Erythrocyte Morphology Research Articles

Synthesis of Erythrocyte‐Like P2‐Type Na0.67Mn0.75Co0.25O2 for Sodium Storage

AbstractSodium‐ion batteries are the most promising next‐generation energy storage systems. Nevertheless, low capacity and short cycle life have hindered their industrial production. Herein, we synthesized novel erythrocyte‐like Na0.67Mn0.75Co0.25O2 cathode materials through a simple co‐precipitation and solid‐phase method. The material has an erythrocyte morphology, which is different from the typical angular hexagonal morphology. The Na0.67Mn0.75Co0.25O2 cathode materials have a preeminent discharge capacity of 198 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 within a voltage range of 1.5–4.3 V and superior cycling and rate performance. The superior performance of the cathode materials is ascribed to the erythrocyte‐like morphology and the layered structure that mitigate the stress and expedite the transfer of sodium ions. The Na0.67Mn0.75Co0.25O2 cathode materials with erythrocyte‐like morphology have great potential for industrial production.

Zinc treatment modulates hematological and morphological changes in rat erythrocytes following arsenic exposure.

The aim of this study was to understand the effects of zinc supplementation on antioxidant defense systems, hematological indices, and erythrocyte morphology in conditions of chronic arsenic toxicity. Male Wistar rats were segregated into four groups: control, arsenic treated, zinc supplemented, and arsenic + zinc treated. The animals in the arsenic-treated group were given arsenic orally in drinking water in the form of sodium arsenite at a dose level of 100 mg L-1, and zinc was administered to zinc-treated animals in the form of zinc sulfate orally in drinking water at a dose level of 227 mg L-1. The animals were subjected to different treatments for a period of 12 weeks, and various investigations were undertaken that included serum zinc content, activity of antioxidant enzymes, and hematological indices. Further, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies were performed to assess morphological changes in erythrocytes. Arsenic treatment significantly reduced serum zinc concentrations, which, however, were restored to near-normal levels upon zinc supplementation. The activities of enzymes involved in antioxidant defense systems were altered in the erythrocyte lysates of arsenic-treated rats, which interestingly revealed a significant improvement upon simultaneous zinc supplementation. A significant reduction in the counts of total leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes was observed following arsenic intoxication, which came back to near control levels following zinc supplementation. Also, protective effects of zinc were evident from SEM that revealed maintenance of topographical appearances of erythrocytes in conditions of arsenic toxicity. Thus, this study clearly shows the protection afforded by zinc on erythrocytes during arsenic-induced toxicity.

Haematology of southern bent-winged bats (Miniopterus orianae bassanii) from the Naracoorte Caves National Park, South Australia

Haematology is an important tool for evaluating the health of both individuals and populations of animals, as it can provide evidence of subclinical disease. This is particularly important for endangered species as it provides a potential early warning system. The southern bent-winged bat (Miniopterus orianae bassanii) is a critically endangered bat whose population has declined over the past 50 years. As part of a larger investigation to determine if disease could be a contributing factor to the sub-species’ decline, complete blood counts were performed on southern bent-winged bats from the Naracoorte Caves National Park, South Australia, to determine their haematological characteristics. Erythrocyte and leucocyte morphologies were similar to other bat species. However, when compared with published results for Schreiber’s bent-winged bat (M. schreibersii), a closely related species, southern bent-winged bats had significantly fewer total white blood cells and a lower percentage of neutrophils, but a significantly greater percentage of lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils. Polychromophilus melanipherus, a haemosporidian parasite, was found in the blood of 28% of bats. This parasite was not associated with any pathological effects. This study highlights the importance of generating species-specific reference ranges as extrapolating from even closely related species can lead to errors in interpretation.

Abnormal erythrocyte morphology in drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms

Abnormal erythrocyte morphology in drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms

Dietary supplementation with sulforaphane attenuates liver damage and heme overload in a sickle cell disease murine model

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a recessively inherited blood disorder caused by abnormal β-globin production. The β-globin mutation changes erythrocyte morphology into a sickle shape and increases erythrocyte vulnerability to hemolysis. Oxidative stress and concomitant inflammation eventually result in damage to multiple organs. Nrf2 is a master regulator of the oxidative stress response, homeostasis, and metabolism. Keap1 modulates Nrf2 protein levels; Nrf2 inducers alter nuclear Nrf2 levels by interacting with Keap1. Genetic modification of Keap1 helps to reduce inflammation and tissue damage in SCD model mice through Nrf2 induction. Here, we investigated the benefits of a mild and safe Nrf2 agonist, sulforaphane (SFN), in ameliorating SCD pathology in a murine model. SFN is a phytochemical and is found in cruciferous vegetables as its inert precursor, glucoraphanin. We found that dietary SFN administration for 14 days or 2 months increased the expression of Nrf2-dependent cytoprotective genes, but SFN uptake did not have deleterious effects on the food consumption and growth of SCD model mice. SFN ameliorated the liver damage of SCD mice, which could be validated by the rescue of liver function and the significantly reduced liver necrotic area. SFN administration also helped to eliminate heme released from lysed sickle cells. These results indicate that dietary supplementation with SFN relieves SCD symptoms by inducing Nrf2 and support our contention that SFN is a potential drug for the long-term treatment of children with SCD.

The stability of sample storage for complete blood count (CBC) toward the blood cell morphology

Background: Peripheral blood smear examination had a pivotal role in determining diagnosis and as confirmation of the automatic hematology analyzer results. The storage process was highly influential on the morphological stability of the cell. This study aimed to assess the morphological changes in blood cells stored at certain period and temperature. Method: Sample of 30 blood specimens of healthy people with dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (K2EDTA) anticoagulants. The specimens were stored at room temperature (18-25ºC) and refrigerator temperature (2-8ºC) and were analyzed at the preliminary examination i.e., 8 hours, 16 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, and 96 hours. Kappa test was used in validating the reading of PBS (Peripheral Blood Smear). The discrimination testing used were paired t-test and Kolmogorov Smirnov test with p value <0.005, which stated to be significant. Result: The changes in erythrocytes morphology stored at room temperature (18-25ºC) was that the erythrocytes crenation started to happen at 8 hours storage with the grading scale of +2 that were found in 24 (80%) samples, whereas at refrigerator temperature (2-8ºC) the grading scale was +1 and found in 13 (43.3%) samples. Spherocytes on erythrocytes began to form at room temperature (18-25ºC) at 8 hours storage with grading scale of +1 and was found in 2 (6.7%) samples, whereas at refrigerator temperatures (2-8ºC) spherocytes on erythrocytes began to form at 24 hours storage with grading scale of + 2 and was found in 3 (10%) samples.Conclusion: Peripheral blood smear (PBS) examination shall be done immediately to obtain significant results.

Evaluation of erythrocyte morphology and prevalence of poikilocytes in peripheral blood of sick domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)

ABSTRACT To evaluate the prevalence of poikilocytes on peripheral blood smears of sick domestic ferrets and to determine if any erythrocyte morphologic anomalies are associated with a specific diagnosis. Peripheral blood smears from ferrets that presented to the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Veterinaire between August 2010 and January 2015. Red blood cell morphologic changes were scored by each reviewer and the presence of keratocytes, acanthocytes, schizocytes, and codocytes was compared to the final diagnosis assigned to each patient, as determined by evaluation of their medical records. A total of 83 ferrets met the inclusion criteria. Clinical diagnoses included adrenal disease (n = 27), lymphoma (n = 14), insulinoma (n = 5), gastrointestinal disease (n = 25), liver disease (n = 9), and other (n = 22). No ferrets had eccentrocytes or basophilic stippling and the most frequently observed red blood cells morphologies were echinocytes (86.7%), polychromatophils (66.2%), and Howell-Jolly bodies (14.4%). The presence of poikilocytes that are often considered to be of pathologic significance was noted 12 times in 9 ferrets: schizocytes (n = 7), codocytes (n = 3), acanthocytes (n = 1), and keratocytes (n = 1). Significantly higher numbers of acanthocytes and schizocytes were observed in ferrets with lymphoma. However, schizocytes were also observed with gastrointestinal disease. The results suggest that ferrets with lymphoma may be more likely to have schizocytes and acanthocytes in their peripheral blood. However, the sensitivity and specificity of these changes need to be more comprehensively evaluated. Studies using larger numbers of ferrets with lymphoma and gastrointestinal diseases and studies evaluating blood smear abnormalities in healthy ferrets are warranted.

Analysis of changes in the morphology of erythrocytes – microscopic evaluation of peripheral blood smears

Analysis of changes in the morphology of erythrocytes – microscopic evaluation of peripheral blood smears

Correction of functional capacity of myocardium in arterial hypertension associated with hyperuricemia and poikilocytosis comorbidities

Aim. To study the influence of hyperuricemia (HU) on the functional capacity of the myocardium and erythrocytes morphology in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and to estimate the possibility of their correction using low-level laser therapy (LLLT).Materials and methods. A total of 82 patients with AH were divided into two groups depending on the level of uric acid (UA): group AH – 40 patients with AH and normal UA level; group HU + AH – 42 patients with AH in combination with HU. Scanning electron microscopy, 24-hour blood pressure monitoring and echocardiography were performed. LLLT course was performed for the therapeutic purpose.Results. A significantly increased degree of poikilocytosis up to 24.4 % of patients in the AH + HU group was caused by HU compared with 17.7 % of patients in the AH group. A moderate direct correlation was established between the level of UA, poikilocytosis and Tei index. After LLLT, poikilocytosis was reduced by 15.1 % in the AH group and by 29.9 % in the AH + HU group. The decrease in UA was 18.7 % in the group AH + HU and 3.9 % in the AH group. The significant unidirectional dynamics of UA indices (Δ% –18.7) and poikilocytosis (Δ% –29.9) in the group AH + HU has proved the role of UA in the development of poikilocytosis.After the treatment, the mean daily SBP was 8.2–9.0 % decreased in both groups, and Tei index was decreased by 29.3 % in the AH + HU group and by 9.5 % in the AH group.Conclusions. The use of LILT can significantly reduce the level of UA, degree of poikilocytosis, BP, and thus improve the functional capacity of the left ventricular myocardium in AH patients with hyperuricemia and poikilocytosis comorbidities.

Hypoxic storage of erythrocytes slows down storage lesions and prolongs shelf-life.

Conventional storage conditions of erythrocytes cause storage lesions. We propose that hypoxic storage conditions, involving removal of oxygen and replacement with helium, the changes in stored erythrocytes under hypoxic condition were observed and assessed. Erythrocytes were divided into two equal parts, then stored in conventional and hypoxic conditions, separately. Blood gas analysis, hemorheology, and hemolysis were performed once a week. Energy metabolism and membrane damage were monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Phosphatidylserine exposure was measured by flow cytometry. P50 was measured and the oxygen dissociation curve(ODC) plotted accordingly. Erythrocyte morphology was observed microscopically. In the 9th week of storage, the hemolysis of the hypoxia group was 0.7%; lower (p < .05) than that of the control group and still below the threshold of quality requirements. The dissolved oxygen and pO2 were only 1/4 of that in the control group (p < .01); the adenosine triphosphate, glucose, and lactic acid levels were decreased (p < .05), while the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels were increased relative to that in the control group (p < .01). There were no statistically significant differences in membrane damage, deformability, and aggregation between the two groups. In addition, the ODC of the two groups was shifted to the left but this difference was not statistically different. Basically similar to the effect of completely anaerobic conditions. Erythrocytes stored under hypoxic conditions could maintain a relatively stable state with a significant decrease in hemolysis, reduction of storage lesions, and an increase in shelf-life.

Amyloid β peptide affects erythrocyte morphology: Role of intracellular signaling pathways.

Circulating red blood cells (RBCs) undergo aging, a fundamental physiological phenomenon that regulates their turnover. Understanding the role of Aβ in the cross talk between cell signalling pathways and modulation of the cell structural and biomechanical properties occurring in RBCs during aging. The morphological pattern has been monitored using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) imaging and measuring the RBCs' plasma membrane roughness employed as a morphological parameter capable to provide information on the structure and integrity of the membrane-skeleton. We show that treatment with Aβ accelerates the occurrence of morphological and biochemical aging markers in human RBC and influences the cell metabolism. Biochemical data demonstrate that contemporaneously to morphological alterations, Aβ triggers: (i) metabolic alterations and (ii) a complex signaling pathway involving caspase 3, protein kinase C and nitric oxide derived metabolites. our study provides a comprehensive picture in which Aβ treatment of RBC induces changes in specific cell signalling events and/or metabolic pathways, in turns affecting the membrane-cytoskeleton interaction and the membrane integrity.

Pengaruh Pemberian Alkohol Peroral Terhadap Nilai Mean Corpuscular Volume, Morfologi Eritrosit Darah Tepi dan Normoblas Sumsum Tulang

A true experimental research with pre-post test control group design was carried out using 36 adult experimental male rats (strain wistar Rattus norvegicus) ,aged 10 weeks with weight of 200-250 grams. Before being given the treatment, the rats blood were taken out around 1,5 cc to measure the MCV value and the erythrocyte morphology. The rats were divided into 6 groups. The first group was the control group and the other five were the treatment group which were treated with different concentration of alcohol continuously for 45 days. After being treated, the rats blood were taken as same as the investigator did previously to examine the MCV value and the erythrocyte morphology, included the removal of right femur to assess morphology and bone marrow normoblast diameter. Results of the study showed that there was increasing on MCV value after the treatment that was proportional to the alcohol concentration given (p 0.000 0.05). Yet,there was an inclination of normoblast diameter. Finally, it can be concluded that consuming oral alcohol continuously increases the MCV value, changing of erythrocyte morphology and bone marrow normoblast.

Distinctions of the results of automated analysis and microscopic blood investigation (examples of clinical cases).

There are cases of discrepancies between the results of a microscopic examination of blood cells by morphological physicians with data obtained using an automatic analyzer in patients with a hematologic profile. It is shown that in some cases the analyzer does not determine changes in the morphology of erythrocytes, allows errors in calculating the leukoformula, differentiation of cells according to the degree of maturity, and evaluation of the number of platelets. The complementary importance of methods of light microscopy and automated blood analysis in patients with suspected pathology of the blood system is underlined.

Clinical features of 20 patients with phytosterolemia causing hematologic abnormalities

Objective: To investigate the clinical and laboratory features of Phytosterolemia with hematological abnormalities. Methods: A retrospective study was performed on 20 patients with phytosterolemia admitted to the hematology department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University during 2004-2017. History of patients was collected and the platelet counts, lipidomic analysis of plasma and osmotic fragility of erythrocytes were carried out. The erythrocyte and platelet morphology was examined by light microscope. Phytosterol levels in serum were measured by high performance liquid chromatography method. All of ABCG5/8 exons and intron-exon boundaries were amplified by PCR and directly sequenced to identify mutations. Results: All patients had been misdiagnosed as immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), or Evans syndrome with a mean delay of 21 years between symptom onset and accuracy diagnosis. The clinical manifestations of the patients were variable, but most of them presented with thrombocytopenia, anemia, splenomegaly from early ages, and xanthomas. Other major features were also observed, such as impaired liver functions (9 cases), premature atherosclerosis (5 cases) and/or arthritis (4 cases). Interestingly, all patients displayed an increased osmotic fragility of red cells and unique blood film features: large unequal platelets surrounded by a circle of vacuoles and various abnormal erythrocyte shapes, especially stomatocyte. Serum levels of the sitosterol and stigmasterol in the patients were remarkably elevated up to 331.05(276.00, 670.20)mg/L and 244.60(193.78,399.40)mg/L, about 10 and 24 times higher than those of normal subjects. There were 14 mutations in ABCG5/8 genes found in the patients. Among them, 2/3 of the mutations were in ABCG5 gene, including p.(E22X), p.(R446X),g.ISV7+3G>A, p.(R446X), p.(R419H), g.ISV7+3G>A, p.(G90E), p.(R389H) and g.7+2G>A), and 1/3 in ABCG8 gene involving p.(M614-K628del), p.(E25X), p.(L86P fs X185), p.(R263Q), p.(E500D fs X604) and p.(G674R) mutation. The ABCG5 p.(R446X) mutation was found in 3 separate families. Conclusions: The phenomena of thrombocytopenia/ stomatocyte/splenomegaly represents a special clinical manifestations of phytosterolemia, and distinct changes of blood cell morphology are the typical characters. Plasma plant sterols and ABCG5/ABCG8 genes should be analyzed when such hematologic abnormalities are unexplained.

PROPORTION OF ISOMORPHIC ERYTROCYTE URINE IN DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE WITH FLOW CYTOMETRY METHODS

Hematuria can be found in diabetic kidney disease. Urinary erythrocytes morphology can differentiate hematuria in diabetic kidney disease from other glomerular disorders. Different etiologies need different management. Urinalysis with flowcytometry method can directly give information about urine erythrocyte morphology which is not obtained by the conventional method. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of urinary isomorphic erythrocytes in diabetic kidney disease. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study in the Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung from July 2016 to July 2017. Subjects were 38 patients who have been diagnosed as diabetic kidney disease by clinicians and had hematuria. Random urine samples were collected for erythrocytes morphology assay by using flowcytometry method and u-ACR values by using spectrophotometry method. The result of this study was 57.9% male, with the most frequent age were 55-64 years old group (34.2%) and 63.2% from all subject were included in the macroalbuminuria category. In erythrocyte morphology assay, 84.2% was isomorphic erythrocyte which 83.3% was macroalbuminuria group. The proportion of hematuria in diabetic kidney disease with automated integrated urine flowcytometry method was dominated by isomorphic erythrocyte morphology. Isomorphic erythrocytes in DM did not mean absence of glomerular abnormalities.

Bite morphology of erythrocytes with G6PD deficiency is or is not a reliable parameter for forensic identification

Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common enzyme deficiency in humans, affecting 400 million people worldwide. It has a high prevalence in persons of African descent. It is inherited as an X‐linked recessive disorder. G6PD deficiency is polymorphic, with more than 300 variants. 50 crime scenes were analyzed with microscopic examination of blood stains. The morphology of erythrocytes after controlled rehydration was examined under a microscope with May‐Grunwald Giemsa staining. In the 50 samples the RBC diameter, the morphology, the presence of Heinz's bodies and the presence of Bite erythrocytes were evaluated. On the samples the G6PD was analyzed. In 7 cases, typical changes in G6PD deficiency were identified. In the analyzed cases, DNA analysis was performed on other tests in the same scene. The result of the study was that in the 7 cases identified, these were black subjects. the conclusion is that the evaluation of the erythrocyte morphology is a reliable test (p &lt;0.05) for the identification of black race of subjects without identity in the absence of other evidence.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Erythrocyte Morphology of Tuberculosis Patients

Tuberculosis is one of the causes of anemia in chronic diseases in addition to rheumatoid arthritis, urserative colitis, Crohn's disease, ovarian malignancy and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Chronic disease anemia also known as anemia due to inflammation, occurs in patients with chronic infections. This anemia also occurs in some patients with malignancy. The causes of anemia are based on cell size, namely iron deficiency (often), anemia of chronic diseases (often), Thalassemia (often in certain ethnicities) causing the size of cells to become microsytic. Cells turn macrocytic due to liver disease, excess alcohol, megaloblastic anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency or folate or exposure to certain drugs), hemolysis, and aplastic anemia. Whereas the normal cell factors are blood loss, the initial phase of iron deficiency, anemia, chronic disease, and kidney failure. The aim of this study was to determine the type of anemia based on the morphological description of erythrocytes in the form, color, and size of erythrocytes seen in the smear blood supply of tuberculosis patients based on treatment duration of 0-6 months. The type of research used was a descriptive survey with a population of 15 people taken by accidental sampling. Data collection is done by examining the blood smear smears. Based on the examination of peripheral blood smear preparations in pulmonary tuberculosis patients, the morphology of erythrocytes in the form of Normocytic normochrome was 74% and microsocytic normochrome was 26%. Suggestions in the research for further research can be carried out with support other than the examination of peripheral blood smear.

МОЛЕКУЛЯРНЫЕ ЭФФЕКТЫ ЭРИТРОПОЭТИНА НА ЛИПИДНЫЙ СОСТАВ МЕМБРАНЫ ЭРИТРОЦИТОВ КРОВИ ПУПОВИНЫ НОВОРОЖДЕННЫХ ПРИ ЦИТОМЕГАЛОВИРУСНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ В ПЕРИОД БЕРЕМЕННОСТИ

In order to identify the molecular effects of erythropoietin on the lipid composition and properties of the membrane of red blood cells of the umbilical cord, 35 newborn children born from cytomegalovirus seropositive women with exacerbation of infection in the third trimester of pregnancy (main group) were examined. The control group consisted of 30 newborns born from cytomegalovirus seronegative women. Plasma and red blood cells of the umbilical cord became the material for the study. In the membrane of red blood cells of the umbilical cord by spectrophotometry there were studied the products that react with thiobarbituric acid; membrane microviscosity was studied by lateral diffusion of hydrophobic fluorescent probe of pyrenes; lysophosphatidylcholine content by a thin-layer chromatography; the content of arachidonic, oleic and α-linolenic fatty acids by gas chromatography; ionized calcium content by analyzer of blood gases and electrolytes; erythropoietin in umbilical cord blood plasma by enzyme immunoassay. The number of erythrocytes was determined by an automatic hematological analyzer. The assessment of erythrocytes morphology and echinocytes counting was performed by light microscopy with further cytophotometrical data processing. In the umbilical cord blood of newborns born from cytomegalovirus seropositive women with exacerbation of infection in the third trimester of pregnancy, there was found out an increase in the level of erythropoietin by 20% (p&lt;0.05), the number of erythrocytes by 21% (p&lt;0.01), of products reacting with thiobarbituric acid by 60% (p&lt;0.001), of lysophosphatidylcholine by 42% (p&lt;0.001), of arachidonic acid by 31% (p&lt;0.001)&lt;0.001), of ionized calcium by 14% (p&lt;0.05), of the amount of echinocytes by 91% (p&lt;0.001); with a decrease in the content of oleic and α-linolenic fatty acids by 40% (p&lt;0.001), there was an increase in the ratio of fluorescence of excimers and monomers (Fe/Fm) by 30% (p&lt;0.001), the number of red blood cells by 21% (p&lt;0.01). The results obtained suggested in the newborns from seropositive women to cytomegalovirus with exacerbation of the infection in the third trimester of pregnancy the development of ineffective erythropoiesis, enhancing oxidative damage of red blood cells, leading to echinocytosis and eryptosis

Changes in Erythrocyte Morphology at Initiation of Cardiopulmonary Bypass Without Blood Transfusion Were Not Associated With Less Deformability During Cardiac Surgery

During cardiac surgery, circulating red blood cells (RBCs) are at risk of exposure to environmental factors during extracorporeal circulation and transfusion of stored RBCs. For this study, the authors observed morphological differences, deformability, density distribution, and erythrocyte indices of RBCs during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Prospective study. Tertiary care center affiliated with a university hospital. Adults who underwent elective cardiac surgery requiring CPB. Blood samples were obtained from 13 patients before incision (baseline), at initiation of CPB, after separation from CPB, and at completion of surgery. The morphological index (MI) in RBCs using light microscopy and the maximum deformability index (DImax) using an ektacytometer were evaluated. In addition, the fractionation of RBCs and erythrocyte indices were measured. The MI at initiation of CPB was significantly higher without blood transfusion compared with baseline, although the DImax did not significantly decrease simultaneously. The DImax after separation from CPB and at completion of surgery were significantly lower than that at baseline. This lowered DImax was accompanied by a significantly reduced mean corpuscular volume and elevated mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration compared with baseline. Dense RBC subpopulations increased after initiating CPB. The MI after separation from CPB and at completion of surgery partially recovered. Administered stored RBCs showed a high MI and the lowest DImax. Morphological changes at initiation of CPB are considered potentially reversible transformations without loss of the membrane surface area and do not have a significant effect on the DImax. A decrease in deformability likely is due to transfusion of stored RBCs.

Altered erythrocyte morphology in Mexican adults with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus evaluated by scanning electron microscope.

To evaluate the erythrocyte morphology in people with prediabetes, T2DM and healthy subjects in a Mexican population and its association with biochemical parameters. Cross-sectional study consisted of three groups: healthy (HG), people with prediabetes (PG) and with T2DM (DMG). A blood sample was obtained from all participants to assess the erythrocyte morphology, and levels of HbA1c, glucose and lipid profile. Anthropometrical parameters were also evaluated. It was observed that compared with healthy individuals, people with prediabetes presented a significant decrease in the diameter (-0.08 μm, P = 0.014) and height (-0.07 μm, P = 0.004), as well as people with T2DM (-0.33 μm, P < 0.001 in diameter; and -0.36 μm, P < 0.001 in height). Besides, it was found a significant difference in diameter (-0.25 μm, P < 0.001) and height (-0.29 μm, P < 0.001) between the PG and DMG. No significant differences in the axial ratio between groups. Also, HbA1c, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference were significantly associated with diameter and height. Erythrocyte morphological alterations can serve as an indicator of early diagnosis of T2DM and a factor implicated in the course of the clinical condition, so the correction of these alterations could serve as a treatment for prediabetes and T2DM. It is essential to promote constantly checkups of biochemical and anthropometrical parameters, as well as erythrocyte morphological alterations to prevent the onset of prediabetes and T2DM and possible clinical complications.