Morphological Units Research Articles

3R and 4R tau isoforms in paired helical filaments in Alzheimer’s disease

3R and 4R tau isoforms in paired helical filaments in Alzheimer’s disease

An evaluation of digital elevation models (DEMs) for delineating land components

Land component boundaries often coincide with transitions in environmental land properties such as soil, climate and biology. Image segmentation is an effective method for delineating terrain morphological units from digital elevation models (DEMs). This paper compares the land components derived from five DEMs. The second version of the 30-m advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer global DEM (ASTER GDEM2), the 90-m shuttle radar topography mission DEM (SRTM DEM), two versions of the 5-m Stellenbosch University DEMs (SUDEM L1 and L2) and a 5-m DEM (GEOEYE DEM) derived from GeoEye stereo-images were considered. The SRTM DEM and the ASTER GDEM2 were upsampled to 5-m resolution for comparison purposes. Land components were delineated using the slope gradient and aspect derivatives of each DEM. The resulting land components were visually inspected and quantitatively analyzed using the slope gradient standard deviation (SGSD) measure and the mean slope gradient local variance (MSGLV) ratio. The results show that the GEOEYE DEM and SUDEM L2 yielded land components with relatively low SGSD values and that their boundaries often coincide with morphological discontinuities. The GEOEYE DEM produced land components with the highest MSGLV ratio, followed by SUDEM L2, ASTER GDEM2, SRTM DEM and SUDEM L1. Although the land components derived from SRTM DEM and SUDEM L1 were relatively homogeneous internally, their boundaries did not always trace morphological discontinuities. The ASTER GDEM2 failed to incorporate many of the morphological discontinuities in the study area. It is concluded that, although the SRTM DEM is more suitable than the ASTER GDEM2 for generating land components, higher-resolution DEMs such as the GEOEYE DEM and SUDEM L2 are required for delineating meaningful land components.

Exploitation of S-Layer Anisotropy: pH-Dependent Nanolayer Orientation for Cellular Micropatterning

We have developed a tunable, facile, and reliable cell patterning method using a self-assembled crystalline protein monolayer that, depending on its orientation, can exhibit either cell adhesive (cytophilic) or cell repulsive (cytophobic) surface properties. Our technique exploits, for the first time, the inherent biological anisotropy of the bacterial cell wall protein SbpA capable of interacting with its cytophilic inner side with components of the cell wall, while its outer cytophobic side interacts with the environment. By simply altering the recrystallization protocol from a basic to an acidic condition, the SbpA-protein layer orientation and function can be switched from preventing unspecific protein adsorption and cell adhesion to effectively promote cell attachment, spreading, and proliferation. As a result, the same protein solution can be used to form cell adhesive and repulsive regions over large areas on a single substrate using a simple pH-dependent self-assembly procedure. The reliable establishment of cytophobic and cytophilic SbpA layers allows the generation of well-defined surface patterns that exhibit uniform height (9-10 nm), p4 lattice symmetry with center-to-center spacing of the morphological units of 12 nm, as well as similar surface potential and charge distributions under cell culture conditions. The pH-dependent "orientation switch" of the SbpA protein nanolayer was integrated with micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC) technology to demonstrate its application for cell patterning using a variety of cell lines including epithelial, fibroblast and endothelial cells.

Effect of tides on mouth bar morphology and hydrodynamics

Mouth bars are morphological units important for deltas, estuaries, or rivers debouching into the sea. Several processes affect the formation of these deposits. This paper focuses on the role of tides on shaping mouth bars, presenting both hydrodynamic and morphodynamic results. The effect of tides is analyzed in two end‐member configurations: a river with a small tidal discharge compared to the fluvial discharge (fluvial dominated) and a river with a very large tidal discharge (tidal dominated). Mouth bar formation is analyzed using the coupled hydrodynamic and morphodynamic model Delft3D. The presence of tides influences the hydrodynamics of the jet exiting the river mouth and causes an increase in the averaged jet spreading. At low tide the lower water depth in the basin promotes a drawdown water profile in the river and an accelerated flow near the mouth. The resulting velocity field is characterized by residual currents affecting growth and final shape of the mouth bar. Simulations indicate that mouth deposits are characterized by the presence of two channels for negligible tidal discharge, whereas three principal channels are present in the tidal‐dominated case, with a central channel typical of tidal inlets. On the basis of our numerical analyses, we present a robust criterion for the occurrence of mouth deposits with three channels. Trifurcations form when the tidal discharge is large with respect to the fluvial one and the tidal amplitude is small compared to the water depth. Finally, predicted mouth bar morphologies are compared with good agreement to river mouths in the Gulf of Mexico, USA.

Integrated systematics of thePoecilimon luschanispecies group (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): radiation as a chain of populations in a small heterogeneous area

The Poecilimon luschani species group (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Phaneropterinae), ranging along a narrow line in West Anatolia and the Balkan mountains, has been revised using integrated data from morphology, bioacoustics, and DNA sequences of two matrilineal markers. A taxonomic approach neutral with respect to existing species/subspecies was applied to the sampled populations. The male calling song showed poor variation amongst the populations. Of the morphological structures, only the male cerci and male subgenital plate offer diagnostic characters but they are secondary gains or losses in most cases. Phylogenetic analyses applied to a data matrix consisting of concatenated 1401 bp long sequences of 16S rDNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I produced from specimens of the group resulted in trees with similar topologies. Both genetic and phenotypic data confirmed the species status of the geographically discrete Izmir, Balkan, Aydin, Kutahya, and Balikesir populations. However, 13 populations located in the southern part of the group's range in Antalya and Mugla Provinces of Turkey present a complex phylogenetic and morphological pattern of three morphological units, but two phylogroups. By integrating song, morphology, and phylogenetic data the following conclusions were made. The species status of Poecilimon ledereri and Poecilimon orbelicus was confirmed. The Aydin population was re-established as a valid species, P. tuncayi stat. rev. The Kutahya population was elevated to species level as Poecilimon egrigozi Unal, 2005, stat. nov. The Balikesir population is here described as a new species Poecilimon helleri sp. nov. The southern lineage of the species group exhibits characteristics of a chain species with three subspecies. Poecilimon luschani is retained as the species name by priority and the Poecilimon birandi is considered its subspecies as Poecilimon luschani birandi stat. nov. A new subspecies Poecilimon luschani chobanovi ssp. nov. is described. The phylogenetic relationships amongst the proposed taxa are as follows: P. ledereri + (P. orbelicus + (P. tuncayi + (P. egrigozi + P. helleri) + (P. luschani luschani + P. luschani birandi + P. luschani chobanovi))). © 2013 The Linnean Society of London

Postembryonic lineages of the Drosophila brain: I. Development of the lineage-associated fiber tracts

Neurons of the Drosophila central brain fall into approximately 100 paired groups, termed lineages. Each lineage is derived from a single asymmetrically-dividing neuroblast. Embryonic neuroblasts produce 1,500 primary neurons (per hemisphere) that make up the larval CNS followed by a second mitotic period in the larva that generates approximately 10,000 secondary, adult-specific neurons. Clonal analyses based on previous works using lineage-specific Gal4 drivers have established that such lineages form highly invariant morphological units. All neurons of a lineage project as one or a few axon tracts (secondary axon tracts, SATs) with characteristic trajectories, thereby representing unique hallmarks. In the neuropil, SATs assemble into larger fiber bundles (fascicles) which interconnect different neuropil compartments. We have analyzed the SATs and fascicles formed by lineages during larval, pupal, and adult stages using antibodies against membrane molecules (Neurotactin/Neuroglian) and synaptic proteins (Bruchpilot/N-Cadherin). The use of these markers allows one to identify fiber bundles of the adult brain and associate them with SATs and fascicles of the larval brain. This work lays the foundation for assigning the lineage identity of GFP-labeled MARCM clones on the basis of their close association with specific SATs and neuropil fascicles, as described in the accompanying paper (Wong et al., 2013. Postembryonic lineages of the Drosophila brain: II. Identification of lineage projection patterns based on MARCM clones. Submitted.).

Temporal and spatial response of hyporheic zone geochemistry to a storm event

AbstractAlthough there has been recent focus on understanding spatial variability in hyporheic zone geochemistry across different morphological units under baseflow conditions, less attention has been paid to temporal responses of hyporheic zone geochemistry to non‐steady‐state conditions. We documented spatial and temporal variability of hyporheic zone geochemistry in response to a large‐scale storm event, Tropical Storm Irene (August 2011), across a pool–riffle–pool sequence along Chittenango Creek in Chittenango, NY, USA. We sampled stream water as well as pore water at 15 cm depth in the streambed at 14 locations across a 30 m reach. Sampling occurred seven times at daily intervals: once during baseflow conditions, once during the rising limb of the storm hydrograph, and five times during the receding limb. Principal component analysis was used to interpret temporal and spatial changes and dominant drivers in stream and pore water geochemistry (n = 111). Results show the majority of spatial variance in hyporheic geochemistry (62%) is driven by differential mixing of stream and ground water in the hyporheic zone. The second largest driver (17%) of hyporheic geochemistry was temporal dilution and enrichment of infiltrating stream water during the storm. Hyporheic sites minimally influenced by discharging groundwater (‘connected’ sites) showed temporal changes in water chemistry in response to the storm event. Connected sites within and upstream of the riffle reflected stream geochemistry throughout the storm, whereas downstream sites showed temporally lagged responses in some conservative and biogeochemically reactive solutes. This suggests temporal changes in hyporheic geochemistry at these locations reflect a combination of changes in infiltrating stream chemistry and hyporheic flowpath length and residence time. The portion of the study area strongly influenced by groundwater discharge increased in size throughout the storm, producing elevated Ca2+ and concentrations in the streambed, suggesting zones of localized groundwater inputs expand in response to storms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Recent effects of tidal and hydro‐meteorological changes on coastal plains near the mouth of the Amazon River

ABSTRACTThe goal of this work was to understand the main hydrodynamic processes acting on tidal flats of the coast of Amapá near the mouth of the Amazon River, and how they change over the short term (~ 20 years). The analysis of morphological and geobotanical units was carried out by applying processing and interpretation methods to optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, combined with data on water salinity, maximum flood height, sedimentary facies data, rainfall and river discharge. The temporal analysis of morphological and geobotanical units suggests the relative stabilization of savannah, ‘várzea’ and mangrove areas during the drier period and increasing tidal amplitude between 1987 to 1997. The wetter period and decreasing tidal amplitude between 1997 to 2008 led to an increase in the area of ‘várzea’ and lakes over savannah, and the expansion of mangroves mainly over the inundated field and tidal mud/mixed flats. Therefore, the decrease in rainfall index during the drier period is well‐correlated with the reduction of the Calçoene River discharge and jointly with increasing tidal amplitude favored the increase of migration rate of the mud bank and erosion profile along the littoral. It was followed by the increase of the Calçoene River discharge and jointly with decreasing tidal amplitude during the wetter period, favoring the development of mangroves on muddy substrates near the coastline. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Thermal inertia and surface roughness of Comet 9P/Tempel 1

Re-calibrated near-infrared spectroscopy of the resolved nucleus of Comet 9P/Tempel 1 acquired by the Deep Impact spacecraft has been analyzed by utilizing the post-Stardust-NExT nucleus shape model and spin pole solution, as well as a novel thermophysical model that explicitly accounts for small-scale surface roughness and thermal inertia. We find that the thermal inertia varies measurably across the surface, and that thermal emission from certain regions only can be reproduced satisfactory if surface roughness is accounted for. Particularly, a scarped/pitted terrain that experienced morning sunrise during the flyby is measurably rough (Hapke mean slope angle ∼45°) and has a thermal inertia of at most 50Jm−2K−1s−1/2, but probably much lower. However, thick layered terrain and thin layered terrain experiencing local noon during the flyby have a substantially larger thermal inertia, reaching 150Jm−2K−1s−1/2 if the surface is as rough as the scarped/pitted terrain, but 200Jm−2K−1s−1/2 if the terrain is considered locally flat. Furthermore, the reddening of the nucleus near-infrared 1.5–2.2μm spectrum varies between morphological units, being reddest for thick layered terrain (median value 3.4%kÅ−1) and most neutral for the smooth terrain known to contain surface water ice (median value 3.1%kÅ−1). Thus, Comet 9P/Tempel 1 is heterogeneous in terms of both thermophysical and optical properties, due to formation conditions and/or post-formation processing.

Identification of rock weathering and environmental control in arid catchments (northern Xinjiang) of Central Asia

Chemical weathering is an integral part of the earth surface processes, whose spatial patterns and controlling factors on continental scale are still not fully understood. Highlands of the Asian continent have been shown having some of the highest observed rates of chemical weathering yet reported. However, the paucity of river gauge data in many of these terrains has limited determination of chemical weathering budget in a continental scale. A dataset of three large watersheds throughout northern Xinjiang in Central Asia is used to empirically identify chemical weathering regimes and interpret the underlying controlling factors. Detailed analysis of major ion ratios and a forward model of mass budget procedure are presented to distinguish the relative significances and contributions of silicate, carbonate weathering and evaporite dissolution. The analytical results show that carbonic acid is the most important weathering agent to the studied watersheds. Silicate weathering contributes, on average, ∼17.8% (molar basis) of total cations on a basin wide scale with an order of Zhungarer>Erlqis>Yili, indicating that silicate weathering, however, does not seem to be intense in the study basins. Evaporite dissolution, carbonate weathering and precipitation input contribute 43.6%, 29.7% and 8.9% of the total dissolved cations on average for the whole catchment, respectively. The three main morphological and hydrological units are reflected in water chemistry. Rivers from the montane areas (recharge area) of the three watersheds are very dilute, dominated by carbonate and silicate weathering, whereas the rivers of piedmont areas as well as the rivers of the sedimentary platform (runoff area) are dominated by carbonate weathering, and rivers of desert plain in the central Zhungarer basin (discharge area) are dominated by evaporite dissolution and are SO4 rich. This spatial pattern indicates that, beside lithology, runoff conditions have significant role on the regional chemical weathering regimes. Chemical weathering processes in the areas appear to be significantly climate controlled, displaying a tight correlation with runoff and aridity. Carbonate weathering are mostly influenced by runoff, which is higher in the mountainous part of the studied basins. The identification of chemical weathering regimes from our study confirmed the weathering potential and complexity of temperate watersheds in arid environment and that additional studies of these terrains are warranted. However, because the dominant weathering reactions in the sedimentary platform of northern Xinjiang are of carbonates and evaporites rather than silicate minerals, and the climatic factors have important role on the rock weathering regimes, we think that weathering at the arid temperate drainage system (Central Asia) is maybe not an important long-term sink for atmospheric CO2, if the future climate has no great change.

Application of the catena concept in studies of landscape system dynamics

Abstract The concept of catena in landscape surveys is used to demonstrate the surroundings of landscape units, their vertical structure and inter-unit processes, as well as the mosaic nature of the landscape. Furthermore, it reflects the structural and functional heterogeneity of the surveyed area, at the same time indicating types of links between landscape units, depending on a variety of geological, habitat-related and biotic conditions, including land use and its transformation arising from anthropopressure. The catena survey performed included four key morphological and lithological units with varied landscape structure and functioning: glacial upland, vast outwash plains, the Wisła River valley and deepened channel valleys, as well as dune hills and hillocks. The results prove that the functioning of landscape systems depends on the forms of land use and their durability. Characteristics of leading components in catenas are diverse despite a similar genesis of landforms and relief shaping processes.

Recent insights into the cell biology of thyroid angiofollicular units.

In thyrocytes, cell polarity is of crucial importance for proper thyroid function. Many intrinsic mechanisms of self-regulation control how the key players involved in thyroid hormone (TH) biosynthesis interact in apical microvilli, so that hazardous biochemical processes may occur without detriment to the cell. In some pathological conditions, this enzymatic complex is disrupted, with some components abnormally activated into the cytoplasm, which can lead to further morphological and functional breakdown. When iodine intake is altered, autoregulatory mechanisms outside the thyrocytes are activated. They involve adjacent capillaries that, together with thyrocytes, form the angiofollicular units (AFUs) that can be considered as the functional and morphological units of the thyroid. In response to iodine shortage, a rapid expansion of the microvasculature occurs, which, in addition to nutrients and oxygen, optimizes iodide supply. These changes are triggered by angiogenic signals released from thyrocytes via a reactive oxygen species/hypoxia-inducible factor/vascular endothelial growth factor pathway. When intra- and extrathyrocyte autoregulation fails, other forms of adaptation arise, such as euthyroid goiters. From onset, goiters are morphologically and functionally heterogeneous due to the polyclonal nature of the cells, with nodules distributed around areas of quiescent AFUs containing globules of compact thyroglobulin (Tg) and surrounded by a hypotrophic microvasculature. Upon TSH stimulation, quiescent AFUs are activated with Tg globules undergoing fragmentation into soluble Tg, proteins involved in TH biosynthesis being expressed and the local microvascular network extending. Over time and depending on physiological needs, AFUs may undergo repetitive phases of high, moderate, or low cell and tissue activity, which may ultimately culminate in multinodular goiters.

Prosodically constrained non-local doubling

In this article, we discuss non-local doubling in Greek and Turkish, a hitherto unanalysed aspect of these languages, and its implications for the interfaces. In non-local doubling, the reduplicated item is not located next to its base but at some other position in the clause depending on language-specific constraints. Interestingly, the attested type of doubling is not purely sensitive to syntactic nodes as in other languages (e.g. Dutch, Afrikaans), since we show that it targets a prosodic constituent. We argue that both Greek and Turkish employ an empty emphatic morpheme which has a two-legged exponence: One exponent is some phonological phrase in a clause and the other is its clone, placed farther than its source at the right periphery of the clause. We further discuss the variation between Greek and Turkish in terms of the prosodic structure of the two languages, showing that the differences lie in (i) the prosodic status of the copied element, (ii) the relative degree of free word order, and (iii) the properties of the right periphery (postverbal/postsentential). We thus propose that doubling is a general mechanism found across languages, and it is not only morphological or syntactic units, but also prosodic ones that can serve as input to this ubiquitous process.

Verbal complex formation and negation in Japanese

In this article, predicative elements in Japanese complex predicates are shown to be concatenated into single units via either head movement or PF merger, i.e. morphologically tight complexes are formed with or without syntactic head movement. The two types of morphological units are seen to display a difference as to whether their morphological sequence can be disrupted by an adverbial particle. The negative scope of negative predicates, which varies depending on whether syntactic raising of a negative head to tense is instantiated, confirms that the two types of verbal complex formation need to be distinguished, despite an apparent similarity in their final morphological outputs.

飲み屋横丁における形態学的研究

Although many bar alleys found in the commercial districts of Tokyo might seem crowded and dark, their small scale and intimate atmosphere facilitate informal public life. This paper identifies first a particular type of bar cluster as a morphological unit, coined here as “yokocho bar area”, characterized by the exclusive use of its buildings as bars and eateries, and the extreme smallness of its alleys and buildings. Secondly, it identifies the location patterns of these areas within the commercial districts. Finally, this study conducts a morphological taxonomy of 49 cases in Tokyo, based on the urban linkage to the surroundings and the internal street configuration. As a result eight main types were obtained, from simple linear cases linked to main streets, to networks of alleys hidden inside urban blocks.

The segmentation of sub-lexical morphemes in english-learning 15-month-olds.

In most human languages, important components of linguistic structure are carried by affixes, also called bound morphemes. The affixes in a language comprise a relatively small but frequently occurring set of forms that surface as parts of words, but never occur without a stem. They combine productively with word stems and other grammatical entities in systematic and predictable ways. For example, the English suffix -ing occurs on verb stems, and in combination with a form of the auxiliary verb be, marks the verb with progressive aspect (e.g., was walking). In acquiring a language, learners must acquire rules of combination for affixes. However, prior to learning these combinatorial rules, learners are faced with discovering what the sub-lexical forms are over which the rules operate. That is, they have to discover the bound morphemes themselves. It is not known when English-learners begin to analyze words into morphological units. Previous research with learners of English found evidence that 18-month-olds have started to learn the combinatorial rules involving bound morphemes, and that 15-month-olds have not. However, it is not known whether 15-month-olds nevertheless represent the morphemes as distinct entities. This present study demonstrates that when 15-month-olds process words that end in -ing, they segment the suffix from the word, but they do not do so with endings that are not morphemes. Eight-month olds do not show this capacity. Thus, 15-month-olds have already started to identify bound morphemes and actively use them in processing speech.

Relating hyporheic fluxes, residence times, and redox-sensitive biogeochemical processes upstream of beaver dams

Small dams enhance the development of patchy microenvironments along stream corridors by trapping sediment and creating complex streambed morphologies. This patchiness drives intricate hyporheic flux patterns that govern the exchange of O2 and redox-sensitive solutes between the water column and the stream bed. We used multiple tracer techniques, naturally occurring and injected, to evaluate hyporheic flow dynamics and associated biogeochemical cycling and microbial reactivity around 2 beaver dams in Wyoming (USA). High-resolution fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing was used to collect temperature data over 9 vertical streambed profiles and to generate comprehensive vertical flux maps using 1-dimensional (1-D) heat-transport modeling. Coincident with these locations, vertical profiles of hyporheic water were collected every week and analyzed for dissolved O2, pH, dissolved organic C, and several conservative and redox-sensitive solutes. In addition, hyporheic and net stream aerobic microbial reactivity were analyzed with a constant-rate injection of the biologically sensitive resazurin (Raz) smart tracer. The combined results revealed a heterogeneous system with rates of downwelling hyporheic flow organized by morphologic unit and tightly coupled to the redox conditions of the subsurface. Principal component analysis was used to summarize the variability of all redox-sensitive species, and results indicated that hyporheic water varied from oxic-stream-like to anoxic-reduced in direct response to the hydrodynamic conditions and associated residence times. The anaerobic transition threshold predicted by the mean O2 Damkohler number seemed to overestimate the actual transition as indicated by multiple secondary electron acceptors, illustrating the gradient nature of anaerobic transition. Temporal flux variability in low-flux morphologies generated a much greater range in hyporheic redox conditions compared to high-flux zones, and chemical responses to changing flux rates were consistent with those predicted from the empirical relationship between redox condition and residence time. The Raz tracer revealed that hyporheic flow paths have strong net aerobic respiration, particularly at higher residence time, but this reactive exchange did not affect the net stream signal at the reach scale.

Prediction of soil distribution on two soilscapes in land type Dc17 east of Bloemfontein, South Africa

The predictive nature of digital soil mapping makes it a labour- and cost-effective way of facilitating soil surveys. A digital elevation model was used to generate terrain attributes that can be used to infer the distribution of soil associations relative to the topography. Two study areas – Gladstone and Potsane – in the Free State Province of South Africa were considered. Slope, aspect, contour and plan curvature, topographic wetness index and topographic morphological unit were used to develop a model for predicting soil associations. Discriminant analysis was employed to develop the model. The model was trained on data obtained from Gladstone and validated on data from Gladstone and Potsane. Predicting soil form was unsatisfactory. Prediction done on soil associations, with soils grouped as deep, shallow and valley-bottom soils (criteria closely related to the suitability for in-field rainwater harvesting), achieved acceptable improvement in prediction accuracy. For Gladstone, when analysis was done using equal prior probability, accuracy percentages of 56.9%, 51.5% and 58.3% were found for calibration, cross-validation and areas suited to in-field rainwater harvesting, respectively. With prior probability set in accordance to sample frequency, the accuracy percentages were improved to 83.1%, 80.0% and 94.6%, respectively. In Potsane, the prediction accuracy percentage was low (38.23%) with equal prior probability but markedly improved (67.65%) when prior probability was similar to sample frequency. These results support the validity of the statement that the predictive nature of digital soil mapping makes it a labour- and cost-effective way of facilitating soil surveys.

A new cryptic ground beetle species from the Alps characterised via geometric morphometrics

The European Alps support several ground beetle Nebria (Nebriola) species, which are morphologically similar. A study conducted on a Nebriola population located between the Eastern Pennine and Western Lepontine Italian Alps revealed the presence of two species, Nebria (Nebriola) cordicollis and N. (Nebriola) gosteliae, and some individuals that possibly represented an unknown taxonomic unit (UTU). Therefore, to further elucidate and characterise the morphological units at the site, we completed a comparative analysis using geometric morphometrics applying the semilandmarks approach. We examined the pronotum, the right elytron, and the median lobe of aedeagus. The quantitative analysis evaluated the overall variation in shape and size of the three structures. Results supported the hypothesised presence of three distinct groups of individuals, with different morphologies for the anatomical traits examined. The pronotum and median lobe of aedeagus exhibited more marked differences among the groups, while the right elytron showed reduced differentiation. These results confirmed that the three groups were separate taxa, and were therefore correctly classified. Based on our findings, we considered the UTU a new species, which is here described as Nebria (Nebriola) casalei sp. nov.

Kilka uwag o rozwoju Uniejowa w świetle nowych funkcji miasta

The article discusses the basis for development of spa and recreational functions in Uniejów. The town has favourable natural (geothermal water, climate) and historical conditions (medieval town center). Currently, in connection with the above-mentioned assets, a new morphological unit intended for leasure activities is developing in the leftbank part of Uniejów. Maintaining the balance in the development of the emerging leftbank section and the right-bank (of medieval origin) section of Uniejów seems to be the right path to ensuring sustainable growth of the town. The spatial policy and spatial planning of Uniejów should be oriented to promoting the development of both parts of the town to obtain the synergy effect.