Morphometry Of Organs Research Articles

Ultrasonographic Biometrical Studies on Reproductive Organs of rbST Treated Pregnant Kundhi Buffaloes

Biometrical studies were conducted on sixty four gravid uteri with estimated gestation period of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th month of pregnancy in Kundhi buffaloes. Sixteen specimens for each month of gestation were collected from Hyderabad slaughterhouse to evaluate techniques for measurement of reproductive organs. The measurements for fetometry and morphometry of reproductive organs by ultrasound machine and manually (by measuring tape and vernier caliper) were performed and compared. The Ultrasound examinations were performed through diagnostic ultrasound machine equipped with multi-frequency 5-10MHz transrectal linear array transducer. Analysis revealed that the ovary, foetus, foetal fluid and uterus progressively increased significantly (P<0.01) in weight during 4th month of the gestation than 1st, 2nd and 3rd month of gestation period in rbST treated Kundhi buffaloes. Ovaries with CL were significantly (P<0.01) heavier than the ovary in which CL was absent. Corpus leutum was significantly lighter (P<0.01) during 1st month of pregnancy than 2nd, 3rd and 4th month of pregnancy in rbST treated Kundhi buffaloes. Gravid uterus was significantly heavier (P<0.01) during 4th month of pregnancy than 1st, 2nd and 3rd month of pregnancy in rbST treated Kundhi buffaloes. There was no significant difference between the measurements of oviduct, cervix and vagina during 1st to 4th month of pregnancy. The placenta, foetal fluid and foetus progressively increased significantly in size as gestation period progressed. The ultrasonographic fetometric and morphometric threshold of CRL, TD and UD and foetal weight was steadily increased in rbST treated Kundhi buffaloes. There was significant increase (P<0.05) in the CRL, TD, UD and foetus weight/volume at 4th month of pregnancy than 1st , 2nd and 3rd month of pregnancy in rbST treated Kundhi buffaloes. In conclusion, the overall data indicated that the examination for ultrasonographic fetometry and morphometry of reproductive organs of kundhi buffaloes for evaluation of fetal development, estimation of gestational age and formulation of fetal chart through reproductive organs were more suitable as compare to manual biometrical evaluation

Alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters for weanling pigs

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the addition of sodium butyrate, plant extracts and nucleotides on weanling pig performance, digestive content pH, organ morphometry, and intestinal epithelial histology. A total of 90 piglets at 21 days of age and an average initial weight of 6.35±0.34kg were used. The piglets were distributed in a randomized complete block design with five treatments, six replicates, and three animals per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of the following: Control: basal diet without antibiotic; Antibiotic: basal diet with 40mg kg-1 colistin sulfate and Additive: 1000, 1500 and 2000mg kg-1 of a combination of sodium butyrate + plant extracts + nucleotides. The experiment lasted 35 days, at which time one animal was slaughtered to assess pH of the digestive contents, morphometry of the organs and histology of the intestinal epithelium. No differences were found (P>0.05) in the performance, pH of the digestive contents, morphometry of the organs or histology of the intestinal epithelium by the analysis of orthogonal polynomials or contrasts. The combination of sodium butyrate, plant extracts and nucleotides not improved the productive characteristics of weanling pigs.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian Axis in Thyroid Dysfunction.

It has been established that thyroid dysfunction causes impairment of reproductive function. However, laboratory and human studies that associated this with female reproductive hormones are conflicting and data reporting the effects of thyroid dysfunction on reproductive organs are insufficient. This study investigated the effect of experimental hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and reproductive organs morphometry and histology in female rats. Laboratory animals were randomized into one of the three groups: control, carbimazole-induced hypothyroidism and levothyroxine-induced hyperthyroidism. Organ morphometry and serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were statistically comparable across all groups. Serum progesterone increased in hypothyroid rats but was reduced in hyperthyroid rats when compared with the control (p < 0.05). Body weight gain, serum luteinizing hormone and oestradiol were significantly reduced in both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid states when compared to the control. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism also led to alterations in organ cytoarchitecture. Findings from this study suggest that impairment of reproductive function associated with thyroid dysfunction is attendant with derangement of hormonal milieu and alteration in reproductive organs cytoarchitecture. Luteinizing hormone and oestradiol are implicated.

Poultry viscera and bone meal in broiler pre-starter and starter diets

The use of viscera and bone meal in poultry pre-starter and starter diets and its effects on performance, digestive organ development and digestibility and nutrient retention were evaluated. In the first assay, 280-day-old Avian Cobb® chicks were allotted in four experimental groups with five replicates of 14 birds each, in the pre-starter phase; in the second assay, 280 eight-day-old Avian Cobb 48® chicks were allotted in four experimental groups with five replicates of 12 birds each. The experimental diet consisted of increasing levels of viscera and bone meal: 0% (control diet), 3%, 6% and 9% in pre-starter (Assay 1) and starter (Assay 2) diets, to meet nutritional requirements and feed composition proposed by the Brazilian Tables, all of them isonutritive and isoenergetic. A metabolic assay was developed and the total excreta collection was performed from the 4th to the 7th days in Assay 1 and from the 14th to the 17th days in Assay 2. On these days, one chick per experimental unit, representing the mean body weight of the parcel, was euthanized to perform digestive organ morphometry. Mean body weight was 45.4±0.4 on the 1st day in Assay 1 and 179.5±0.8 at 8 days of age in Assay 2. In Assay 1, a negative linear effect was observed for weight gain. Levels of viscera and bone meal influenced quadratically nitrogen digestibility index (Y = 66.0101 + 0.482425X - 0.0481086X2) and linearly the digestibility of dry matter (Y = 71.7775 - 0.615792X) and ether extract (Y = 78.3678 - 0.309136X). Morphometric measures of digestive organs were not influenced by viscera and bone meal levels. For Assay 2, negative and linear effect was observed for viscera and bone meal levels on weight gain (Y = 551.667 - 5.08341X) and feed intake (Y = 955.961 - 7.48435X). Quadratic effect was observed for ether extract digestibility (Y = 82.557 + 1.12021X - 0.150117X2) and maximum point was obtained at 3.7% viscera and bone meal inclusion for ether extract retention. Mortality was not affected by treatments in either of the assays. Viscera and bone meal can be used at 3 or 4% inclusion in broiler pre-starter and starter diets.

Rice oil as a soybean oil replacement in weanling pig diets

The motivation for including oils in the diets of weanling pigs is to increase dietary energy density to meet the pigs' energy requirements. The purpose of this study was to determine the digestible and metabolizable energy values of semi-refined rice oil (RO) and refined soybean oil (SO) for weanling pigs (Experiment 1), as well as to evaluate how replacing SO with RO in weanling pig diets affects performance, intestinal histology, organ morphometry and the occurrence of diarrhea (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, 21 barrows, averaging 19.63±0.37kg body weight (BW), were used in a randomized complete block design experiment, with seven replications per treatment and one pig per experimental unit (metabolism cage). The treatments consisted of a reference diet and two test diets. The test diets were obtained by using 90% of the reference diet and 10% of RO or SO. The experimental period consisted of a 7days adaptation period, followed by a 5days collection period of feces and urine. The values of the apparent digestible energy, apparent metabolizable energy and N-corrected apparent metabolizable energy of the oils were, respectively, 26.24, 25.78 and 26.01MJkg−1 for RO and 31.74, 31.35 and 31.51MJkg−1 for SO. In Experiment 2, 120 weaned pigs, castrated males and females, averaging 6.74±0.42kg BW, were used in a randomized complete block design experiment, with eight replications per treatment and three pigs per experimental unit (pen) to evaluate the effects of five replacement levels of SO with RO in isonutritive weanling pig diets. The treatments were as follows: 4:0—basal diet with 4% of SO; 3:1—basal diet with 3% of SO and 1% of RO; 2:2—basal diet with 2% of SO and 2% of RO; 1:3—basal diet with 1% of SO and 3% of RO; and 0:4—basal diet with 4% of RO. No effects of the replacement levels were observed in the weanling pigs' performance, organ morphometry or in their occurrence of diarrhea. However, a quadratic effect on the villus width and a cubic effect on the villus height:crypt depth ratio were observed in the duodenum. Therefore, if the determined values of energy are used in the feed formulation, refined soybean oil can be replaced with semi-refined rice oil in weanling pig diets without affecting their growth performance.

Effects of heat-induced food contaminant furan on reproductive system of male rats from weaning through postpuberty

Furan (C 4H 4O) is a volatile, colorless liquid and is used in some segments of the chemical manufacturing industry. It is found in variety of foods such as coffee, jarred and canned foods that undergo heat treatment. This study was designed to investigate the effect of furan exposure on reproductive system of male rats. Three to four weeks old rats were exposed to furan at 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg/day doses by orally for 90 days. Hematology, weights, histology and morphometry of reproductive organs, serum LH and testosterone levels, sperm count and morphology and apoptosis in testis were evaluated. Slight changes were observed in hematological parameters of furan-treated rats. The weights of seminal vesicle reduced significantly whereas the weights of prostate increased significantly in the highest furan dose group. LH and testosterone levels decreased in furan-treated rats. Histological examinations have revealed that furan caused impairments in testis, epididymis and prostate gland. Furan showed no effects on sperm counts and morphology. On the other hand apoptotic cells in testis increased significantly. According to morphometrical examination, the epithelial heights and lumen diameters of the reproductive organs have changed in treatment groups. These results indicate that subchronic furan treatment induces toxicity of the male reproductive system.

Performance and Carcass Composition of Broilers Fed Different Carbohydrate and Protein Sources in the Prestarter Phase

Chicken growth rate has increased substantially in the past decades, causing slaughter weight to be attained sooner and increasing the representativeness of the first days of life. Prestarter diets are presently used in a variety of situations in poultry production and are interpreted as investment, not a cost in production. Studies to define the nutrient requirements in the prestarter period are seconded by the necessity to search for ingredients with high nutrient availability that will result in improved animal performance associated with good carcass quality. Alternative ingredients with excellent digestibility must be used in diets for newly hatched chicks, because their digestive system is not completely adapted to the digestion and absorption of feeds. This research evaluated the effects of alternative carbohydrate and protein sources in prestarter broiler chicken diets on the performance, digestive organ morphometry, and carcass composition and yield. The effects of different carbohydrate and protein sources found at the prestarter phase were not maintained in subsequent phases.

Extratos vegetais como alternativas aos antimicrobianos promotores de crescimento para leitões recém-desmamados

Avaliou-se, por meio do desempenho e da morfometria de órgãos, o uso de extratos vegetais como alternativas aos antimicrobianos promotores de crescimento para leitões recém-desmamados. Um experimento em blocos casualizados, com 35 dias de duração, foi realizado para testar cinco tratamentos: ração basal; antimicrobiano - ração basal com colistina + tiamulina (75 ppm de cada); extratos vegetais - ração basal com 420 ppm de cravo (Ec); orégano (Eo) e cravo + orégano (Ec + Eo), respectivamente. Os extratos continham óleo essencial de cravo + eugenol e orégano + carvacrol. Para análise do desempenho, foram utilizados 80 leitões, oito repetições por tratamento e dois animais por unidade experimental. Ao final do período experimental, um animal de cada baia, dos quatro primeiros blocos, foi abatido para avaliação da morfometria de órgãos. Foram testados contrastes específicos de importância prática. No período de 24 a 38 dias de idade, os animais do tratamento antimicrobiano apresentaram melhor conversão alimentar (CA) em comparação àqueles dos tratamentos com extratos. Os animais do tratamento com cravo (Ec) tiveram melhor CA em comparação àqueles do tratamento com orégano (Eo). No período total, os animais do tratamento antimicrobiano apresentaram maior peso aos 59 dias de idade (P59) e ganho diário de peso (GDP) em relação à média dos animais dos tratamentos com extratos. Os animais do tratamento Ec + Eo apresentaram maior P59 e GDP em relação à média dos outros tratamentos com extratos. Para a morfometria de órgãos, os antimicrobianos proporcionaram maior peso relativo dos rins em relação à média dos outros tratamentos com extratos vegetais. De modo geral, os antimicrobianos proporcionaram os melhores desempenhos dos leitões em fase de creche. Quanto aos extratos vegetais, a combinação de Ec+Eo acarretou desempenho muito próximo ao obtido com os antimicrobianos, demonstrando ser uma alternativa promissora como promotor de crescimento de leitões recém-desmamados.

Bioavailability of the sodium pertechnetate and morphometry of organs isolated from rats: study of possible pharmacokinetic interactions of a ginkgo biloba extract

Many compounds affect the bioavailability of radiobiocomplexes as radiopharmaceuticals. Ginkgo Biloba extract (EGb) has several effects. The influence of an EGb on the bioavailability of the radiobiocomplex sodium pertechnetate (Na99mTcO4) and on the morphometry of the organs was evaluated. Rats were treated with EGb and Na99mTcO4 was injected. The animals were sacrificed; the radioactivity in the organs was counted. The results showed that EGb altered the Na99mTcO4 bioavailability in the kidneys, liver and duodenum. Morphometric analysis of the organs showed significant alterations (P&lt;0.05), probably caused by metabolites generated by EGb and capable of altering the bioavailability of the Na99mTcO4.

Morphometry of Lymphoid Organs in Health and Disease

Structural modification of lymph nodes in bronchogenic carcinoma, thymus cortex as a function of age, area and form factors of lymphoid cell nuclei in lymphomas and of epithelioid cell nuclei in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis have been measured by means of test point and/or image semiautomated analyzer.

Growth performance, immune status and organ morphometry in broilers fed Bacillus subtilis-supplemented diet

The present research aimed to investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) on performance, immune system, gut, and lymphoid organs’ microarchitecture in broilers. A total of 120 day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four groups. The birds were fed a corn-soy-based basal diet (BD) (control) or the same BD supplemented with 10% zinc bacitracin (ZnB), 0.05 g/kg or 0.1 g/kg of B. subtilis (BS). The broilers fed 0.1 g/kg of B. subtilis had superior mean bodyweight and lower feed conversion ratio compared with the non-supplemented or ZnB-fed groups. The BS-0.1 group registered higher antibody titer against the Newcastle disease (ND) virus. Cell-mediated immune response post Phytohaemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) injection was attained by both BS-0.1 and BS-0.05 groups. Histomorphological study revealed increased thymus cortical width, and cortex/medulla ratio in BS-0.1 group compared with control. Area of bursal follicles and germinal centres of spleen also improved in BS-0.1 group. Compared to ZnB and control, higher villus height (VH) and villus crypt ratio of the duodenum and jejunum were recorded on day 21, and higher VH of duodenum and ileum was noted on day 35 in BS-0.1 and BS-0.05 groups. In conclusion, B. subtilis-type probiotics contributed positively to better growth performance, improved immune system and modulated morphology of lymphoid organs and gut mucosa in broilers.Keywords: Immunity, intestinal mucosa, poultry, probiotics