Mortality Of Worms Research Articles

Spatial proteomics of Onchocerca volvulus with pleomorphic neoplasms shows local and systemic dysregulation of protein expression.

Onchocerca volvulus , the causative agent of onchocerciasis (river blindness), is targeted for elimination by WHO. The primary strategy involves mass administration of ivermectin. A small proportion of adult female worms develop pleomorphic neoplasms (PN). Here, we used laser capture microdissection and highly sensitive mass spectrometry analysis to determine the protein inventory of PN to identify proteins that may be associated with tumor development. Neoplasm tissue from female worms was analyzed, and compared to normal tissue from the body wall, uterus and intestine from the same worms, and to tissues from females without PN. When compared, PN and healthy control (HC) worms display a different set of proteins, the PN tissue being the one with the highest number of proteins (1,390). From these, 594 were not present in any HC worm tissue. Despite the large number of proteins identified in PN tissue, their low abundance suggests also in PN dysregulation of protein expression. Immunolocalization of a calcium binding protein detected in PN confirmed the mass spectrometry results. In conclusion, we have developed a system to analyze the proteome of O. volvulus from nodule sections and identified proteins that are potentially linked to the development of PN and may contribute to worm mortality.

Влияние катионоактивного, анионоактивного и неионогенного поверхностно-активных веществ на почвенные олигохеты Eisenia fetida andrey (Bouche, 1972)

Results of studying the main types of surfactants effect on earthworms Eisenia fetida andrey (Bouche, 1972) are presented. The worms were tested for survival and preference-avoidance behavioral reactions. Earthworms avoided sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at 0.02 g/kg and above, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide – at 0.1 g/kg and above, and polysorbate 80 – at 30 mL/kg and above. The 100% mortality of earthworms occurred at 0.001, 0.01 and 0.02 g/kg of SDS on day 30, at 1 g/kg – on day 25, and at 1 g/kg – on day 2 of the experiment. Сetyltrimethylammonium bromide at 0.001 and 0.01 g/kg caused the 100% mortality of worms on day 30; at 0.1 g/kg – on day 25; at 0.5 g/kg – on day 5; and at 1.0 g/kg already on day 2 of the experiment. The 100% mortality of worms occurred at 0.1, 1 and 10 mL/kg of polysorbate 80 on day 30 of incubation; at 20 or 30 mL/kg – on day 20; at 50 mL/kg – on day 10 of experience. The following toxicity series (both in terms of g/L and in terms of g/mol) of the tested surfactants for earthworms was constructed on the basis of the results obtained (increasing toxicity): polysorbate 80 (non-ionic surfactant) < cetrimonium bromide (cationic surfactant) < sodium dodecyl sulfate (anion-active surfactant).

Aktivitas antelmintik ekstrak herba meniran (Phyllanthus niruri) terhadap Paramphistomum spp.

Phyllanthus niruri is traditionally used to treat intestinal worms. The content of flavonoids in Phyllanthus niruri has the potential as an anthelmintic. The aims of study are to identify flavonoid compounds of the ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus niruri and determine the anthelmintic activity against Paramphistomum spp. Paramphistomum spp. grouped into positive control (Albendazole 10% w/v), negative control (CMC-Na 0.5% w/v), ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus niruri 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% w/v. For 5 hours, the time and quantity of dead worms were counted every 15 minutes. The average time of death and percentage of worm mortality were then calculate. Differences in average time of death were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney. The results of the test tube and TLC showed the content of flavonoid compounds. Percentage of mortality of Paramphistomum spp. obtained by 100%. Average death time of Paramphistomum spp. at 50, 275, 155, 140, and 115 minutes respectively. Ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus niruri contained flavonoid compounds and has anthelmintic activity with an optimum concentration of 5% w/v although lower than Albendazole 10% w/v (p<0.05).

In vitro anthelmintic activity of hydroethanolic extract of Artemisia herba aba and Juniperus phoenicea on abomasal Teladorsagia circumcincta of sheep.

The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic activity of Juniperus phoenicea and Artemisia herba-alba against abomasal nematodes collected from naturally infected sheep. The anthelmintic activities of the extracts were assessed using egg hatch inhibition (EHIA) and adult motility assays (AMA) against Teladorsagia circumcincta. The parasites were stored in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) until the in vitro assessment began. The leaf powders of J. phoenicea and A. herba-alba were extracted using the maceration procedure. Briefly, the leaf powders were mixed with a sufficient quantity of 99% ethanol and distilled water (80%/20%). The extracts were dissolved in a 3% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution to improve water solubility. The hydroethanolic extracts were tested at concentrations of 1.562, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/ml. Adult motile worms were individually subjected to each treatment at laboratory temperature. The PBS and albendazole (25 mg/ml) were prepared and used as negative and positive controls, respectively. The test was repeated five times for each concentration. The results showed that both plant extracts exhibited anthelmintic effects. A. herba-alba extract at 25 mg/ml inhibited the motility of all T. circumcincta adult worms within 1 hour of administration, while J. phoenicea extract caused 100% mortality of adult worms after 4 hours at the same concentration. Neither of the extracts, at 1.562 mg/ml, had any inhibitory effect on motility. At 25 mg/ml, the A. herba-alba (98.67%) and J. phoenicea (96.24%) showed high activity with an inhibitory effect on hatchability compared to the other tested concentrations. The findings of the present study showed that hydroethanolic extracts of A. herba-alba and J. phoenicea leaves had in vitro anthelmintic activity on eggs and adult T. circumcincta of sheep.

Methanolic Extract of Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) Leaves: Phytochemical Characterization and Anthelmintic Evaluation against Schistosoma mansoni.

Rhizophora mangle is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat infections, reduce inflammation, and promote healing. This study aimed to analyze the phytochemical profile of the methanolic extract of R. mangle leaves (MELRm) and evaluate its in vitro schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni as well as its cytotoxicity. Plant material was collected in Itamaracá City, Pernambuco, Brazil. The extract was analyzed using UV/Vis spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The motility, mortality, and cell viability of adult worms were assessed in a schistosomicidal assay, while cytotoxicity was evaluated through a colorimetric assay with MTT on RAW 264.7 cells. The primary compounds identified in MELRm were phenolic compounds. In the schistosomicidal assay, all concentrations of MELRs induced changes in the motility of adult worms. At a concentration of 400 μg/mL, MELRs resulted in 56.25% mortality after 72 h of incubation. After 120 h, mortality rates of 75%, 62.5%, and 50% were observed at MELRm concentrations of 400, 200, and 100 μg/mL, respectively. No eggs were detected at any MELRm concentration. MELRs did not show cytotoxicity towards RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations tested. These results indicate that MELRs demonstrate schistosomicidal activity in vitro, suggesting they are promising candidates for in vivo studies.

Garlic as a Botanical Pesticide against Army Worm <i>Spodoptera litura</i> (F) on Lettuce

Army worm Spodoptera litura (F) is one of the potential pests that attack lettuce plants and can cause yield losses. Botanical pesticides from garlic are an alternative to control this. This study aims to determine the most effective concentration and the LC50 value of garlic-based botanical pesticides on the mortality of army worms. This study used a one-factor completely randomized design (CRD) method in the form of botanical pesticides treatment of neem leaf extract (M) with 5 concentration levels with 5 replications; P1 = control, P2 = 10% garlic extract (30 ml extract mixed with 270 ml water), P3 = 20% garlic extract (60 ml extract mixed with 240 ml water), P4 = 30% garlic extract (90 ml extract mixed with 210 ml of water). The treatment of botanical pesticides from garlic caused death of army worms, the most effective concentration was P2 with a mortality of 68% and a mortality rate of 2.5 larva/ hr. The LC50-48, LC50-60 and LC50-72 hr values were 28.09%, 24.09% and 19.10%, respectively.

Chemical and Physical Characterization of Vermicompost Produced from Organic Substrates

The present research was based on the evaluation of some physical and chemical properties of humus, using Eisenia foetida for the transformation of substrates. It was established under a completely randomized experimental design, six treatments were evaluated: T1; Bovine manure, T2; Sheep manure, T3; Cocoa shell, T4; 50% Bovine Manure and 50% Sheep Manure; T5; 50% Bovine manure and 50% Cocoa shell, T6; 50% Sheep manure and 50% Cocoa shell, with four repetitions respectively. The variables evaluated were major elements (N, P, K, S, Ca and Mg), as well as the C/N ratio, pH, MO, granulometry and EC. The results showed that the type of manure directly influences the quality of humus as a substrate, highlighting T2 with 0.486% in P. It is important to note that the origin, age and storage of the materials influence the mineral composition and part of the plant used, such as the cocoa fruit, which is a sink in K, reflecting T3 with 2.723% in K, 2.116% in N and 37.089% in MO above all treatments. Therefore, the choice of materials and their pre-composting processes must be adequate to feed the worms and some physical and chemical parameters required to obtain the quality and quantity of humus as a substrate, since an unexamined decision can reach to increase the mortality of worms by 100%.

Superb bio-effectiveness of Cobalt (II) phthalocyanine and Ag NPs adorned Sm-doped ZnO nanorods/cuttlefish bone to annihilate Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae and adult worms: In-vitro evaluation

Herein, innovative biocides are designed for the treatment of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae (ML) and adult worms. Samarium-doped ZnO nanorods (Sm-doped ZnO) are stabilized onto the laminar structure of cuttlefish bone (CB) matrix and adorned by either Ag NPs or cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) species. Physicochemical characteristics of such nanocomposites are scrutinised. Adorning of Sm-doped ZnO/CB with Ag NPs shortens rod-like shaped Sm-doped ZnO nanoparticles and accrues them, developing large-sized detached patches over CB moiety. Meanwhile, adorning of Sm-doped ZnO/CB by CoPc species degenerates CB lamellae forming semi-rounded platelets and encourages invading of Sm-doped ZnO nanorods deeply inside gallery spacings of CB. Both nanocomposites possess advanced parasiticidal activity, displaying quite intoxication for ML and adult worms (≥88% mortality) within an incubation period of <48 h at concentrations around 200 μg/ml. CoPc@Sm-doped ZnO/CB nanocomposite exhibits faster killing efficiency of adult worms than that of Ag@Sm-doped ZnO/CB at a concentration of ∼75 μg/ml showing entire destruction of parasite after 24 h incubation with the former nanocomposite and just 60% worm mortality after 36 h exposure to the later one. Morphological studies of the treated ML and adult worms show that CoPc@Sm-doped ZnO/CB exhibits a destructive impact on the parasite body, creating featureless and sloughed fragments enriched with intensive vacuoles. Hybridization of cuttlefish bone lamellae by CoPc species is considered a springboard for fabrication of futuristic aggressive drugs against various food- and water-borne parasites.

Anthelmintic efficacity of balanites Aegyptiaca (l.) Delile (Zygophyllaceae) almonds on three developmental stages of haemonchus contortus

Gastrointestinal nematodes are a major constraint on small ruminant farming in Burkina Faso. To overcome this, rural farmers use the Balanites aegyptiaca plant to combat gastrointestinal parasites on their family farms. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the in vitro anthelmintic efficacy of the aqueous extract of B. aegyptiaca almonds powder against the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. To this end, in vitro tests were carried out to evaluate the biological activity of the aqueous extract using five increasing concentrations over the three life stages of H. contortus by performing the tests (i) inhibition of egg hatch, (ii) inhibition of larva development and (iii) mortality of adult female worms. The results showed 21.22-80.4 %, 47.80-88.57 % and 22.20-100 % of ovicide, larvicide and vermicide rates, respectively. The effects were dose and exposition time dependent. The median lethal inhibition concentrations (IC50) were estimated to be 2.20 and 0.84 mg/ mL for the inhibitionof egg and the inhibition of larva, respectively. It can be concluded that B. aegyptiaca almonds powder has anthelmintic activity against H. contortus. However, this activity needs to be verified in vivo to reassure farmers about its use in small ruminant raising.

Anthelmintic efficacy of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus leaf extract on juvenile and adult worms of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda).

The leaves of Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus are used as an anthelmintic remedy by the tribal communities of upper Assam in India. The present study was carried out to validate the anthelmintic credentials of this plant. Mature and larval Hymenolepis diminuta worms were exposed to varying concentration of methanolic leaf extract of plant and parasites were observed for paralysis and mortality. At the end of the experiment, worms were collected and processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study to observe the effect of extract on tegument of parasite. The in vivo study was carried out in H. diminuta-rat model with 200, 400 and 800mg/kg concentrations of extract. The in vivo anthelmintic efficacy was assessed by reductions in egg per gram (EPG) and worm counts after necropsy of animals. In vitro studies revealed the earliest mortality of larval worms in 1.05 ± 0.04h by 30mg/ml concentration and of adult worms in 2.05 ± 0.08h. SEM study revealed extensive damage to the suckers, body tegument and microtriches of worms treated with 30mg/ml concentration of extract. In in-vivo studies, 800mg/kg dose of extract showed highest efficacy, with 59% and 54.25% reduction in EPG counts and worm count against juvenile worms, and 63.16% and 66.75% reduction in EPG counts and worm counts, respectively against adult worms. Although the effects were comparatively less than the reference drug, nevertheless this study reveals that P. thyrsiflorus possess anthelmintic efficacy and justify its use in traditional medicine against intestinal-worm infections.

Targeting the Schistosoma mansoni nutritional mechanisms to design new antischistosomal compounds

The chemical classes of semicarbazones, thiosemicarbazones, and hydrazones are present in various compounds, each demonstrating diverse biological activities. Extensive studies have revealed their potential as schistosomicidal agents. Thiosemicarbazones, in particular, have shown inhibitory effects on Schistosoma mansoni's cathepsin B1 enzyme (SmCB1), which plays a crucial role in hemoglobin degradation within the worm's gut and its nutrition processes. Consequently, SmCB1 has emerged as a promising target for novel schistosomiasis therapies. Moreover, chloroquinoline exhibits characteristics in its aromatic structure that hold promise for developing SmCB1 inhibitors, along with its interaction with hemoglobin's heme group, potentially synergizing against the parasite's gut. In this context, we report the synthesis of 22 hybrid analogs combining hydrazones and quinolines, evaluated against S. mansoni. Five of these hybrids demonstrated schistosomicidal activity in vitro, with GPQF-8Q10 being the most effective, causing worm mortality within 24 h at a concentration of 25 µM. GPQF-8Q8 proved to be the most promising in vivo, significantly reducing egg presence in feces (by 52.8%) and immature eggs in intestines (by 45.8%). These compounds exhibited low cytotoxicity in Vero cells and an in in vivo animal model (Caenorhabditis elegans), indicating a favorable selectivity index. This suggests their potential for the development of new schistosomiasis therapies. Further studies are needed to uncover specific target mechanisms, but these findings offer a promising starting point.

In vitro anthelmintic activity of Euphorbia forskalii J. Gay aqueous extracts evaluation on different life stages of Haemonchus contortus.

The use of medicinal plants in the control of gastrointestinal parasitosis is a promising solution for improving the productivity of sheep flocks. In order to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of Euphorbia forskallii, in vitro bioassays were performed on three life stages of Haemonchus contortus. Five aqueous extracts concentrations namely 10mg/mL; 5mg/mL; 2.5mg/mL; 1.25mg/mL and 0.62mg/mL were used for adult worm mortality tests. Egg hatch inhibition and L3 larval migration inhibition tests were studied at 5mg/mL; 2.5mg/mL; 1.25mg/mL; 0.62mg/mL and 0.31mg/mL. A negative control PBS and a positive control levamisole 2.5mg/mL were established for each test. A phytochemical screening was performed to determine the presence of some secondary metabolites. The results obtained showed the presence of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and condensed tannins within the aqueous extracts of E. forskalii. A high and significant (P<0.05) morality rate compared to the negative control with an LC50 of 2.30mg/mL was obtained. Inhibition of egg hatch and larval migration were high and significant (p<0.05) compared to the negative control. There was an IC50 of 1.03mg/mL and 0.92mg/mL respectively for inhibition of egg hatching and L3 larval migration. The present study revealed the in vitro anthelmintic activity of E. forskalii aqueous extracts and allows us to consider in perspective complementary studies to confirm this activity.

Anthelmintic activity of Carica pubescens aqueous seed extract and its effects on rumen fermentation and methane reduction in Indonesian thin-tailed sheep: An in vitro study.

Seeds from Carica pubescens were observed to be abundant as waste. This waste contains active plant compounds whose utilization has not been studied in the livestock sector. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of an aqueous seed extract of Carica pubescens (ASE) as an anthelmintic agent during rumen fermentation and methane reduction. Aqueous seed extract of Carica pubescens was prepared from C. pubescens cultivated in Wonosobo, Indonesia. Phytochemical analyses were performed to quantify the secondary metabolite content of ASE. In vitro adult worm mortality tests, scanning electron microscopy, and gas production tests were conducted to evaluate rumen characteristics, methane reduction, and the potential of ASE as an anthelmintic against Haemonchus contortus. Adult worms and ruminal fluid were collected from Indonesian thin-tailed sheep. Two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences® 21.0 software to detect significant differences. In vitro study results showed that 1-5% ASE inhibited H. contortus after the 1st h of incubation, and 5% ASE suppressed 100% of adult H. contortus worms in the 5th h. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of ASE-treated worms ASE revealed damaged cuticle structures. ASE had no significant effect on pH, NH3, volatile fatty acid, acetate, propionate, butyrate, acetate: propionate, or microbial protein in rumen fluid (p > 0.05). The in vitro feed fermentation results showed that ASE significantly affected methane reduction. The inclusion of up to 5% ASE in sheep diets may serve as a potential alternative anthelmintic against H. contortus as well as a methane reduction agent, without deleterious effects on rumen fermentation.

Bioaccumulation and Elimination of Ivermectin by Eisenia foetida (Savigny 1826) Earthworms

Purpose: Bovine and equine faeces are commonly used to produce vermicompost of Eisenia foetida earthworms as a soil fertility enhancer. In animal health, ivermectin (IVM) is frequently used for parasite control. However, IVM is eliminated mainly by faeces, which raises environmental concerns. Little is known about the transfer of IVM by the earthworms´ activity. In this work the accumulation of IVM in E. foetida worms cultured in vermicompost containing IVM and the ability of the worms to release IVM to a drug-free substrate were evaluated.&#x0D; Methodology: The acute toxicity test (72 h) of IVM and two bioassays, accumulation (A) and elimination (B), with E. foetida earthworms were performed in the current work. In A, the vermicompost produced was a mixture of equine and bovine faeces, the latter added with IVM 3,000 ng/g. Worms and substrates were sampled between 1 and 28 days post treatment (dpt). In B, worms obtained at 28 dpt in A were transferred to a substrate without IVM and sampled between 1 and 14 days later. Samples of worms and substrates were analysed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).&#x0D; Findings: There was no worm mortality in the toxicity test. In assay A, E. foetida worms bio-accumulated up to 26.8% of the IVM present in the substrate. When worms from assay A, were moved to IVM-free substrate, they released 84% of the bio-accumulated IVM during the first day.&#x0D; Recommendations: This study highlights that IVM bio- accumulated by earthworms and releasing in residue-free substrates represents a contamination risk, especially in farms that are minimising the use of chemical compounds.&#x0D;

In vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Vitis vinifera Leaf Extract on Dicrocoelium dendriticum

Background: Helminth parasites of ruminants are a major factor limiting animal production in many parts of the world. Dicrocoelium dendriticum, causes liver fluke disease in ruminants and is of zoonotic and economic importance. D. dendriticum lives in the adult stage, in the bile ducts and gallbladders of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. Dicrocoeliasis causes severe pathological changes in the liver and bile system such as abscesses, granulomas and fibrosis. The objective of this study was to identify the anthelmintic activity of Vitis vinifera leaf extract against D. dendriticum and comparison with some drugs used against internal parasites. Methods: A study was performed to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of the methanolic extract of V. vinifera leaf against D. dendriticum using an adult worm motility test. Six graduated concentrations of extract (25, 50, 75, 100, a125 and 150 mg/ml), were tested at different periods and changes over time in the viability of worms were registered for 2, 4 and 6 hr. Normal RPMI-1640 medium and Albendazole were used as negative and positive control, respectively. Result: A significant elevation in mean inhibition of adult worm motility beginning 2 h post-exposure with 150 mg/ml of V. vinifera leaf extract and Albendazole. After 4 h of the exposure time, Albendazole and concentrations of 125 and 150 mg/ml of the extract resulted in significantly higher inhibited motility compared to the remaining concentrations below 125 mg/ml. The lower concentration (25 mg/ml) was significantly more lethal than the negative control (RPMI-1640 medium) at 6 h of exposure. Within 6 h after exposure, concentrations of 100, 125 and 150 mg/ml of V. vinifera leaf extract were more effective against adult worms than the remaining concentrations below 100 mg/ml. As the concentration and duration of exposure increased, the mortality of adult worms and also increased death for all parasites (P less than 0.05). Each concentration damages the tegument and muscles of D. dendriticum. The increase in concentration is proportional to the increase in damage to the integument. The results of this investigation demonstrated the anthelmintic action of V. vinifera leaf extract.

In Vitro Anthelmintic Areca catechu Crude Aqueous Extract Against Haemonchus contortus in The Sheep

Haemonchosis is a gastrointestinal parasitic disease in sheep caused by Haemonchus contortus. The biggest economic losses due to this disease are mortality, decreased production, stunted growth, and low body weight. The existence of resistance to synthetic anthelmintics causes the development of research on alternative treatments to herbal anthelmintics to be a strategic step. This study aims to analyze the effect of Areca catechu on Haemonchus contortus in vitro so that the Lethal Concentration 50 (LC 50) can be determined. This study was divided into 9 groups. Group I was treated with 2.5% A. catechu crude aqueous extract; group II was treated with 5% of A. catechu crude aqueous extract; group III was treated with 7.5% A. catechu crude aqueous extract; group IV was treated with 10% of A. catechu crude aqueous extract; group V was treated with 12.5% A. catechu crude aqueous extract; group VI was treated with 15% A. catechu crude aqueous extract; Group VII was treated with 17.5% A. catechu crude aqueous extract, group VIII was a negative control (0.9% NaCl) and group IX was a positive control (Albendazole). The mortality of H. contortus was recorded every hour until the worm mortality was 100%. The results were then analyzed using the Reed and Muench method. Based on the in vitro test of Areca catechu crude aqueous extract against H.contortus it can cause mortality in worms with an Lethal Concentration 50 (LC 50) calculation result of 11.11%.

Phytochemical Analysis and Anthelmintic Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Gmelina arborea on the Bovine Parasite Onchocerca ochengi

Aims: This study was aimed at analyzing the phytochemical constituents, evaluated the in vitro filaricidal activities of the ethanolic extracts of G. arborea on Onchocerca ochengi and carried out the acute and sub-acute toxicity on rats.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The work took place at the Laboratory of Applied Zoology of the Faculty of Science of the University of Ngaoundere between June 2020 and April 2021.&#x0D; Methodology: Quantitative determination of total phenols, total flavonoids and tannins were performed by using standard titration curve of gallic acid and rutin. The adult male worms of O. ochengi were incubated in Roosevelt Park Memorial Institute (RPMI-1640) medium supplemented with antibiotics containing different concentrations of the plant extracts and ivermectin (positive control). The mortality of worms was evaluated using the MTT/formazan colourimetry test after 24 h and 48 h. Acute and sub-acute toxicity tests of G. arborea were evaluated on rats according to OECD 425 and 407 respectively.&#x0D; Results: The quantitative phyto-constituents screening revealed that total phenols (873.33 ± 3.33 mg GAE/g) were the most quantified compound followed by tannins (229.33 ± 0.33 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoids (116 ± 1.01 mg RE/g) in the roots of the plant. 0.22 ± 0.02 mg/mL, 0.17 ± 0.00 mg/mL, 0.16 ± 0.01 and 0.11 ± 0.01 mg/mL were respectively the LC50 of hydroethanolic extracts of the leaves, barks, roots and ivermectin at 48 h. The acute and sub-acute toxicity test showed no toxicity in rats.&#x0D; Conclusion: Looking at the result, the extracts of this plant may be used in novel drug discovery to fight against onchocerciasis.

In Vitro Anthelmintic Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Crude Extracts of Three Medicinal Plants against Haemonchus Contortus in Sheep at Haramaya Municipal Abattoir, Eastern Hararghe.

The current study was carried out to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of crude methanolic extracts of leaves of Croton macrostachyus and Nicotiana tabacum and rhizome parts of Zingiber officinale on nematode parasite, Haemonchus contortus. For these objectives, adult worm mortality assay (AWMA) was conducted on adult H. contortus to investigate the in vitro adulticidal effect of crude extracts from March to October 2021 G.C. The percentage yield of crude 99.9% methanolic extracts was 53%, 78%, and 44% for C. macrostachyus, N. tabacum, and Z. officinale, respectively. Phytochemical analysis using standard techniques was also used to detect secondary metabolites contained in the plants. The study revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids in all extracts, which are considered to be the chemical components that are responsible for the wide therapeutic activities of several medicinal plants. In in vitro study, four graded concentrations of the crude extracts (500 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml, 125 mg/ml, and 62.5 mg/ml) were tested at regular time intervals, and parasite viability for 8 hours was recorded in triplicate. Albendazole (1.25 mg/ml) and distilled water were used as the positive and negative controls, respectively. At 4 hr posttreatment, the 62.5 mg/ml, 125 mg/ml, and 250 mg/ml concentrations of C. macrostachyus, N. tabacum, and Z. officinale extracts have caused significantly higher mortality (P < 0.05) compared to the albendazole. Methanolic extracts of C. macrostachyus, N. tabacum, and Z. officinale produced mortality of adult H. contortus significantly (P < 0.05) to the level of 93%, 83%, and 50% at concentration of 125 mg/ml at 4 hr posttreatment and meanwhile at 6 hr produced 100%, 100%, and 90%, respectively, at the same concentration. On the other hand, albendazole (1.25 mg/ml) killed 60% and 80% of the parasites at 4 hr and 6 hr posttreatment, respectively. Concentrations of all the extracts had showed a comparable and strong nematocidal effect on H. contortus having no significant difference with that of the positive control (P > 0.05) at 8 hr posttreatment period. Hence, the current study revealed that the extracts from three plants have potential anthelmintic effect, and we recommend further study on fractionating each component separately and validating the materials using other parasite developmental stages are warranted.

Testing of Toxicity of Herbicides Formulated On Non-Target Organisms of Earthworms

This study aims to determine the toxicity of the formulated herbicide concentration to non-target organisms (non-target) earthworms. The study was conducted from April to July 2021. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with nine (9) herbicide concentrations (K) treatments, namely: K0 = control, K1 = 200 ppm concentration (0.2 ml/l water ), K2 = concentration of 400 ppm (0.4 ml/ l of water), K3 = concentration of 600 ppm (0.6 ml/ l of water), K4 = concentration of 800 ppm (0.8 ml/ l of water), K5 = concentration 1000 ppm (1.0 ml/ l of water), K6 = concentration of 1200 ppm (1.2 ml/ l of water), K7 = concentration of 1400 ppm (1.4 ml/ l of water), K8 = concentration of 1600 ppm (1, 6 ml/l water). Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The observed variables were mortality concentration 50 (LC50) for 96 hours, survival rate, mortality percentage and worm weight. This study concluded that the mortality concentration of 50 (LC50) for 96 hours from the formulated herbicide against earthworms was 600 ppm, while the 100% mortality occurred at the herbicide concentration of 1400 ppm. The lowest survival rate was found at a concentration of 1400 ppm, where at that concentration all the test worms died. Meanwhile, the highest survival rate after the herbicide was 200 ppm where the worm mortality was 20%. The higher the concentration of herbicide formulation given to earthworms, the higher the mortality rate and decrease in body weight.

Utilization of over matured fruit waste of Spine gourd (Momordica dioca Roxb.) as a source of anthelmintic bioactive constituents

To study the difference in the accumulation of bioactive constituents in Spine gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb.), the changes in its phenolic compounds at mature green (fruit utilized) and ripe red (fruit wasted) stages were analysed, and it was correlated with their antioxidant and anthelmintic potential. The highest total phenolic content was observed in ripe peel ethyl acetate (RPEA), tannins in ripe seed hexane (RSH) and flavonoid in ripe peel ethanol (RPE) extracts. UPLC–MS analysis identified 15 phenolic compounds in the extracts. The highest antioxidant potential was shown by RSH in DPPH (IC50 1.47 mg/ml), RPEA in ABTS (IC50 2.40 mg/ml), and mature peel water (MPeW) extract in FRAP assays (0.58 μg trolox equivalent per g dw). RPE induced the highest anthelmintic activity against Caenorhabditis elegans in egg hatch assay (LC50 - 0.02 mg/ml), and adult worm mortality assay (LC50 -1.44 mg/ml), as well as 100% death of infective juveniles in Heterorhabditis indica (50 mg/ml). Correlation studies and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated the relationship of catechins, quercetin, kaempferol, rutin, and gallic acid to anthelmintic activity. The study showed that the ripe stage of Spine gourd, which gets disposed of as postharvest waste, had better anthelmintic activity, and it can be utilized for the development of food formulations with anthelmintic potential.