Morphology Of Nanostructures Research Articles

Engineering a nanoantibiotic system displaying dual mechanism of action

In recent decades, peptide amphiphiles (PAs) have established themselves as promising self-assembling bioinspired materials in a wide range of medical fields. Herein, we report a dual-therapeutic system constituted by an antimicrobial PA and a cylindrical protease inhibitor (LJC) to achieve broad antimicrobial spectrum and to enhance therapeutic efficacy. We studied two strategies: PA-LJC nanostructures (Encapsulation) and PA nanostructures + free LJC (Combination). Computational modeling using a molecular theory for amphiphile self-assembly captures and explains the morphology of PA-LJC nanostructures and the location of encapsulated LJC in agreement with transmission electron microscopy and two-dimensional (2D) NMR observations. The morphology and release profile of PA-LJC assemblies are strongly correlated to the PA:LJC ratio: high LJC loading induces an initial burst release. We then evaluated the antimicrobial activity of our nanosystems toward gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. We found that the Combination broadens the spectrum of LJC, reduces the therapeutic concentrations of both agents, and is not impacted by the inoculum effect. Further, the Encapsulation provides additional benefits including bypassing water solubility limitations of LJC and modulating the release of this molecule. The different properties of PA-LJC nanostructures results in different killing profiles, and reduced cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity. Meanwhile, details in membrane alterations caused by each strategy were revealed by various microscopy and fluorescent techniques. Last, in vivo studies in larvae treated by the Encapsulation strategy showed better antimicrobial efficacy than polymyxin B. Collectively, this study established a multifunctional platform using a versatile PA to act as an antibiotic, membrane-penetrating assistant, and slow-release delivery vehicle.

Synergistic bifunctionality of ZnO nanowalls: Antibacterial activity and photocatalysis through integrated in silico and in vitro approaches

This research investigation delves into the versatile attributes of ZnO nanowalls, specifically probing into their dual functionality encompassing antibacterial and photocatalytic properties. The synthesis of ZnO was achieved by employing a microwave-mediated co-precipitation technique. The resulting sample underwent thorough characterization through diverse analytical methodologies. X-ray diffraction analysis disclosed the prevalence of the hexagonal wurtzite phase, as confirmed by JCPDS card No. 36–1451, with an average crystallite size determined as 23.48 nm. Tauc plot extrapolation method was applied to the UV absorption spectrum to ascertain the bandgap energy. The ZnO nanostructure morphology, featuring multi-directional nano-walls, was unveiled through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The BET nitrogen adsorption technique quantified the surface area of the ZnO sample as 6.69 m2/g. In antibacterial evaluation, the in vitro (disk diffusion) method showcased the remarkable efficacy of ZnO against both gram-positive Staphylococcus sp. and gram-negative E. coli bacteria. Complementing these experimental findings, in silico molecular docking studies exposed both nano ZnO ligands with standard and corrected lattice parameter values exhibiting favorable binding energy. Moreover, the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles exhibited remarkable photocatalytic activity, particularly demonstrated in the decolorisation of Azure A and Azure B dyes, following the first-order Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model. The collective findings underscored a synergistic effect within the fabricated ZnO nanoparticles, showcasing their dual prowess in both antibacterial and photocatalytic activities. The observed phenomenon can be chiefly ascribed to the presence of lattice strain and dislocation density. This intriguing dual functionality positions them as promising candidates for potential applications in wastewater treatment.

Cu2+-Dominated Chirality Transfer from Chiral Molecules to Concave Chiral Au Nanoparticles.

Foreign ions as additives are of great significance for realizing excellent control over the morphology of noble metal nanostructures in the state-of-the-art seed-mediated growth method; however, they remain largely unexplored in chiral synthesis. Here, we report on a Cu2+-dominated chiral growth strategy that can direct the growth of concave chiral Au nanoparticles with C3-dominant chiral centers. The introduction of trace amounts of Cu2+ ions in the seed-mediated chiral growth process is found to dominate the chirality transfer from chiral molecules to chiral nanoparticles, leading to the formation of chiral nanoparticles with a concave VC geometry. Both experimental and theoretical results further demonstrate the correlation between the nanoparticle structure and optical chirality for the concave chiral nanoparticle. The Cu2+ ion is found to dominate the chiral growth by selectively activating the deposition of Au atoms along the [110] and [111] directions, facilitating the formation of the concave VC. We further demonstrate that the Cu2+-dominated chiral growth strategy can be employed to generate a variety of concave chiral nanoparticles with enriched geometric chirality and desired chiroptical properties. Concave chiral nanoparticles also exhibit appealing catalytic activity and selectivity toward electrocatalytic oxidation of enantiomers in comparison to helicoidal nanoparticles. The ability to tune the geometric chirality in a controlled manner by simply manipulating the Cu2+ ions as additives opens up a promising strategy for creating chiral nanomaterials with increasing architectural diversity for chirality-dependent optical and catalytic applications.

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Applications of Aerva persica Aqueous-Root Extract-Mediated Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles.

In the present study, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by using aqueous extracts of Aerva persica roots. Characterization of as-prepared ZnO nanoparticles was carried out using different techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and BET surface area analysis. Morphological analysis confirmed the small, aggregated flake-shaped morphology of as-synthesized ZnO nanostructures. The as-prepared ZnO nanoparticles were analyzed for their potential application as anti-inflammatory (using in vivo inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema) and antioxidant (using in vitro radical scavenging activity) agents. The ZnO nanoparticles were found to have a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of standard ascorbic acid (antioxidant) and indomethacin (anti-inflammatory drug). Therefore, due to their ecofriendly synthesis, nontoxicity, and biocompatible nature, zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized successfully from roots extract of the plant Aerva persica with potent efficiencies can be utilized for different biomedical applications.

Regulating potassium storage kinetics in mesoporous carbon spheres via delicate inner structural design

Carbon materials have been considered to be potential anodes for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). Different strategies, including designing micro-/nano-structure and porous morphology, introducing heteroatom doping, and creating carbon-based hybrids, have been employed to improve the potassium ion transport kinetics. Nevertheless, it is still a challenge to achieve satisfactory potassium storage performance due to the uncontrolled reaction kinetics of the large-sized potassium ions. Herein, we successfully synthesized mesoporous carbon spheres (MCSs) with tunable internal morphology and structure by using sacrificed template method. The optimized MCSs with novel half inner-shell structures (HIS-MCSs) show excellent electrochemical performance when used as the anode for PIBs. Specifically, a reversible specific capacity of 241.2 mAh/g is achieved at a current density of 0.1 A/g. Even at 5.0 A/g, a reversible specific capacity of 120 mAh/g can still be reached. Long-term stability tests show that the electrode holds a capacity of 166.5 mAh/g after 1000 cycles at 1.0 A/g. The good cycling stability and rate performance of the HIS-MCSs electrode are attributed to the well-defined inner structural design, in which the contribution from ion diffusion and pseudo-capacitance process are compromised.

Nanostructured Materials for Enhanced Performance of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: A Comprehensive Review

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have emerged as promising candidates for efficient and environmentally friendly energy conversion technologies. Their high energy conversion efficiency and fuel flexibility make them particularly attractive for various applications, ranging from stationary power generation to portable electronic devices. Recently, research has focused on utilizing nanostructured materials to enhance the performance of SOFCs. This comprehensive review summarizes the latest advancements in the design, fabrication, and characterization of nanostructured materials integrated in SOFC. The review begins by elucidating the fundamental principles underlying SOFC operation, emphasizing the critical role of electrode materials, electrolytes, and interfacial interactions in overall cell performance, and the importance of nanostructured materials in addressing key challenges. It provides an in-depth analysis of various types of nanostructures, highlighting their roles in improving the electrochemical performance, stability, and durability of SOFCs. Furthermore, this review delves into the fabrication techniques that enable precise control over nanostructure morphology, composition, and architecture. The influence of nanoscale effects on ionic and electronic transport within the electrolyte and electrodes is thoroughly explored, shedding light on the mechanisms behind enhanced performance. By providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on nanostructured materials for SOFCs, this review aims to guide researchers, engineers, and policymakers toward the development of high-performance, cost-effective, and sustainable energy conversion systems.

Effect of co-combustion of coal with biomass on the morphology of soot

This study performed an experimental investigation to explore the effect of co-combustion of coal with biomass on the morphological parameters and nanostructure of soot. Three types of soot, namely Shenghua coal (SH) soot, Pinewood biomass (PW) soot, and Co-combustion of SH and PW (CC) soot, were collected from the combustion flames of Shenhua coal, Pinewood biomass, and a mixture of coal and biomass. Thereafter, the soot samples were observed and analyzed by means of transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to obtain their morphological parameters and nanostructure characteristics. The TEM results showed that the size of nascent soot particles generated in co-combustion flame is the largest, rather than between the sizes of PW and SH soot. The nanostructure of the three types of soot primary particles is mainly composed of straight parallel crystal stripes. The separation distance of crystal stripes in SH soot was measured to be larger than that in PW soot, indicating that the crystal structure of soot generated in Pine biomass combustion flame is more compact. It was also observed that both coal-derived primary soot particles and biomass-derived primary soot particles were formed in the co-combustion flame. SEM results indicated that PW soot agglomerates have stronger aggregation performance and more compact structure then SH soot and CC soot. The primary particle size of SH and CC soot agglomerates was mainly concentrated between 50 and 70 nm, while that of PW soot agglomerates was relatively uniform. Furthermore, the number of primary particles in SH soot and CC soot was distributed over a wide range compared to PW soot.

Rapid one-step aqueous synthesis of porous PtAg wavy nanochains for methanol electrooxidation with a high CO-tolerance

Tailored morphology of porous binary Pt-based nanostructures is a powerful way to improve their catalytic properties. Herein, we develop a facile aqueous solution approach for the rational one-step synthesis of PtAg nanochains via direct nucleation followed by the oriented attachment growth mechanism under sonication at room temperature. This allows the green and simple fabrication of PtAg wavy nanochains (200 nm length and 20 nm width) with spatially interconnected pores (10 nm) and a high surface area (55.02 m2/g). These merits endowed the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) performance of PtAg nanochains with a mass activity of (1.12 mA/µgPt) that was about 1.83, 2.8, and 3.11 times higher than those of PtAg nanodendrites, Pt nanodendrites, and commercial Pt/C, respectively, owing to porous nanochain morphology and alloying effect. Intriguingly, visible-light irradiation enhances the MOR performance of PtAg nanochain by nearly 1.5 times, owing to its great photoelectric response properties. The MOR activity of PtAg nanochains is among the highest reported Pt-based electrocatalysts. The presented method may open new edges on the rational design of porous Pt-based nanoarchitecture for various catalytic applications.

Tailoring crystalline Mn5O8 nanostructures: Kinetic control and stabilization for enhanced electrocatalytic O2 evolution

The stabilization of manganese oxide nanostructures with tunable oxidation states and morphologies is crucial for regulating catalytic properties. In this study, we aim to stabilize the metastable monoclinic Mn5O8 phase and control the morphology of the Mn5O8 nanostructures using a hydrothermal assisted calcination process in the presence of different precipitating agents. Raman experiments confirmed that the interaction of aqueous Mn2+ salts with different precipitating agents such as NaOH, ammonia, and oleylamine, resulted in the formation of Mn5O8. On the other hand, the precipitation of Mn2+ salt using diammonium oxalate monohydrate as a precipitating agent led to complete oxidation forming Mn2O3. Detailed phase and microstructural analyses were conducted using PXRD, XPS, and FESEM. The analyses revealed the formation of the monoclinic Mn5O8 phase with various morphologies, including hexagonal nanoplates, nanorods, and random nanoplates, when using NaOH, ammonia, and oleylamine as precipitating agents. The synthesized Mn5O8 phase was deposited onto an iron sheet as a substrate. Furthermore, we demonstrated the effect of the structure, morphology, and size of the Mn5O8 material on O2 evolution activity. The catalytic performance of irregularly shaped Mn5O8 nanoplates showed significantly lower η10 (270 mV) and η50 (350 mV) compared to Mn5O8 hexagonal nanoplates, Mn5O8 nanorods, and Mn2O3 nanostructure. Additionally, an insight into the catalytic performance was investigated in detail by evaluating electrochemical active sites, impedance spectroscopy, and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the Mn5O8 material.

Three-dimensional cage based on porous Ni–Co–Cu phosphide as efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting

The development of cheap and high-performance dual electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in an electrolyte is of great importance. Tuning the electronic structure through heteroatom doping and increasing the catalytic sites through designing the morphology of nanostructures are the most popular approaches to enhance electrocatalytic performance. In recent years, with the development of nanotechnology and interface engineering, significant progress has been made in this field, but it is still challenging. Here three-dimensional porous NiCoCu–P cage were synthesized using a quick and easy method with the help of 26-face Cu2O as a sacrificial template, then it was phosphidated by a facile phosphidation heat treatment in N2 atmosphere and then for the electrochemical evaluations, the glassy carbon electrode surface (GCE) surface was modified with it. Taking advantage of these strategies, NiCoCu–P cage offer large surface area, fast electron/mass transfer and open channels for efficient gas release, which show improved electrochemical performance in alkaline environment and achieved an overpotential of −210 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for HER and 240 mV at 50 mA cm−2 for OER. Also, an overall water splitting device is assembled by two symmetric NiCoCu–P cage/carbon cloth as cathode and anode, that can provide a current density of 100 mA cm−2 at a cell voltage of less than 1.6 V.

New aspects of femtosecond laser ablation of Si in water: a material perspective

We report a study of the role of material’s conductivity in determining the morphology of nanoparticles and nanostructures produced by ultrafast laser ablation of solids. Nanoparticles and textured surfaces formed by laser ablation display a wide variation in size and morphology depending on the material. In general, these qualities can be grouped as to material type, insulator, semiconductor, or metal; although each has many other different material properties that make it difficult to identify the critical material factor. In this report, we study these nanoparticle/surface structural characteristics as a function of silicon (Si) resistivity, thus honing-in on this critical parameter and its effects. The results show variations in morphology, optical, and nonlinear properties of Si nanoparticles. The yield of colloidal Si nanoparticles increased with an increase in the conductivity of Si. Laser-induced periodic surface structures formed on ablated substrates are also found to be sensitive to the initial conductivity of the material. Further, the laser ablation of Gamma-irradiated Si has been investigated to verify the influence of altered conductivity on the formation of Si nanoparticles. These observations are interpreted using the basic mechanisms of the laser ablation process in a liquid and its intricate relation with the initial density of states and thermal conductivities of the target material.

Deposition of FeOOH Layer on Ultrathin Hematite Nanoflakes to Promote Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting.

Hematite is one of the most promising photoanode materials for the study of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting because of its ideal bandgap with sufficient visible light absorption and stability in alkaline electrolytes. However, owing to the intrinsically high electron-hole recombination, the PEC performance of hematite is still far below that expected. The efficient charge separation can be achieved via growth of FeOOH on hematite photoanode. In this study, hematite nanostructures were successfully grown on the surface of iron foil by the simple immersion deposition method and thermal oxidation treatment. Furthermore, cocatalyst FeOOH was successfully added to the hematite nanostructure surface to improve charge separation and charge transfer, and thus promote the photoelectrochemical water splitting. By utilizing the FeOOH overlayer as a cocatalyst, the photocurrent density of hematite exhibited a substantial 86% increase under 1.5 VRHE, while the onset potential showed an apparent shift towards the cathodic direction. This can be ascribed to the high reaction area for the nanostructured morphology and high electrocatalytic activity of FeOOH that enhanced the amount of photogenerated holes and accelerated the kinetics of water splitting.

Silver molybdate: an excellent optical limiting material under nanoregime for photonic device application

There is a mounting demand for nonlinear optical materials with superior optical limiting performance which has a noticeable impact on protecting the delicate optical components from laser-induced damage. Transition metal molybdates have garnered attention in the nonlinear optics field due to their outstanding optical and luminescent properties, which give rise to widespread applications in next-generation optoelectronics devices. The structural confirmation of the as prepared silver molybdate nanoparticles were made by XRD and Raman spectroscopy analysis. The linear optical properties and the band gap of the synthesized material were studied using UV–Visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy. SEM analysis revealed the pebble like morphology of the silver molybdate nanostructures. The nonlinear responses of the samples were studied using open aperture z-scan approach with Nd:YAG pulsed laser (532 nm, 9 ns, 10 Hz). The sample exhibits reverse saturable absorption pattern attributed to the two photon absorption (2PA) mechanism. The obtained OL threshold value is in the order of 1012 which is suitable for fabricating optical limiters in nano second pulsed laser regime.

Amino-Acid-Encoded Bioinspired Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Multimorphological Nanocarriers.

Supramolecular self-assembly has emerged as an efficient tool to construct well-organized nanostructures for biomedical applications by small organic molecules. However, the physicochemical properties of self-assembled nanoarchitectures are greatly influenced by their morphologies, mechanical properties, and working mechanisms, making it challenging to design and screen ideal building blocks. Herein, using a biocompatible firefly-sourced click reaction between the cyano group of 2-cyano-benzothiazole (CBT) and the 1,2-aminothiol group of cysteine (Cys), an amino-acid-encoded supramolecular self-assembly platform Cys(SEt)-X-CBT (X represents any amino acid) is developed to incorporate both covalent and noncovalent interactions for building diverse morphologies of nanostructures with bioinspired response mechanism, providing a convenient and rapid strategy to construct site-specific nanocarriers for drug delivery, cell imaging, and enzyme encapsulation. Additionally, it is worth noting that the biodegradation of Cys(SEt)-X-CBT generated nanocarriers can be easily tracked via bioluminescence imaging. By caging either the thiol or amino groups in Cys with other stimulus-responsive sites and modifying X with probes or drugs, a variety of multi-morphological and multifunctional nanomedicines can be readily prepared for a wide range of biomedical applications.

Surface parametric influences on the photocatalytic behaviour of zinc oxide nanoparticles

Zinc oxide nanoparticles were chemically synthesised and characterised by UV-DRS spectroscopy, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction, and X-ray powder diffraction. In order to evaluate the impact of the synthesis process on the structural parameters, Rietveld refinement was done using the GSAS-II programme on experimentally acquired XRD data. ZnO was found to have a hexagonal structure with lattice parameters of a = b =3.247 Å; c = 5.205Å and an average size of about 20-40 nm, as determined by Rietveld refinement of XRD and SEM data. FTIR and EDX analysis was used to confirm the functional group and elemental composition of ZnO NPs. The UV-DRS spectra revealed that the synthesised ZnO had an optical band gap of 3.05 eV. Parametric investigations of the surface morphology of ZnO nanostructures were conducted using the Gwyddion programme. Pseudo-first-order rate kinetics were observed for the photodegradation of two cationic dyes, MB (87.87%) and RhB (74.79%), in the presence of UV light.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Silk Fibroin-Graphite Hybrid Materials and Their Morphology.

Silk fibroin (SF) is a β-sheet-rich protein that is responsible for the remarkable tensile strength of silk. In addition to its mechanical properties, SF is biocompatible and biodegradable, making it an attractive candidate for use in biotic/abiotic hybrid materials. A pairing of particular interest is the use of SF with graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs). The properties of this interface drive the formation of well-ordered nanostructures and can improve the electronic properties of the resulting hybrid. It was previously demonstrated that SF can form lamellar nanostructures in the presence of graphite; however, the equilibrium morphology and associated driving interactions are not fully understood. In this study, we characterize these interactions between SF and SF lamellar with graphite using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and umbrella sampling (US). We find that SF lamellar nanostructures have strong orientational and spatial preferences on graphite that are driven by the hydrophobic effect, destabilizing solvent-protein interactions and stabilizing protein-protein and protein-graphite interactions. Finally, we show how careful consideration of these underlying interactions can be applied to rationally modify the nanostructure morphology.

Au nanostructures with controllable morphology in porous anodic aluminum oxide templates

We report the controllable fabrication of Au nanostructures with different morphology inside the nanochannels of the Al-surrounded porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates. It has been found that the morphology of the Au nanostructures is influenced by the pore diameter of the AAO templates and the bottom Au layer sputtering on the surface of the AAO templates. Au nanowires are formed in the AAO templates with smaller pore diameters (40–60 nm), and rice spike-like Au nanostructures are formed in the AAO templates with larger pore diameters (∼130 nm). When the AAO templates with bottom Au layer were used, almost all of the nanochannels were filled with Au nanostructures. As the AAO templates without bottom Au layer were employed, longer Au nanostructures are formed inside some nanochannels near the Al-AAO boundary.

Enhanced electrochemical performances of SrMoO4/MWCNT-PVP nanocomposites as electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction

In this work, we have successfully synthesized the cost-effective, abundant in nature and environmentally friendly SrMoO4/MWCNT-PVP by using the co-precipitation technique for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Prepared nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, which confirms the formation of tetragonal structure of SrMoO4 and indexed with JCPDS (01-074-3912). Raman spectra confirm the combination of SrMoO4 with carbon composite (verified by D and G band 1.02 ID/IG ratio) and its functional group was further analyzed with the help of FTIR spectra. Synthesized product morphology was characterized by using SEM and TEM images, which confirms formation of well-defined dumb-bell shaped nanostructures with the combination of carbon nanotube and also it further confirms the formation of polycrystalline nature of the material. The elemental composition was analyzed by EDS images, which confirms the occurrence of Sr, Mo, O, and C in an appropriate form with a uniform distribution, respectively. MWCNT in SrMoO4 incorporation led to decrease overpotential of 204 mV and 110 mV/dec Tafel slope of the material, which was examined by the LSV curves and Tafel plot analysis. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was also investigated, and it delivered the small charge-transfer resistance of 248 Ω, which further supporting the HER analysis and denoting the promising HER kinetics. Therefore, our work unlocks a new path for the properly tuned nanostructured morphology of metal oxide with carbon composite for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction application.

Nanoflower hydroxyapatite's effect on the properties of resin‐based dental composite

AbstractTo investigate the reinforcing effect of nanoflower‐like hydroxyapatite (NFHA) in resin‐based dental composites, we synthesized a novel NFHA using microwave irradiation (MW), hydrothermal treatment (HT), and sonochemical synthesis (SS). Silanized NFHA was then used as the reinforcing filler in dental resin composites. We characterized the structure and morphology of various HA nanostructures using x‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and TEM. The mechanical performance of dental resin composites reinforced with silanized NFHA was measured using a universal testing machine. Spherical HA, synthesized through chemical precipitation (CP), served as the control group. One‐way analysis of variance was employed for the statistical analysis of the acquired data. The results demonstrate that the nanoflower morphology significantly was improved mechanical and physical properties. After conducting trials, the NFHA synthesized using MW and HT showed a substantial enhancement in mechanical and physical properties compared to the other structures. Therefore, it can be concluded that NFHA can serve as a novel reinforcing HA filler, providing regenerative properties to resin composites with sufficient mechanical strength.

The Synthesis of Three-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride as the Reinforcing Phase of Polymer-Based Electrolyte for All-Solid-State Li Metal Batteries.

Powdery hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), as an important material for electrochemical energy storage, has been typically synthesized in bulk and one/two-dimensional (1/2D) nanostructured morphologies. However, until now, no method has been developed to synthesize powdery three-dimensional (3D) h-BN. This work introduces a novel NaCl-glucose-assisted strategy to synthesize micron-sized 3D h-BN with a honeycomb-like structure and its proposed formation mechanism. We propose that NaCl acts as the template of 3D structure and promotes the nitridation reaction by adsorbing NH3 . Glucose facilitates the homogeneous coating of boric acid onto the NaCl surface via functionalizing the NaCl surface. During the nitridation reaction, boron oxides (BO4 and BO3 ) form from a dehydration reaction of boric acid, which is then reduced to O2 -B-N and O-B-N2 intermediates before finally being reduced to BN3 by NH3 . When incorporated into polyethylene oxide-based electrolytes for Li metal batteries, 5 wt % of 3D h-BN significantly enhances ionic conductivity and mechanical strength. Consequently, this composite electrolyte demonstrates superior electrochemical stability. It delivers 300 h of stable cycles in the Li//Li cell at 0.1 mA cm-2 and retains 89 % of discharge capacity (138.9 mAh g-1 ) after 100 cycles at 1 C in the LFP//Li full cell.