Mortality In Ducks Research Articles

Development and application of quadruplex real time quantitative PCR method for differentiation of Muscovy duck parvovirus, Goose parvovirus, Duck circovirus, and Duck adenovirus 3.

Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV), Goose parvovirus (GPV), Duck circovirus, (DuCV) and Duck adenovirus 3 (DAdV-3) are important pathogens that cause high morbidity and mortality in ducks, causing huge economic loss for the duck industry. The present study, a quadruplex one-step real time quantitative PCR method for the detection of MDPV, GPV, DuCV, and DAdV-3 was developed. The results showed that assay had no cross-reactivity with other poultry pathogens [Duck plague virus (DPV), Duck tembusu virus (DTMUV), H6 avian influenza virus (H6 AIV), New duck reovirus (NDRV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), H4 avian influenza virus (H4 AIV), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Muscovy duck reovirus (MDRV), Egg drop syndrome virus (EDSV), Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida)]. The sensitivity result showed that the limits of detection for MDPV, GPV, DuCV, and DAdV-3 were 10, 10, 1 and 10 copies/µl, respectively; The coefficients of variation intra- and inter-method was 1-2%; The range of linear (109 to 103 copies/µL) demonstrated the R2 values for MDPV, GPV, DuCV, and DAdV-3 as 0.9975, 0.998, 0.9964, and 0.996, respectively. The quadruplex real time quantitative PCR method efficiency was 90.30%, 101.10%, 90.72%, and 90.57% for MDPV, GPV, DuCV, and DAdV-3, respectively. 396 clinical specimens collected in some duck sausages from June 2022 to July 2023 were simultaneously detected using the established quadruplex real time quantitative PCR method and the reported assays. The detection rates for MDPV, GPV, DuCV, and DAdV-3 were 8.33% (33/396), 17.93% (71/396), 33.58% (133/396), and 29.04% (115/396), respectively. The agreement between these assays was greater than 99.56%. The developed quadruplex real-time quantitative PCR assay can accurately detect these four viruses infecting ducks, providing a rapid, sensitive, specific and accurate technique for clinical testing.

Analysis of the Alabio Ducks Rearing Business with Herbal Medicine Supplementation in Lebak Swamplands of South Kalimantan

Ducks are one of the sources of income for farmers in the Lebak swamp area, South Kalimantan. Duck rearing is one of the prospective ducks farming activities. The study aims to determine the analysis of Alabio ducks rearing business with herbal medicine supplementation. Due to the high prevalence of disease attacks, herbal medicine supplementation was given to ducks to boost their immune systems. The research was carried out in Sungai Durait Hulu village, Babirik subdistrict, Hulu Sungai Utara (HSU) Regency in April-December 2019. A total of 700 female Alabio ducks were used as samples with a mixed rearing system (intensive system for ducks aged 1-30 days; semi-intensive for ducks aged 1-5 months), and a 5-month of observation period. The parameters observed were production parameters, mainly duck mortality and/or loss, and economic parameters to determine business feasibility. The herbal medicine supplementation significantly affected immune systems, as shown by a lower mortality rate (30%) for ducks with herbal medicine supplementation compared to ducks without herbal medicine supplementation (50%). Duck rearing in this area was feasible and profitable which shown by R/C values were greater than one for both groups of ducks, namely 1.84 and 2.28 for ducks without and with herbal medicine supplementation, respectively.

Antagonism of cadmium-induced liver injury in ducks by α-bisabolol.

Cadmium (Cd) is an ecological pollutant which causes hazardous effects in animals and humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of α-bisabolol (BISA) in antagonizing the Cd-induced hepatotoxicity in ducks. Two-week old ducks were allocated into 8 groups (10 ducks/group): Group I received basal diet and was gavaged with sunflower oil (BISA vehicle, 1.1 mL/kg/day); group II was administered BISA orally (50 mg/kg/day; diluted with sunflower oil); groups III, IV, and V were fed the basal diet mixed with CdCl2 at 37.5, 75, and 150 mg/kg diet, respectively, and were gavaged with sunflower oil; group VI, VII, and VIII were given basal diet containing CdCl2 at the aforementioned consecutive doses plus BISA. All treatments were provided daily for 4 weeks. Exposure to CdCl2 induced mortality in ducks, increased hepatic Cd content and serum levels of hepatopathic biomarkers, and caused oxidative stress and morphological alterations in ducks' liver. Furthermore, exposure to Cd caused upregulation of the mRNA of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α and apoptotic gene Bax, and that of cyclooxygenase-2 protein in the liver. All effects of Cd were dose-dependent. BISA antagonized all of the aforementioned CdCl2-induced changes. These findings suggested that BISA exert the hepatoprotective effect against Cd toxicity through reducing the hepatic content of Cd as well as antagonizing oxidative insults, inflammation, and apoptosis. Thus, BISA has a great potential to be used as an antidote in the control of Cd poisoning.

Produktivitas Budidaya Antara Bebek Peking (Anas platyrhynchos) dengan Bebek Hibrida (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)

Broiler ducks are ducks that are able to grow quickly and can convert feed efficiently into meat with high value. Duck meat has a good structure and structure of the meat. The good structure of duck meat is now popular with the public, because the taste of the meat is delicious and savory. Broiler ducks that are known by the public include hybrid ducks and peking ducks. The demand for duck meat that continues to increase does not change with the availability of duck meat available in the market, to meet the needs of the community. It is possible to breed broiler ducks as proof that the poultry business for ducks is wide open with the promised profit prospects. The purpose of this study was to determine the productivity in broiler duck cultivation which can increase body weight gain quickly, economically and produce meat that has high nutrition to meet public demand. The research method used is literature review by analyzing relevant articles and focusing on the productivity of broiler duck farming. Based on maintenance for 6 weeks, the data obtained was the consumption of hybrid rations as much as 6,514 g/head while in peking ducks as much as 7,601 g/head, PBB in hybrid ducks was 1,237 g/head, while for peking ducks 1,699 g/head, FCR in ducks hybrid 5.29 and peking duck 4.49 and mortality of hybrid duck 4% and peking duck 12%. The weight gain, mortality, and feed conversion of peking ducks were higher than that of hybrid ducks. The conclusion from the results of the study that the best duck genotype to produce FCR was hybrid duck and production performance which included body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion in peking ducks and hybrid ducks.

Underwater hearing in sea ducks with applications for reducing gillnet bycatch through acoustic deterrence.

As diving foragers, sea ducks are vulnerable to underwater anthropogenic activity, including ships, underwater construction, seismic surveys and gillnet fisheries. Bycatch in gillnets is a contributing source of mortality for sea ducks, killing hundreds of thousands of individuals annually. We researched underwater hearing in sea duck species to increase knowledge of underwater avian acoustic sensitivity and to assist with possible development of gillnet bycatch mitigation strategies that include auditory deterrent devices. We used both psychoacoustic and electrophysiological techniques to investigate underwater duck hearing in several species including the long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis), surf scoter (Melanitta perspicillata) and common eider (Somateria mollissima). Psychoacoustic results demonstrated that all species tested share a common range of maximum auditory sensitivity of 1.0-3.0 kHz, with the long-tailed ducks and common eiders at the high end of that range (2.96 kHz), and surf scoters at the low end (1.0 kHz). In addition, our electrophysiological results from 4 surf scoters and 2 long-tailed ducks, while only tested at 0.5, 1 and 2 kHz, generally agree with the audiogram shape from our psychoacoustic testing. The results from this study are applicable to the development of effective acoustic deterrent devices or pingers in the 2-3 kHz range to deter sea ducks from anthropogenic threats.

Behavior and welfare impacts of water provision via misting in commercial Pekin ducks.

Ducks will access water to maintain feather condition and exhibit natural water-related behaviors such as wet preening. Providing water to ducks commercially is challenging as it may reduce litter and air quality leading to higher duck mortality or illness. This research aimed to measure the behavioral and welfare impacts of water provision via a misting system for commercial Pekin grower ducks in Victoria, Australia. Seven grower flocks were observed (four misted and three nonmisted in open-sided sheds) during May and November 2021. From 26 until 33 d of age, treatment ducks were provided 1 h of misting with shed curtains closed in both treatment and control sheds. At the start and end of the misting application period, external health and welfare measures were taken directly on the ducks via transect walks throughout each shed and catch-and-inspect observations on a sample of 150 ducks from each shed. Video recordings were also made of the misted and nonmisted ducks for 3 h representing time periods prior to, during, and after the 1-h misting across all sheds for all 8 d of the treatment period. Observations were made of all behavior that ducks exhibited at 10-min scan sample intervals across four cameras per shed, totaling 4,198 scans across the seven sheds. General linear mixed models showed the misting application predominantly had impacts on the patterns of behavioral change across the treatment time periods between the misted and nonmisted ducks rather than increasing or decreasing the overall expression of specific behaviors (interaction terms all P ≤ 0.003). The misted ducks increased drinking, tail wagging, and walking, and reduced preening, rooting litter, sitting, and stretching during misting relative to what they showed prior. The nonmisted ducks showed less sitting and more panting during misting relative to prior. Pearson's Chi-square tests showed some differences between the treatment groups in feather cleanliness on the back and wings (both P < 0.0001), likely resulting from pre-existing differences between sheds in blood from pin feathers. Most welfare indicators showed no positive or negative effect of the misting treatment. These results indicate overhead misting does affect duck behavior to some degree without compromising their welfare, but further research with larger water droplet sizes resulting in greater accumulation of surface water or extended durations of misting may lead to greater effects.

Avian botulism is a primary, year-round threat to adult survival in the endangered Hawaiian Duck on Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i, USA

AbstractAdult survival is the most important demographic parameter influencing population dynamics for many bird taxa. Thus, understanding how survival probabilities and causes of mortality vary throughout the annual cycle is critical for developing informed and effective management strategies. In this study, we used radio-telemetry data to evaluate the effects of biotic (e.g., sex, peak [September–April] vs. off-peak [May–August] nesting seasons) and abiotic factors (e.g., rainfall, year, bi-monthly interval) on adult survival, estimate annual survival probabilities, and identify primary sources of mortality for Hawaiian Ducks (Anas wyvilliana), an endangered, non-migratory dabbling duck, on the island of Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i, USA over 2013 and 2014. Additionally, we used contemporaneous Hawaiian Duck carcass recovery and surveillance data to examine temporal and climatic associations with avian botulism outbreaks. Our results suggested bi-monthly survival decreased with total rainfall during the preceding 2-month interval. Survival did not vary with sex, between peak and off-peak nesting seasons, or between the two years of this study. Annual survival probabilities (62–80%) were relatively low compared to the closely related Laysan Duck (Anas laysanensis) on Laysan Island. Primary causes of mortality included avian botulism and presumed predation by cats (Felis catus). The botulism surveillance dataset revealed support for the effect of rainfall on the number of sick and dead birds recovered (n = 216), with generally a greater number of recoveries during months with middle-range total rainfall during the concurrent and preceding months. Our study provides critical baseline demographic data for population monitoring and highlights the importance of managing botulism risk and non-native mammalian predators for the recovery of the endangered Hawaiian Duck.

Decreased virulence of duck Tembusu virus harboring a mutant NS2A with impaired interaction with STING and IFNβ induction

Our previous studies revealed that duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) NS2A inhibited IFNβ signaling pathway by competitively binding to STING with TBK1, leading to reducing the phosphorylation of TBK1. Herein, we found that the 114-143 aa region of NS2A is critical for its interaction with STING and suppression of STING-mediated IFNβ signaling. We further identified the amino acids at positions L129, N130, L139, R140 and F143 of NS2A critical for NS2A-STING interaction. Subsequently, single residue substitution in the NS2A protein was introduced into the DTMUV replicon and infectious clone. The replicons with NS2A L129A and L130A mutations significantly inhibited viral genome RNA replication. The rDTMUV NS2A L129A, L139A and R140A mutant viruses yielded significantly lower titer levels than WT in both BHK-21 and DEF cells, with much more obvious effect on the viral genome level, and infectious virions formed outside of infected cells. Especially, the rDTMUV L129A mutant showed a significantly lower mortality in both embryos and ducks than WT. All NS2A-mutants decreased the weight gain of infected ducklings and reduced the viral loads in the spleen relative to WT. However, no significant differences of viral loads were observed in the blood, thymus, or liver. Our findings extend our previous study on the immune evasion role of flavivirus NS2A protein. The targeted therapy of disabling the viral strategies developed for evading innate defense can be applied to the development of attenuated flaviviruses.

Effects of rations containing leubiem fish (Chanthidermis maculatus) waste and phytogenic suplementation on local ducks performance in the starter phase

This study aims to examine the potential use of leubiem fish (Chanthidermis maculatus) waste and phytogenic supplementation on ration, in order to increase the performance of local ducks in the starter phase. This study used 100 local ducks aged 1 week old, and maintained them until 8 weeks old. The ducks were placed in 5 treatments and 4 replications groups (5 ducks / repetition). The study was conducted experimentally, using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), consisting of 5 ration treatments, including: R1 (control); R2 (basal ration containing leubiem fish skin flour 10% + phytogenic 0.5%); R3 (basal ration containing leubiem fish head flour 10% + phytogenic 0.5%); R4 (basal ration containing leubiem fish bone flour 10% + phytogenic 0.5%) and R5 (basal ration containing leubiem fish gill flour + phytogenic 0.5%). Observed variables were feed consumption, body weight gain, final weight, feed conversion, and local duck mortality in the starter phase. The data obtained were both analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that the use of leubiem fish waste and phytogenic supplementation in the ration both increased the performance of local ducks in the starter phase and had a significant effect (p <0.05) on ration consumption, weight gain, and final weight. However, they had no significant effect on feed conversion and local duck mortality in the starter phase. It was concluded that the use of leubiem fish (10% bone meal) and phytogenic supplementation 0.5% in the ration was able to increase body weight gain, and the final weight of the starter phase local ducks (aged 1-8 weeks).

Isolation and pathogenic characterization of duck adenovirus 3 mutant circulating in China

Duck adenoviruses (DAdVs) include serotype 1 (DAdV-1) in the genus Atadenovirus and serotypes 2-4 (DAdV-2, 3, and 4) in the genus Aviadenovirus. DAdV-3 was initially isolated from Chinese Muscovy ducks in 2014, whereby the infected ducks exhibited yellowing and hemorrhaging in the liver, along with slight pericardial effusion, swelling, and hemorrhaging in the kidneys. In recent years, duck adenovirus infections have appeared in Muscovy duck farms in Fujian, Zhejiang, Anhui, Guangdong, and other places in China. They have an incidence rate of 40 to 55% and a mortality rate of 35 to 43%, resulting in great losses to the duck breeding industry. In this study, 7 DAdV-3 strains, designated as TZ193, FJPT20161124, GX20170519, FJZZ, GDMM, AHAQ, and GDHS were isolated from Muscovy ducks in different provinces of China during 2016–2019, and their complete genomics were sequenced. Their genomes all exhibited significant deletions in ORF67, which also had G to A transitions at the 41st and 977th nt positions, resulting in a stop codon. The pathogenicity of TZ193, a novel isolate of DAdV-3, was investigated in Muscovy ducks. TZ193 caused characteristic lesions of swelling as well as hemorrhagic liver and kidney in the infected ducklings. Moreover, the mortality rate of TZ193 in 5-day-old domestic ducks was 100%. Our data provide concrete evidence for the identification of the DAdV-3 novel variant mutant in China, which effects increased mortality in ducks. This highlights the necessity for monitoring the specific molecular epidemiology of novel DAdV-3 mutants and the development of new vaccines in the future.

Inferring within-flock transmission dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus in France, 2020.

Following the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N8) in France in early December 2020, we used duck mortality data from the index farm to investigate within‐flock transmission dynamics. A stochastic epidemic model was fitted to the daily mortality data and model parameters were estimated using an approximate Bayesian computation sequential Monte Carlo (ABC‐SMC) algorithm. The model predicted that the first bird in the flock was infected 5 days (95% credible interval, CI: 3–6) prior to the day of suspicion and that the transmission rate was 4.1 new infections per day (95% CI: 2.8–5.8). On average, ducks became infectious 4.1 h (95% CI: 0.7–9.1) after infection and remained infectious for 4.3 days (95% CI: 2.8–5.7). The model also predicted that 34% (50% prediction interval: 8%–76%) of birds would already be infectious by the day of suspicion, emphasizing the substantial latent threat this virus could pose to other poultry farms and to neighbouring wild birds. This study illustrates how mechanistic models can help provide rapid relevant insights that contribute to the management of infectious disease outbreaks of farmed animals. These methods can be applied to future outbreaks and the resulting parameter estimates made available to veterinary services within a few hours.

Reproduction and growth characteristics of ducks and local white Muscovy in Indonesia

Currently at IRIAP, MASTER ducks have been produced as stock superior laying ducks. Efforts to maintain consistency its egg production, both of the parent stock of MASTER duck namely the Alabimaster-1 Agrinak and Mojomaster-1 Agrinak ducks have been selected based on egg production. In addition, PMp ducks have been produced as broiler ducks that can be mated with Muscovy to produce mule ducks. The productivity related to the growth and eggs production in those ducks has been widely disclosed, however, information on their reproductive characteristics was still very limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive characteristics of ducks and white Muscovy that were being developed in IRIAP. The materials in this study were 515 birds consisted of Alabimaster-1, Mojomaster-1, PMp and white Muscovy that were in the layer phase. The variables observed were reproductive characteristics and the growth of ducks in the starter period. The results showed that the fertility obtained was relatively high namely ranging 93% in layer ducks, 85% in PMp ducks and 76% in Muscovy. The hatchability rate of layer ducks was included in the medium category with values ranging 63%. Meanwhile, the hatchability of PMp duck and Muscovy was in the low category, namely 50% and 14% respectively. Embryonic mortality in ducks was relatively moderate, namely 35–37%, while in Muscovy was relatively very high, i.e around 93%. The growth of ducks and Muscovy in starter periode were normal stage.

Differences in Highly Pathogenic H5N6 Avian Influenza Viral Pathogenicity and Inflammatory Response in Chickens and Ducks.

Infection with H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus caused high mortality in chickens, while ducks often appear to be asymptomatic. But, some recent H5Nx subtype viruses could cause high mortality in ducks. The variation between different species and the mechanisms by which some H5Nx viruses cause death in ducks requires investigation to identify the key processes in influenza susceptibility and pathogenesis. Here, we characterized two representative H5N6 viruses, A/Pavo cristatus/Jiangxi/JA1/2016 (JA1) and A/Anas crecca/shanghai/SH1/2016 (SH1), and compared their pathogenicity and expression profiles of immune-related genes in chickens and ducks to identify the elements of the host immune-related response that were involved in disease lethality. Results suggested that H5N6 HPAIVs had higher pathogenic and inflammatory effect in chickens than in ducks. Importantly, the TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ and iNOS levels were significantly higher in the lung of SH1 infected chickens compared to those of ducks. And we found higher systemic levels of IL-6 induced by JA1 in chickens than in ducks. In addition, our experiments demonstrated that JA1 was associated with greater pathogenicity in ducks were accompanied by the excessive expression of iNOS in the brain. These results are helpful to understand the relationship between the pathogenicity of H5N6 AIVs and inflammatory responses to them in chickens and ducks.

Dietary resistant potato starch improves growth performance and feather development in Pekin ducks fed a low phosphorus diet

This study investigated whether dietary resistant potato starch (RPS) inclusion could ameliorate the negative impact of a low nonphytate phosphorus (nPP) diet on growth performance, feather growth, feather follicles (FF) development, and carcass traits by improving nutrient utilization and cecal microbiome fermentation capacity in Pekin ducks. The experiment was performed with a 2 × 2 randomized block design with 2 levels of RPS (0 or 12%) and 2 levels of nPP (low or normal, low: 0.22% at 1–14 d and 0.18% at 15–35 d of age; normal: 0.40% at 1–14 d and 0.35% at 15–35 d of age) for a total of 4 treatments, each with 8 replicate pens per treatment of 12 birds per pen. As regards growth performance and carcass traits, RPS inclusion markedly increased (P < 0.05) BW of 14 and 35 d, BWG and FI of 1–14 d, 15–35 d, and 1–35 d as well as abdominal fat and breast meat percentage of 35 d in ducks fed low nPP diets; moreover, RSP inclusion significantly reduced (P < 0.05) mortality in ducks fed low nPP diets. As regards feather growth and follicles development of 35 d, RPS inclusion significantly increased (P < 0.05) the fourth primary feather length, absolute feather weight, and the density of primary FF in the back skin in ducks fed low nPP diets. In regard to nutrition utilization, RPS supplementation significantly increased (P < 0.05) the availability of DM, CP, and energy, as well as dietary AME at 35 d of age in ducks fed low nPP diets. However, RPS supplementation had no effect (P > 0.05) on the concentration of cecal short-chain fatty acids and the activities of cecal phytase and cellulase in ducks fed low nPP diets. These results indicate that RPS can improve nutrient availability to ameliorate the negative effects on performance and feather development caused by a low nPP diet in Pekin ducks.

Impact of improved small-scale livestock farming on human nutrition

Micronutrient deficiencies and stunting rates are high in many low-income countries. Increasing and diversifying food intake are often challenging for small-scale farmers in lowland areas as flooding often results in crop losses and drowning of livestock. A cluster-randomised controlled trial was conducted over 12-months in Bangladesh, involving 150 small-scale duck rearing households, including 50 control, and 50 households each in two intervention arms. Interventions focussing on improving duck health and duck nutrition were applied on a village level. Data analysis focussed on assessing the impact of interventions on duck mortality, sales and consumption, and on dietary diversity of household members. Improved duck rearing increased the consumption and the sales of ducks. Household selling more ducks were more likely to purchase and consume milk products, contributing to an improved households’ dietary diversity. Our results suggest that improving duck rearing can provide a suitable and sustainable alternative to maintain and improve dietary diversity of households in flood-prone areas.

Economic and Technical Analysis of Utilization Pistia Stratiotes as Magelang Duck Alternative Feed: An Agribusiness Paradigm

This study was conducted to determine the economic analysis, performance analysis and chemical quality of the meat of the utilization of pistia stratiotes (PS) in Magelang duck feed. Most duck feed is still very dependent on imports from other countries so there is a need to find alternative feedstuff that are not competing with humans. The experimental research was conducted at the Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Agriculture Undip using 4 treatments, namely T0 duck feed without the addition of PS in feed, T1 added 6% PS in feed, T2 added 12% PS in feed and T3 added 18% PS in duck feed. Parameters observed were final body weight, feed consumption, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), mortality, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, antioxidants, feed costs, income over feed costs, return on investment (ROI) and RC ratio. Feed consumption on T3 was the highest. Final body weight on T3 was not significantly different (P&gt; 0.05) compared to T1 and T2 but higher than T0 (P&lt;0.05). The FCR between T3, T2 and T1 was not significantly different (P&gt;0.05), but was lower than T0, duck mortality in this study 0. Blood chemistry analysis (cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL) showed that T2 and T3 were significantly better than T0 and T1. The results of the economic analysis showed that ducks given PS at T2 and T3 had significant lower feed costs compared to T0 and T1, while ROI from T1, T2 and T3 were significantly higher than T0. The highest IOFC was achieved when duck were fed (T2), while the lowest IOFC was at T0. R/C ratio of T1, T2 and T3 was not significantly different, but higher when compared to T0. Based on the results of technical and economic analysis, the use of PS in 12% duck feed gave the best result of technical and economic performance

Usaha Budidaya Itik Pedaging Jenis Hibrida dan Peking

Broiler ducks are ducks that are able to grow fast and can efficiently convert feed into meat with high nutritional value. Broiler ducks have good flesh structure and structure. The good meat structure of broilers is now becoming more popular among the people, because the taste of the meat is tasty and tasty. Broiler ducks known by the public include hybrid ducks and Peking ducks. The ever-increasing need for duck meat is not matched by the availability of enough duck meat in the market, to meet the needs of the community. This could be the potential to cultivate broilers as evidence that poultry business and agribusiness, especially ducks are still wide open with promising profit prospects. The method used is: to maintain broilers totaling 50, each of which consists of 25 hybrid ducks and peking 25 tails, then feeding and drinking, taking data through recording weighing weight, and analyzing the profitability of broiler duck farming. Based on maintenance for 42 days, the data obtained was the consumption of 3.645 g / tail hybrid rations and the consumption of 3.727g pork duck / tail, United Nations hybrid duck 1.168,8 g and peking duck 1.171,04 g, FCR hybrid duck 3.11 and Peking duck 3.18 and hybrid duck mortality 4% and Peking 12%. Weight gain, mortality, and conversion of Peking duck feed were higher than hybrid ducks. Keywords: hybrid duck, Peking duck, Production PerformÂ

PENGARUH BOBOT TELUR HASIL PERSILANGAN ITIK MOJOSARI DAN ALABIO TERHADAP DAYA TETAS, BOBOT DAY OLD DUCK (DOD), DAN MORTALITAS

EFFECT OF EGG WEIGHT FROM CROSSBRED OF MOJOSARI AND ALABIO DUCK BREEDS ON HATCHABILITY, DAY OLD DUCK WEIGHT AND MORTALITY. This study was conducted to determine the effect of egg weights as a result of the crossing between Mojosari and Alabio breeds on hatchability, day old duck (DOD) weight and mortality. This study used 90 eggs from crossbred of Mojosari and Alabio duck breeds. This study applied a completely randomized design. Significant differences were tested using the Duncan test. A complete randomized design involved three treatments with six replications at each treatment using five eggs at each replication. Treatments of egg weights was applied on differences in egg weights as follows, Egg weights A1 of 60 g-64 g, Egg weights A2 of 65 g-69 g and egg weights A3 of 70 g-75 g. The duration of this study was 28 days using a semi-automatic hatching machine. The research variables were day old duck weight (DOD), hatchability and mortality. The results of this study showed that treatments did not affect significantly the hatchability, DOD and mortality (P&gt; 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that varying weights of eggs as results of crossing between Mojosari and Alabio had the same effect on the hatchability, DOD weight and mortality of the generation.Keywords: Duck egg weights, day old duck weight, hatchability, mortality.

Effects of probiotic supplementation in rations containing leubiem fish waste (Chanthidermis maculatus) on the performance of local ducks

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of probiotic supplementation in rations containing leubiem fish waste (Chanthidermis Maculatus) on the performance of local duck. The study used 192 female local ducks 8-20 weeks old grower phase. The ducks were allocated into 4 treatments and 4 replications (12 ducks/pen). The female local ducks was fed ration contained 18% crude protein and 2700 kcal/kg metabolizable energy. The experiment used completely randomized design with 4 treatment rations: P1 (basal diet/control); P2 (probiotic supplementation 0,5% in rations containing 10% leubiem fish skin flour); P3 (probiotic supplementation 1% in rations containing 10% leubiem fish head flour); P4 (probiotic supplementation 1,5% in rations containing 10% leubiem fish bone flour). The observed variables were: feed consumption, body weight gain, final body weight, feed conversion, and mortality of local duck. Data were analiyzed by one-way analysis of variance then continued with Duncan test. The results showed that of probiotic supplementation in rations containing leubiem fish waste gave a positive response to the performance of female local duck grower phase. Probiotic supplementation in rations containing leubiem fish waste (skin flour, head and bone) significantly affect (P<0,05) feed consumption, body weight gain, final body weight, and ration conversion, but no significant affect on mortality local duck grower phase. It was concluded that of probiotic supplementation 1% in rations containing leubiem fish waste (skin flour 10%) could to increase body weight gain, final body weight and be able to reduce local duck mortality. A post-publication change was made to this article on 11 Mar 2020 to correct the conference title in the PDF header.

Molecular, antigenic, and pathogenic characterization of H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2017.

In May 2017, high mortality of chickens and Muscovy ducks due to the H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo). In this study, we assessed the molecular, antigenic, and pathogenic features in poultry of the H5N8 HPAIV from the 2017 Congolese outbreaks. Phylogenetic analysis of the eight viral gene segments revealed that all 12 DR Congo isolates clustered in clade 2.3.4.4B together with other H5N8 HPAIVs isolated in Africa and Eurasia, suggesting a possible common origin of these viruses. Antigenically, a slight difference was observed between the Congolese isolates and a representative virus from group C in the same clade. After intranasal inoculation with a representative DR Congo virus, high pathogenicity was observed in chickens and Muscovy ducks but not in Pekin ducks. Viral replication was higher in chickens than in Muscovy duck and Pekin duck organs; however, neurotropism was pronounced in Muscovy ducks. Our data confirmed the high pathogenicity of the DR Congo virus in chickens and Muscovy ducks, as observed in the field. National awareness and strengthening surveillance in the region are needed to better control HPAIVs.