy of older adult individuals with different social characteristics in China shows significant differences, and the healthy life expectancy of older adult individuals who are male, live in urban environments, have high levels of education and have middle- to high-income levels is significantly better than that of older adult individuals who are female, live in rural areas, have low levels of education and income. Healthy life expectancy measured by intrinsic capacity as the health standard has a certain reference value, which reflects the overall health level of older adult individuals in China and expands the transformation and multidimensional understanding of the healthy thinking of older adult individuals in China. The analysis by social stratification reflects the large health inequities that exist in the older adult population in China.

Exceptional longevity in Okinawa: Demographic trends since 1975.

Demographers have studied the Japanese mortality pattern since Japan became the most longevous population worldwide, half a century ago. Nutrition and lifestyle were considered by epidemiologists, gerontologists and other scientists as the most important reasons explaining the Japanese superiority. In Okinawa, the mortality pattern is even more exceptional, but few demographers have pointed out this exception. Other scientists proposed different explanations - for example some genetic characteristics, less salt and more animal protein in the food, a mild climate, a higher level of activity, a better consideration of the oldest in the population and, globally speaking, a more traditional lifestyle. At the end of the 1980s, lower improvements of mortality among young adults were identified in Okinawa. In 2002, Okinawa fell from the 4th to the 26th place in the ranking of the 47 Japanese prefectures by male life expectancy. This has been considered by the population of Okinawa as a 'shock'. Our in-depth analysis of available life tables and associated mortality rates proves that the population of Okinawa is divided into two groups of generations: those born before World War II and those born after. The older generations clearly experience a highly favourable mortality pattern, whereas the younger generations show mortality levels that are definitively higher compared to mainland Japan. This contribution considers which factors may explain such a situation, including the plausible invalidation of the age of some oldest in the population. We plea for in-depth demographic age validation that will enhance all scientific findings so far and boost the exceptional longevity in Okinawa.

Acute appendicitis: A block-randomized study on active observation with or without antibiotic treatment

BackgroundAntibiotic treatment of unselected patients with acute appendicitis is safe and effective. However, it is unknown to what extent early provision of antibiotic treatment may represent overtreatment due to spontaneous healing of appendix inflammation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of antibiotic treatment versus active in-hospital observation on spontaneous regression of acute appendicitis. MethodPatients who sought acute medical care at Sahlgrenska University Hospital were block-randomized according to age (18–60 years) and systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein <60 mg/L, white blood cell <13,000/μL), in combination with clinical and abdominal characteristics of acute appendicitis. Study patients received antibiotic treatment and active observation, while control patients were allocated to classic active “wait and see observation” for either disease regression or the need for surgical exploration. According to our standard surgical care, certified surgeons in charge decided whether and when appendectomy was necessary. In total, 1,019 patients were screened for eligibility; 203 patients met inclusion criteria, 126 were accepted to participate, 29 declined, and 48 were missed for inclusion. ResultsThe antibiotic group (n = 69) and the control group (n = 57) were comparable at inclusion. Appendectomy at first hospital stay was 28% and 53% for study and control patients (χ2, P < .004). Life table analysis indicated a time-dependent difference in the need for appendectomy during follow-up (P < .03). Antibiotics prevented surgical exploration and appendectomy by 72% to 50% compared to 47% to 37% in the control group across the time course follow-ups between 5 and 1,200 days. ConclusionEarly antibiotic treatment is superior to traditional “wait and see observation” to avoid surgical exploration and appendectomy.

Cancer incidence, mortality, and survivorship in African women: a comparative analysis (2016-2020).

This research aims to provide concrete insight into cancer incidence, mortality, and survivorship dynamics among African women between 2016 and 2020. The study computes the Mortality-to-Incidence Ratio (MIR) for 53 countries in Africa with available mortality and incidence data. It uses relevant Life Tables to obtain the 5-year Relative Survival rate for women in different age cohorts based on General Survival Rate and 5-year Cancer Prevalence data from the World Health Organization (WHO). The study performs an analysis of variance tests. The results of the initial data analysis show that women in the top economies in Africa have the highest cancer incidence and mortality. The study also finds that women in Northern and Southern African countries have higher relative survival rates and lower MIR than other African regions. ANOVA results confirm statistically significant differences in 5-year relative survival across the African regions. The relative survival at 5 years was an average of 45% across all age groups within the continent although relative survival is highest among females aged 5-19 and 80-84. The lowest relative survival rates are seen for infants (0-4), adolescents and young adults (25-29), and the very elderly (85+). The study concludes that while cancer incidence in Africa is linked to affluence, survival is very challenging, especially for the least developed economies in Western, Eastern, and Central Africa. The results indicate the need for crucial intervention in the continent concerning awareness, research, and data collection methodology.

Fuzzy clustering of the healthy life expectancy decomposition: A multi-population analysis

This work analyses healthy life expectancy, which combines information on the period life table with the age-specific disability prevalence data in a single indicator. We quantify how much mortality and disability contributed to changes in healthy life expectancy over a fixed time horizon by age group and population to understand if life expectancy is increasing faster than the decline of disability. The prominent heterogeneity in mortality and health worldwide calls for a cross-country comparative analysis. The methodology used is decomposition, which splits the difference between two times of an aggregate index by assigning the difference to its components. Besides, through a cluster analysis, we categorize countries according to the age-specific contributions of mortality and disability simultaneously, using the healthy life expectancy decomposition results. This allows us to ease the interpretation and better outline the outcomes. Since health is increasingly considered a crucial aspect of economic growth, monitoring health expectancies is essential to assess the financial sustainability of the health and social security system. Some policy implications are finally discussed.

Effects of nanoplastics exposure on ingestion, life history traits, and dimethyl sulfide production in rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have gained global concern due to their detrimental effects on marine organisms. We investigated the effects of 80 nm polystyrene (PS) NPs on life history traits, ingestion, and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) production in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Fluorescently labeled 80 nm PS NPs were ingested by the rotifer B. plicatilis and accumulated in the digestive tract. The lethal rates of B. plicatilis exposed to NPs were dose-dependent. High concentrations of PS NPs exposure had negative effects on developmental duration, leading to prolonged embryonic development and pre-reproductive periods, shortened reproductive period, post-reproductive period, and lifespan in B. plicatilis. High concentrations of PS NPs exposure inhibited life table demographic parameters such as age-specific survivorship and fecundity, generation time, net reproductive rate, and life expectancy. Consequently, the population of B. plicatilis was adversely impacted. Furthermore, exposure to PS NPs resulted in a reduced ingestion rate in B. plicatilis, as well as a decreased in DMS, particulate DMSP (DMSPp) concentration, and DMSP lyase activity (DLA), which exhibited a dose-response relationship. B. plicatilis grazing promoted DLA and therefore increased DMS production. PS NPs exposure caused a decline in the increased DMS induced by rotifer grazing. Our results help to understand the ecotoxicity of NPs on rotifer and their impact on the biogeochemical cycle of dimethylated sulfur compounds.

Life table parameters and digestive physiology of Aulacophora lewisii Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on three Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) cultivars.

Aulacophora lewisii Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is an important pest of Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) in India. Larvae of A. lewisii feed on the roots, while adults consume leaves of L. acutangula. In the current study, effects of three L. acutangula cultivars (Abhiskar, Debsundari, and Jaipur Long) on the life table parameters by age-stage, two-sex approach, and key digestive enzymatic activities (amylolytic, proteolytic, and lipolytic) of the larvae and adults of A. lewisii were determined. Further, nutrients (total carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, amino acids, and nitrogen content) and antinutrients (total phenols, flavonols, and tannins) present in the roots and leaves of three cultivars were estimated. The development time (egg to adult emergence) was fastest and slowest on Jaipur Long (31.80 days) and Abhiskar (40.91 days), respectively. Fecundity was highest and lowest on Jaipur Long (279.91 eggs) and Abhiskar (137.18 eggs), respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) was lowest on Abhiskar (0.0511 day-1) and highest on Jaipur Long (0.0872 day-1). The net reproductive rate (R0) was lowest on Abhiskar (23.32 offspring female-1). The mean generation time (T) was shortest on Jaipur Long (52.59 days) and longest on Abhiskar (61.58 days). The amylolytic, proteolytic, and lipolytic activities of larvae and adults of A. lewisii were highest and lowest on Jaipur Long and Abhiskar, respectively. The lower level of nutrients and higher level of antinutrients influenced higher larval development time and lower fecundity of A. lewisii on Abhiskar than other cultivars. Our results suggest that Abhiskar cultivar could be promoted for cultivation.

Lack of fitness costs associated with resistance to permethrin in Musca domestica

Resistance to permethrin has been reported in Pakistani strains of Musca domestica. The present study explored the performance of biological traits and analyzed life tables to determine whether there is any detrimental effect of permethrin resistance on the fitness of permethrin-resistant strains [an isogenic resistant strain (Perm-R) and a field strain (Perm-F)] compared to a susceptible strain (Perm-S). Perm-R and Perm-F exhibited 233.93- and 6.87-fold resistance to permethrin, respectively. Life table analyses revealed that the Perm-R strain had a significantly shorter preadult duration, longer longevity, shorter preoviposition period, higher fecundity, finite rate of increase, intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate and a shorter mean generation time, followed by the Perm-F strain when compared to the Perm-S strain. Data of the performance of biological traits reveled that permethrin resistance strains had a better fit than that of the Perm-S strain. The enhanced fitness of resistant strains of M. domestica may accelerate resistance development to permethrin and other pyrethroids in Pakistan. Some possible measures to manage M. domestica and permethrin resistance in situations of fitness advantage are discussed.

Estimated prospects of demand and supply of urologists in Korea over the next 10 years.

This study aimed to provide the basic data needed to estimate future urologist supply and demand by applying various statistical models related to healthcare utilization. Data from multiple sources, including the Yearbook of Health and Welfare Statistics, Korean Hospital Association, Korean Medical Association, and the Korean Urological Association, were used for supply estimation. Demand estimation incorporated data on both clinical and non-clinical urologists, along with future population estimates. In-and-out moves and demographic methods were employed for supply estimation, while the Bureau of Health Professions model was utilized for demand estimation. Supply estimation assumptions included fixed resident quotas, age-specific death rates, migration rates, and retirement age considerations. Demand estimation assumptions included combining clinical and nonclinical urologist demands, adjusting population size for age-related healthcare usage variations. Urologist productivity was determined by adjusting productivity levels to 100%, 90%, and 80% of the base year based on actual clinical practice volumes. Estimations of both demand and supply consistently indicate an oversupply of urologists until 2025, followed by an expected shortage by 2035 owing to increased deaths and retirements attributed to the aging urologist population. This shortage becomes more pronounced when employing more reliable models, such as logit or ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average), underscoring the growing need for urologists in the future. All estimation models estimated an oversupply of urologists until 2025, transitioning to a deficit due to reduced supply thereafter. However, considering potential unaccounted factors, greater effort is needed for accurate predictions and corresponding measures.

Annuities for Lost Household Services Using Healthy Life Tables

Abstract Forensic economists have used Healthy Life Expectancy: 2018 Tables (Kurt V. Krueger, 2020) in valuing the loss of household or personal care services due to injury or death of their supplier. The tables are used to decide how far into the future to project the loss. We focus on two easily avoided errors that may arise in that decision. First, the present value (PV) of a healthy life annuity (HLA ending when death occurs) falls short of the PV of an annuity certain for the healthy life expectancy (HLE), at any positive interest rate. Second, services are lost only during the combined healthy life of the supplier and life of the recipient. The expected PV of the supplier’s healthy life and the recipient’s whole life falls short of either. The paper illustrates the size of these potential errors for various ages of the two people and net interest rates of 0-3%; the errors can be significant. We provide an Excel workbook at the Journal of Forensic Economics website that allows the user to avoid both errors for calculating the PV of relevant (healthy) life annuities, for any of the demographic groups covered in the HLE tables. The paper gives formulas used for the present values of the life tables.

Life history of the two predacious mites species, Amblyseius swirskii, and Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae), as biological control agents of the date palm mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus (Acari: Tetranychidae).

The date palm mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a serious pest of dates in the Middle East and North Africa, inflicting severe economic damage if not controlled early. As predaceous mites are known to be potential biocontrol agents against several pests, so predation capacity, life table, reproduction, and survival of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot and Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), collected from date palm farms in Qassim Saudi Arabia, were studied under laboratory conditions (25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C and 50 ± 5% RH) against all motile stages of O. afrasiaticus. For both predators, mean developmental time, oviposition period, and longevity were inversely related to temperature from 25 to 35 °C. Various parameters were studied for A. swirskii and N. cucumeris at 25 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C, i.e. the female developmental time, 9.37, 7.29, 5.56, and 10.67, 8.38, 6.45 d; oviposition period, 19.77, 16.18, 13.94 and 15.90, 13.84, 10.64 d; longevity, 29.39, 24.79, 20.64 and 25.42, 21.94, 17.39 d; fecundity, 31.91, 37.10, 42.16 and 21.75, 26.84, 30.56 eggs per female, respectively. The maximum daily predation rate for both the predators was recorded at 35 °C during the oviposition period. The total predation of A. swirskii and N. cucumeris female was 370.86, 387.54, 405.83, 232.14, 263.32, 248.85 preys at 25 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C respectively. The maximum reproduction rate of A. swirskii and N. cucumeris (3.02, 2.87 eggs/♀/day) was recorded at 35 °C while the minimum (2.00, 1.36 eggs/♀/day) was recorded at 25 °C. The life table parameters were estimated as net reproductive rate (Ro) 21.68, 25.94, 29.52 and 18.95, 20.25, 22.78; the mean generation time (T) 24.92, 21.82, 18.24 and 26.30, 23.60, 20.56 d; the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) 0.181, 0.232, 0.248 and 0.170, 0.185, 0.196; the finite rate of increase (λ) 1.365, 1.551, 1.706 and 1.126, 1.324, 1.428 for A. swirskii and N. cucumeris at 25 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C respectively. The results of this study suggested that the two phytoseiid species are promising biological control agents of O. afrasiaticus at a wide range of temperatures.

The global incidence, mortality, and burden of uterine cancer in 2019 and correlation with SDI, tobacco, dietary risks, and metabolic risk factors: An ecological study.

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the sixth most common cancer among women worldwide. Since global studies are based on awareness of the incidence trend, mortality, geographical diversity, and level of social development and income of countries, this study was conducted to investigate the trend of uterine cancer (UC) in the world in 2019. Age-standardized rates (ASR) of incidence, deaths, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of UC, as well as targeted risk factors, were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) online database 2019. Pearson correlation coefficient and SPSS 16 were used to calculate the correlation between risk factors and ASR of epidemiological indicators. Statistical significance was considered as p < 0.05. In 2019, the age-specific incidence and death rate of UC was peaking at 60-64 and 65-69 years, respectively. The highest age-standardized incidence rate per 100,000 people for UC has been reported in the Northern Mariana Islands, high sociodemographic index (SDI) countries, World Bank High-Income category, Europe continent and among World Health Organization (WHO) regions were found in the European Region. The highest age-standardized death rateper 100,000 people for UC has been reported in Grenada, high SDI countries, the World Bank High-Income category, Europe continent, and among WHO regions found in the European Region. In 2019, the age-standardized DALYs rate was 53.54 per 100,000 inhabitants, of which 48.49 cases were related to years of life lost (YLLs) and 5.05 cases were related to years lived with disability. According to GBD-2019, the highest incidence, mortality, and DALY of UC are in Europe. The evidence and traces of diversity can be seen in the inequalities of UC. Race, ethnicity, economic status, level of education and awareness, co-morbidities, access, grade, and histological type of tumor are the most important causes of this inequality.

Life Expectancy of Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty: Comparison With General Population.

This study aimed to analyze the life expectancy and cause of death in osteoarthritis (OA) patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and to identify risk factors that affect long-term mortality rate after TKA. Among 601 patients, who underwent primary TKA due to OA by a single surgeon from July 2005 to December 2011, we identified patients who died after the operation using data obtained from the National Statistical Office of Korea. We calculated 5-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates of the patients and age-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) compared to general population of South Korea according to the causes of death. We also identified risk factors for death. The 5-year, 10-year, and 15-year survival rates were 94%, 84%, and 75%, respectively. The overall age-specific SMR of the TKA cohort was lower than that of the general population (0.69; P < 0.001). Cause-specific SMRs for circulatory diseases, neoplasms, and digestive diseases after TKA were significantly lower than those of the general population (0.65, 0.58, and 0.16, respectively; all P < 0.05). Male gender, older age, lower body mass index (BMI), anemia, and higher Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) were significant factors associated with higher mortality after TKA. TKA is a worthwhile surgery that can improve life expectancy, especially from diseases of the circulatory system, neoplasms, and digestive system, in patients with OA compared to the general population. However, careful follow-up is needed for patients with male gender, older age, lower BMI, anemia, and higher CCI, as these factors may increase long-term mortality risk after TKA. III.

Diferencias regionales de la disolución conyugal por divorcio y separación en el norte de México

This is a descriptive socio-demographic study of the marital dissolution by divorce and separation in the northern border region of Mexico. The objective is to provide a general view of the level of this type of dissolutions in the region and some of its differences among the federal entities that form it. For this purpose, we use information from the National Survey of the Demographic Dynamics 2018 (ENADID) and secondary sources of information. The analysis is based on the indicators about the dissolution of the first conjugal union of ever-married women that were calculated through the life table technique and logistic regression models. The results evidence that the northern region has one of the highest levels of marital dissolution in the country, but with interesting differences between the states located in the northwest and the northeast generating a dual pattern in the region. divorce, marital dissolution, family instability, northern border, Mexico