Morphology In Children Research Articles

The grammaticality judgement of inflectional morphology in children with and without Developmental Language Disorder

ABSTRACT To explore the clinical potential of grammaticality judgement tasks, this study investigated whether a Grammaticality Judgment Task (GJT) of inflectional morphology could differentiate between a clinically selected sample of children with DLD and children in mainstream (i.e. regular education) schools. We also explored the relationship between grammaticality judgement and measures of receptive vocabulary, receptive grammar, and nonword repetition. Children with DLD (n = 30; age range = 69–80 months) and mainstream children in Pre-primary, Year 1, and Year 2 (n = 89, age range = 61–96 months) were assessed on a GJT of regular past tense, third person singular, and possessive ‘s. The GJT was sensitive to developmental differences in mainstream children and differentiated children with DLD from Year 1 and 2 mainstream children, with DLD results consistent with a one-year delay in performance compared to controls. The GJT was the strongest discriminator of membership to a clinically selected sample of children with DLD (ROC curve analysis, area under the curve = 88%). Receptive grammar, receptive vocabulary, and nonword repetition were related to performance on the GJT. The grammaticality judgement of inflectional morphology shows promise as a reliable indicator of DLD and a measure sensitive to developmental differences in mainstream children. GJTs should continue to be explored for clinical application as a potential tool for both assessment and intervention.

2.3 Shared and Distinct Effects of ADHD and Obesity on Cerebral Cortical Morphology in Children

2.3 Shared and Distinct Effects of ADHD and Obesity on Cerebral Cortical Morphology in Children

The Slavcleft: A Three-Center Study of the Outcome of Treatment of Cleft Lip and Palate Considering Palatal Shape.

The degree of deviation of palatal shape from the norm may reflect facial growth disturbance in cleft lip and palate (CLP). The objective of this study was to compare the palatal morphology in children treated with different surgical protocols. Palatal shape was assessed with geometric morphometrics (GM) including Procrustes superimposition, principal component analysis (PCA), and permutation tests with 10,000 permutations, in 24 children treated with two-stage repair with a late palatoplasty (Prague group; mean age at assessment 8.9 years), 16 children after two-stage repair with early palatoplasty (Bratislava group; mean age 8.2 years), and 53 children treated with a one-stage repair (Warsaw group, mean age 10.3 years). The non-cleft control group comprised 60 children at 8.6 years. The first five principal components (PCs) accounted for a minimum of 5% of the total shape variability (65.9% in total). The Procrustes distance was largest for the Prague vs. Control pair and smallest for the Prague vs. Bratislava pair. Nonetheless, all intergroup differences were statistically significant (p < 0.01). One can conclude that variations in palatal shape roughly correspond to cephalometric and dental arch relationship findings from prior research. Among the children who underwent a one-stage repair of the complete cleft, their palatal morphology most closely resembled that of the non-cleft controls. Conversely, children who received late palatoplasty exhibited the greatest degree of deviation.

Measuring skeletal muscle morphology in children with cerebral palsy – A scoping review update of the last 4 years

Measuring skeletal muscle morphology in children with cerebral palsy – A scoping review update of the last 4 years

Systematic literature study of trachea and bronchus morphology in children and adults.

Understanding the dimensions of the lower airway is critical for performing respiratory surgery, selecting and designing appropriate airway equipment, and removing aspirated foreign bodies via bronchoscopy, anaesthesia, and radiography. The purpose of this study was to analyse the trachea and bronchus morphologically in children and adults, as well as to standardise the data for these structures' measurements. Various databases were reviewed for studies on lower airway dimensions. The criteria for inclusion and exclusion were established. Finally, it was agreed to look into 28 studies that took place between 1984 and 2021. The length of the trachea, its anterior-posterior (AP) and transverse dimensions, the lengths and transverse diameters of the right and left major bronchus, and the subcarinal angle were also investigated in the study. In studies where measurements were performed with different methods and procedures. It was revealed that age and gender were effective in the difference in lower respiratory tract dimensions. The mean values of all parameters were greater in adults than in children, the AP diameter of the trachea in adults was greater than the transverse diameter. In children, it was observed that the transverse diameter was larger than the AP diameter on average, the left main bronchus was longer than the right main bronchus, and the transverse diameter was smaller than the right main bronchus in most of the studies. The articles reviewed for this study revealed that measurements were done using a variety of different procedures and approaches, and the resulting data were inconsistent and could not be standardized. The data collected will be beneficial both conceptually and clinically; we believe that additional comparison research involving children and adults in bigger groups are necessary.

Effects of different pelvic osteotomy surgeries on acetabular center and pelvic morphology

ObjectiveTo compare the effects of Salter pelvic osteotomy, Pemberton pelvic osteotomy, and triple pelvic osteotomy on the center of acetabulum and pelvic morphology in children with hip joint disease.MethodsThe data of children treated with Salter pelvic osteotomy (2 males and 14 females with an average age of 2.49 years), Pemberton pelvic osteotomy (4 males and 11 females with an average age of 6.11 years), and triple pelvic osteotomy(4 males and 8 females with an average age of 9.59 years) between January 2011 and December 2020 were collected. After discharge, the outpatient review was followed up for at least 1 year. All patients underwent anterior–posterior pelvic X-ray scanning before surgery, three months after surgery in the first year and every six months after the first year. The following X-ray features were analyzed: bilateral pelvic height (PH), iliac crest inclination (ICI), a horizontal distance of the acetabulum center (HD), and vertical distance of the acetabulum center (VD).ResultsThe mean follow-up time was 16.9 ± 4.9 months in the Salter group, 20.7 ± 5.1 months in the Pemberton group, and 18.0 ± 5.4 months in the triple group (all P > 0.05). No significant differences between PH, HD, and VD of both sides on the preoperative AP pelvic x-ray were found. However, at the last follow-up, PH, HD,VD, and ICI increased in the Salter group (all P < 0.05), PH and VD increased in the Pemberton group (all P < 0.05), and VD decreased in the Triple group (P < 0.05).ConclusionSalter pelvic osteotomy may cause pelvic height to increase and the center of acetabulum to move outward and downward. In contrast, Pemberton pelvic osteotomy may cause pelvic height to increase and the center of acetabulum to move downward. Triple pelvic osteotomy only causes the center of acetabulum to move downward.

Comparative Analysis of Skeletal Changes, Occlusal Changes, and Palatal Morphology in Children with Mild Class III Malocclusion Treated with Elastodontic Appliances and Bimaxillary Plates.

The aim of the present study was to compare the changes observed in children after the early treatment of mild class III malocclusion using bimaxillary removable plates supported by class III elastics and elastodontic devices. Twenty children (mean age 7.6 ± 1.1 years) with signs of class III malocclusion were treated using by-maxillary plates (PG group) with class III elastics (10 subjects = mean age 7.9 ± 1.3 years) or using class III elastodontic devices (EG group) (10 subjects = mean age 7.4 ± 0.8 years). Digital models and lateral cephalograms were obtained before treatment (T0) and at the end of treatment (T1). The digital models were analyzed to assess occlusal changes and maxillary morphology using the surface-to-surface matching technique. Changes in cephalometric parameters were also analyzed. The data outcomes were statistically analyzed using the paired Student's t test for inter-timing assessments and the independent Student's t test for inter-group assessments. Both groups showed correction of class III malocclusions, with a significant increase in the ANB angle and the overjet (p < 0.05). Subjects in the PG group exhibited a greater reduction in the inter-incisal angle compared to the EG group (p < 0.05). The children in the EG group had a significantly lower percentage of palatal morphology matching between T0 and T1 compared to the PG group (p < 0.05), suggesting greater morphological changes in the palate. Elastodontic appliances (EAs) and bi-maxillary plates successfully correct class III malocclusions in children. However, elastodontic devices significantly improved the morphology of the palate, both in the transverse and anteroposterior directions.

Skeletal muscle fibre morphology in childhood-insights into myopenia in pediatric liver disease.

Skeletal muscle morphology in healthy children changes with age. Liver disease may preferentially affect type II fibres in adults with end-stage liver disease (ESLD). More research is needed on the effects of ESLD on muscle morphology in children.

Refractive status and retinal morphology in children with a history of intravitreal ranibizumab for retinopathy of prematurity.

This study investigated the characteristics of refractive status, visual acuity, and retinal morphology in children with a history of receiving intravitreal ranibizumab for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Children 4-6years of age were enrolled and divided into the following four groups: group 1, children with a history of ROP who had been treated with intravitreal ranibizumab; group 2, children with a history of ROP who had not received any treatment; group 3, premature children without ROP; and group 4, full-term children. Refractive status, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and macular thickness were measured. A total of 204 children were enrolled. In group 1, myopic shift was not noted, but poorer best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and shorter axial length were observed. Significantly lower peripapillary RNFL thickness in the average total and superior quadrant, higher central subfield thickness, lower parafoveal retinal thickness in average total, superior, and nasal and temporal quadrants were observed in group 1 than in the other groups. The poor BCVA in patients with ROP was correlated with the lower RNFL thickness in the superior quadrant. Conclusion: Children with a history of type 1 ROP treated with ranibizumab did not show a myopic shift but did show abnormal retinal morphology and the poorest BCVA among all groups. We suggest that pediatric ophthalmologists should always pay attention to visual development in patients with ROP with a history of intravitreal ranibizumab. What is Known: • Anti-VEGF is efficiently and widely used in the treatment of type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and different anti-VEGF agents are associated with different prevalence of myopia. • Patients with ROP who receive treatment such as laser therapy or cryotherapy have abnormal macular development and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. What is New: • Children with a history of ROP treated with intravitreal ranibizumab did not show a myopic shift but did show poor BCVA at 4-6years of age. • Abnormal macular morphology and lower peripapillary RNFL thickness were found in these children.

Effect of Pre-Surgical Orthopedic Treatment on Hard and Soft Tissue Morphology in Infants with Cleft Lip and Palate

The frequency of cleft lip and palate births in Japan is approximately 0.146%. The study aimed to compare the effects of NAM on restoring nasal morphology and improving extraoral nasal morphology in children with cleft lip and palate in the first stage of treatment using 3D imaging and oral model analysis. The subjects were five infants (37.6 ± 14.4 days old) with unilateral cleft lip and palate. The images taken with the 3D analyzer and oral model used for constructing the NAM at the first examination (baseline) and at the completion of the pre-surgical orthodontic treatment (157.8 ± 37.8 days old) were analyzed. The cleft distance was measured at the upper, middle, and lower points on the 3D images. On the model, the cleft jaw width at the maximum protrusion of the healthy and affected sides of the alveolar bone was measured. After the pre-surgical orthopedic treatment, the measured value on the model decreased significantly by a mean of 8.3 mm from baseline, and the cleft lip width narrowed by an average of 2.8 ± 2.2, 4.3 ± 2.3, and 3.0 ± 2.8 mm at the upper, middle, and lower points of the cleft, respectively. Pre-surgical orthopedic treatment using NAM can help narrow the width of the cleft jaw and lip. The sample size is stated at the study limit in the paper.

Adaptive Proton Therapy for Pediatric Parameningeal Rhabdomyosarcoma: On-Treatment Anatomic Changes and Timing to Replanning

PurposeTo characterize on-treatment changes in GTV morphology in children with parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma receiving upfront proton therapy with concurrent chemotherapy and thereby provide guidance on the timing of on-treatment imaging and adaptive replanning. Methods and MaterialsGTV was delineated on 86 simulation and weekly MR images of 15 prospectively enrolled patients (aged 1–21 years). Temporal changes from baseline in volume and surface (95% Hausdorff distance) were analyzed in relation to the need for plan verification and the resultant doses with hypothetical no treatment adaptation. ResultsThe median time was 6 days from the initiation of chemotherapy to CT+MR simulation and 15 days from the simulation to the start of radiotherapy. All but 1 patient showed a continuous decrease in GTV (0.16–1.52%/day) after simulation. At 3 weeks from simulation, 10 of 15 patients exhibited a significant reduction in volume (median, 20%; range, 6–29%). Without replanning, these changes could lead to a reduction in CTV V95 by 7–14% (n = 2) and/or an increase in D0.01 cc/Dmean of adjacent organs at risk by 6–21% of the prescribed target dose (n = 7). Significant dosimetric consequences occurred in cases with (1) a considerable weight gain, (2) shrinkage of the skin surface, or (3) tumor regression in the oral or nasal cavity and sinus that altered air-tissue components in the beam path. The subsequent GTV and dosimetry after 3 weeks from simulation (4 weeks from chemotherapy initiation) demonstrated a relatively stable trend. ConclusionsOn-treatment imaging at 3 weeks after simulation is recommended, if the simulation is performed at 1 week after the initiation of chemotherapy, to detect significant anatomic changes that could result in >5% deviation from planned target coverage and/or organ doses in pediatric patients with parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma receiving early proton therapy.

Genetic regulation of body size and morphology in children: a twin study of 22 anthropometric traits

BackgroundAnthropometric measures show high heritability, and genetic correlations have been found between obesity-related traits. However, we lack a comprehensive analysis of the genetic background of human body morphology using detailed anthropometric measures.MethodsHeight, weight, 7 skinfold thicknesses, 7 body circumferences and 4 body diameters (skeletal breaths) were measured in 214 pairs of twin children aged 3–18 years (87 monozygotic pairs) in the Autonomous Region of Madeira, Portugal. Factor analysis (Varimax rotation) was used to analyze the underlying structure of body physique. Genetic twin modeling was used to estimate genetic and environmental contributions to the variation and co-variation of the anthropometric traits.ResultsTogether, two factors explained 80% of the variation of all 22 anthropometric traits in boys and 73% in girls. Obesity measures (body mass index, skinfold thickness measures, as well as waist and hip circumferences) and limb circumferences loaded most strongly on the first factor, whereas height and body diameters loaded especially on the second factor. These factors as well as all anthropometric measures showed high heritability (80% or more for most of the traits), whereas the rest of the variation was explained by environmental factors not shared by co-twins. Obesity measures showed high genetic correlations (0.75–0.98). Height showed the highest genetic correlations with body diameter measures (0.58–0.76). Correlations between environmental factors not shared by co-twins were weaker than the genetic correlations but still substantial. The correlation patterns were roughly similar in boys and girls.ConclusionsOur results show high genetic correlations underlying the human body physique, suggesting that there are sets of genes widely affecting anthropometric traits. Better knowledge of these genetic variants can help to understand the development of obesity and other features of the human physique.

Research progress on CBCT of temporomandibular joint morphology in children with malocclusion in mixed dentition

Malocclusion is an abnormal development and deformity of maxillofacial structure caused by congenital factors or acquired factors. The morphology and structure of the temporomandibular joint with various malocclusion deformities have their own characteristics, which can seriously affect the physical and mental health of children. With the continuous development of society and economy and the gradual improvement of people's living standard, malocclusion malocclusion in children during dental replacement period has received more attention. CBCT is one of the important imaging methods to examine the morphology and structure of temporomandibular joint. In order to intervene early in children with malocclusion during mixed dentition and to understand the morphological and structural characteristics of temporomandibular joint, imaging is used to review the morphological and structural characteristics and differences of temporomandibular joint in children with different types of malocclusion during in mixed dentition.

Measurements of craniofacial morphology using photogrammetry in children with sleep-disordered breathing.

To assess the craniofacial morphology in children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) using nonradiation and readily accessible photogrammetry technique. Included children aged 3-18 years with SDB-related symptoms from April 2019 to February 2020 in a tertiary center. All participants underwent craniofacial photogrammetry and overnight polysomnography (PSG). Participants were stratified into 2 groups (obstructive sleep apnea [OSA] group: apnea-hypopnea index [AHI]≥1 and non-OSA group: AHI <1). Craniofacial photogrammetry was performed to derive variables of craniofacial features in standardized frontal and profile views. The 2 groups were propensity score matched based on age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) percentiles. Associations between craniofacial feature variables and OSA (AHI ≥1) likelihood were examined using logistic regression test. intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the intrarater and interrater reliability. In total, 58 children were enrolled for the analysis after matching. All 3 variables representing the mandibular plane angle in the profile view were increased in the OSA group (mego-tn: 34.85±5.99 vs 31.65±5.96°, odds ratio [OR]: 1.10, 95% CI:1.02 to 1.18, P=.01; tn-gogn: 28.65±6.38 vs 25.91±5.38°, OR: 1.08, 95% CI:1.02 to 1.15, P=.012; and gome-tsup: 26.71±6.13 vs 22.20±5.89°, OR: 1.13, 95% CI:1.04 to 1.23, P=.003). Craniofacial photogrammetry revealed increased mandibular inclination in children with OSA. A steep mandibular plane with craniofacial photogrammetry is considered a potential predictor of pediatric OSA. Further investigation with a large sample size is required to clarify the validity of photogrammetry in evaluating pediatric OSA.

Air pollution exposure during pregnancy and childhood, APOE ε4 status and Alzheimer polygenic risk score, and brain structural morphology in preadolescents

BackgroundAir pollution exposure is associated with impaired neurodevelopment, altered structural brain morphology in children, and neurodegenerative disorders. Differential susceptibility to air pollution may be influenced by genetic features. ObjectivesTo evaluate whether the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype or the polygenic risk score (PRS) for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) modify the association between air pollution exposure during pregnancy and childhood and structural brain morphology in preadolescents. MethodsWe included 1186 children from the Generation R Study. Concentrations of fourteen air pollutants were calculated at participants’ home addresses during pregnancy and childhood using land-use-regression models. Structural brain images were collected at age 9–12 years to assess cortical and subcortical brain volumes. APOE status and PRS for AD were examined as genetic modifiers. Linear regression models were used to conduct single-pollutant and multi-pollutant (using the Deletion/Substitution/Addition algorithm) analyses with a two-way interaction between air pollution and each genetic modifier. ResultsHigher pregnancy coarse particulate matter (PMcoarse) and childhood polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure was differentially associated with larger cerebral white matter volume in APOE ε4 carriers compared to non-carriers (29,485 mm3 (95% CI 6,189; 52,781) and 18,663 mm3 (469; 36,856), respectively). Higher pregnancy PMcoarse exposure was differentially associated with larger cortical grey matter volume in children with higher compared to lower PRS for AD (19436 mm3 (825, 38,046)). DiscussionAPOE status and PRS for AD possibly modify the association between air pollution exposure and brain structural morphology in preadolescents. Higher air pollution exposure is associated with larger cortical volumes in APOE ε4 carriers and children with a high PRS for AD. This is in line with typical brain development, suggesting an antagonistic pleiotropic effect of these genetic features (i.e., protective effect in early-life, but neurodegenerative effect in adulthood). However, we cannot discard chance findings. Future studies should evaluate trajectorial brain development using a longitudinal design.

Abnormal cortical morphology in children and adolescents with intermittent exotropia.

PurposeTo investigate cortical differences, age-related cortical differences, and structural covariance differences between children with intermittent exotropia (IXT) and healthy controls (HCs) using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).MethodsSixteen IXT patients and 16 HCs underwent MRI using a 3-T MR scanner. FreeSurfer software was used to obtain measures of cortical volume, thickness, and surface area. Group differences in cortical thickness, volume and surface area were examined using a general linear model with intracranial volume (ICV), age and sex as covariates. Then, the age-related cortical differences between the two groups and structural covariance in abnormal morphometric changes were examined.ResultsCompared to HCs, IXT patients demonstrated significantly decreased surface area in the left primary visual cortex (PVC), and increased surface area in the left inferior temporal cortex (ITC). We also found increased cortical thickness in the left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), right middle temporal cortex (MT), and right inferior frontal cortex (IFC). No significant differences were found in cortical volume between the two groups. There were several negative correlations between neuroanatomic measurements and age in the HC group that were not observed in the IXT group. In addition, we identified altered patterns of structural correlations across brain regions in patients with IXT.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this study is the first to characterize the cortical morphometry of the children and adolescents with IXT. Based on our results, children and adolescents with IXT exhibited significant alterations in the PVC and association cortices, different cortical morphometric development patterns, and disrupted structural covariance across brain regions.

Interference Screw vs Suture Button Fixation for Tibialis Anterior Tendon Transfer to Lateral Cuneiform: A Biomechanical Analysis with Implications for Clubfoot Treatment

Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: While transfer of the tibialis anterior tendon (TAT) to the lateral cuneiform (LC) following serial casting has been used for over 60 years to treat relapsed clubfoot deformity, modern methods of tendon fixation remain largely unstudied. Though interference screw fixation has the potential of obviate concerns of pressure necrosis and proper tendon tensioning associated with plantar button suspensory stabilization, a better understanding of LC morphology in young children is a necessary first step in assessing the viability of this fixation technique. The purpose of this investigation is therefore to define LC morphology in children aged 3-6 years. Methods: A retrospective radiographic review of 40 healthy pediatric feet aged 3-6 years who had either MRI or CT scans was performed at a single pediatric hospital. The length, width, and height of only the ossified portion of the LC were measured digitally using sagittal, coronal, and axial imaging. In addition, the maximal cross-sectional diameter of the TAT was measured at the level of the tibiotalar joint. Results: Average ossified LC width ranged from 8.5mm in the 3-year-old cohort to 10.3mm in 6-year-old children. While the average width increased with each year of age, ANOVA testing revealed no statistically significant difference in width between age groups (p=0.091). Average ossified LC length ranged from 13.5mm in the 3-year-old cohort to 18.3mm in 6-year-old children with statistically significant increases in all age groups separated by two or more years (p=0.017). the TAT to ossified LC width ratio ranged from 44% to 53% across age groups. (table 1). Conclusion: The dimensions of the LC ossification center are large enough to allow interference screw fixation in children 3 to 6 years of age.

Air Pollution Exposure during Pregnancy and Childhood, APOE ε4 Status and Polygenic Risk Score for Alzheimer’s Disease, and Brain Structural Morphology in Preadolescents

Background and Aim. Air pollution exposure is associated with impaired neurodevelopment, altered structural brain morphology in children and neurodegenerative disorders. Differential susceptibility to air pollution may be influenced by genetic features. We aimed to evaluate whether the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype or the polygenic risk score (PRS) for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), modify the association between air pollution exposure during pregnancy and childhood and structural brain morphology in preadolescents. Methods. We included 1186 children from the Generation R Study. Concentrations of 14 air pollutants were calculated at the participants’ home address during pregnancy and childhood using land-use-regression models. Structural brain images were collected at age 9–12 years to assess (sub)cortical brain volumes. APOE status and PRS for AD were examined as effect modifiers. We conducted single-pollutant analyses with a two-way interaction between air pollution and APOE status or PRS for AD and multi-pollutant analyses with the two-way interaction. Results. Higher pregnancy PMcoarse and childhood PAHs exposure was differentially associated with larger cerebral white matter volume in APOE ε4 carriers compared to non-carriers (29485 mm3 [95% CI 6189, 52781] and 18663 mm3 [469, 36856], respectively). Higher pregnancy PMcoarse exposure was differentially associated with larger cortical grey matter volume in children with higher compared to lower PRS for AD (19436 mm3 [825, 38046]). Conclusions. APOE status and PRS for AD have a possible modifying effect on the association between air pollution exposure and brain structural morphology in preadolescents. Both seem to modify the association towards the typical development of the brain, with increasing cortical volumes, highlighting the possibility of the antagonistic pleiotropic effect (i.e., protective effect in early life but altered neurodegenerative processes in adulthood). Future studies should research this antagonistic pleiotropic effect and study trajectorial brain development using a longitudinal design. Keywords. environmental pollution, neurodevelopment, neuroimaging, genetic modifiers

Outdoor residential air pollution exposure and the development of brain morphology across childhood: a longitudinal study

Background and aim: Emerging evidence suggests a relationship between exposure to air pollution and brain morphology in children, but little is known about how air pollution exposure influences the development of brain structures throughout childhood. We aim to study the association of air pollution exposure during pregnancy and childhood with the development of brain morphology from age 6-16 years. Methods: We used data from 4,243 children of the Generation R study, a birth cohort in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. We estimated the concentrations of fourteen air pollutants at participant´s home addresses during pregnancy and childhood, using land use regression models. We included structural brain images at three time points, namely at age 6-10 years, 9-12 years, and 13-16 years. We assessed the association between the air pollutants and brain volumes with linear mixed models, fitting an interaction term for age and each pollutant. Models were adjusted for socioeconomic status and lifestyle characteristics. Results: Higher air pollution exposure during pregnancy was associated with a slower decrease of cortical grey matter volume starting at around age 10 and a slower increase of corpus callosum volume (e.g. -12.7 mm3 increase in corpus callosum volume [95%CI -22.0; -3.3] with each year of age per 10 &amp;#x3bc;g/m3 increase in nitrogen dioxide exposure). Childhood exposure was associated with a faster decrease of putamen and caudate nucleus volume, and a slower increase of hippocampus volume. Higher exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and childhood was associated with a slower increase of thalamus volume. Air pollution exposure was not associated with cerebellum, amygdala, nucleus accumbens or globus pallidus volume. Conclusions: Air pollution exposure was associated with region-specific differences in age-related growth trajectories. Air pollution exposure during childhood might affect different brain regions than exposure during pregnancy. Keywords: air pollution, neurodevelopment, children, traffic

Muscle morphology in children with spastic cerebral palsy without history of treatment in Suriname

Muscle morphology in children with spastic cerebral palsy without history of treatment in Suriname