Morphological Characters Of Leaf Research Articles

Foliar epidermal studies in the family Sapindaceae Juss. in South Western Nigeria

A comparative study of leaf epidermal features of selected species of the family Sapindaceae in Nigeria was undertaken with a view to obtain additional characters for the elucidation of taxonomic relationships, delimiting species and identification of the taxa. The epidermises were separated from the mesophyll by soaking in concentrated Nitric acid. Bubble appearance on the surfaces of the leaves indicated their readiness for separation. They were then rinsed in water thrice before the layers were separated with the aid of forceps and Camel hair brush, stained with Safranin O. It was then mounted in 25% glycerol on clean glass slides, covered with cover slips. The micro morphological characters of leaf were more or less uniform in all taxa in the family. The adaxial cuticle was striated in most species. The polygonal epidermal cells with straight anticlinal walls on the adaxial surface of Cardiosermum halicacabum separated it from the other species with irregular shaped epidermal cells. Undulated anticlinal walls were observed on both surfaces. The leaves were hypostomatic in most species except in C. halicacabum where amphistomaty was observed. Stomata types included anomocytic, tetracytic and staurocytic but the anomocytic stomata were the most predominant.

Variation in Morphological Characters of Leaf and Culm Sheath of Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex.Wendl. in Central India

The feasibility of Bambusa vulgaris schrad. ex Wendl. has been assessed globally for a variety of uses. It is one of the fastest growing bamboo and can thrive in both moist and dry climates. To disseminate substantial baseline data on morphological variations of the species, morphological characteristics of leaf and culm sheath of Candidate Plus Clumps (CPCs) were evaluated followed by genetic analysis of growth attributes of three bamboo stands viz., MP-RJR, MH-AMR and OR-KLN, in three distinct states Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Odisha of central India. Significant differences in leaves and culm sheaths were noticed among the CPCs and bamboo stands during the investigation. OR-KLN was observed with the longest leaf (22.77 cm) and the broadest leaf lamina at the top (1.58 cm). Longest average culm sheath blade (30.37 cm) in MH-AMR and maximum average sheath diameter (33.23 cm) in OR-KLN were recorded. High values for phenotypic coefficient of variations, genotypic coefficient of variations, heritability and genetic advance as mean percentage were obtained for clump diameter and number of culms per clump. This can be used as selection criteria in the improvement programme of Bambusa vulgaris var. Green.
 Aims: To study morphological variation of leaf and culm sheath of Bambusa vulgaris schrad. ex Wendl. at three bamboo stands associated with genetic analysis in growth attributes.
 Study Design: Complete Randomised design (CRD).
 Place and Duration of Study: Morphological data of Candidate Plus Clumps (CPCs), leaf and culm sheath of Bambusa vulgaris was recorded at bamboo stands in Rajore, Madhya Pradesh, Kalinga, Odisha and Amravati, Maharashtra from September 2021 to November 2022. Further investigation, statistical analysis and other studies were carried out at Genetics and Tree Improvement Division, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur, M.P., India.

Assessment of genetic diversity and characterization of distinctness, uniformity, and stability of newly bred sweet potato clones

Abstract. Mau YS, Ndiwa ASS, Arsa IGBA, Asa GV, Nana A, Londingkene JA, Hosang EY, Kotta NRE. 2022. Assessment of genetic diversity and characterization of distinctness, uniformity, and stability of newly bred sweet potato clones. Biodiversitas 23: 5923-5934. Genetic diversity assessment is vitally important for germplasm management and the assembly of new varieties. This study aimed to 1) assess the genetic diversity and 2) characterize the distinctness, uniformity, and stability of newly bred clones and check varieties of sweet potatoes based on morphological characters. The present study was conducted in the experimental farm of Universitas Nusa Cendana for two cycles (years) in 2021 and 2022, involving 13 newly bred (hybrid) clones and 6 control varieties. The observations were made on morphological characters of leaf, vine, and storage root, including 31 characteristics. The observed characters were given scores based on the sweet potato descriptors of IPGBR and PPVTPP. The scored morphological data were subjected to cluster analysis followed by a Principal Component Analysis to reveal the genetic diversity level. Euclidean index was used to characterize the distinctness, while the variation of the scored morphological data was used to reveal the uniformity and stability of tested genotypes. The results revealed a high genetic diversity of the studied genotypes. The cluster analysis placed the studied genotypes into four clusters; cluster I consisted of only one genotype, cluster II comprised two sub-clusters and 13 genotype members, cluster II comprised two members, and cluster IV comprised two sub-clusters and three members. The first eight principal components were responsible for about 79% of the observed variability. Euclidean distance index revealed that each of the studied genotypes is distinct from others. No off-type plant was observed; thus, each of the tested genotypes was considered uniform. Phenotypic expressions of the studied genotypes were similar over the two growing cycles; thus, each is said to be stable. The newly bred genotypes G16 and G29 genotypes that meet the distinctness, uniformity, and stability criteria based on their highest number of distinctive characters are eligible for registration as new sweet potato varieties, more specifically for their unique purplish white and purple tuber flesh characters.

Preliminary Evaluation of Morphological and Pomological Characters to Illustrate Genetic Diversity of Apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) in Afghanistan

Afghanistan assumed to be a part of the diversity center of Central Asian group of apricots but due to lack of proper collection, precise detection and documentation of distinct variability, the apricot diversity in the country is under unknown and unprecedented threat. This study, therefore, was run in Badam-Bagh research station for two consecutive seasons (2016-2017) to assess 28 various characters of 20 native Afghan apricot accessions. Results showed a high variability among studied genotypes. Leaf and fruit characteristics such as leaf blade length, leaf blade width, fruit weight, kernel weight, mesocarp percentage, kernel bitterness and fruit quality like total soluble solids, pH, and titratable acidity, skin color and fruit shape which subsequently determines customer appeal and marketability, displayed huge variation. Based on fruit weight, there were two groups of apricot genotypes; small fruits (<37 g) and large fruits (>37 g). Accessions with large fruits embrace: “Amiri”, “Bid-Mushk”, “Hassan-Khili”, “Jibraelli”, “Koorpa”, “Qandak”, “Pir-Naqshi”, “Seyed-Abadi”, “Salari-Sorkh”, and “Saqi”. Most genotypes were early flowering and intermediately ripening in nature. Kernels of only “Walayati” accession had strong bitterness and remained were sweet-kernelled. The mesocarps of most accessions were very weakly adhered to stones. PCA showed 86.15% of total variance among genotypes to be due to first seven components. UPGMA cluster analysis separated 20 accessions into 2 main groups (13 accessions in the first and 7 accessions in the second groups). The results exhibited that morphological characters of leaf and fruit and pomological characters are of immense importance in fast and easy description of apricot genotypes. This is per se the first study on genetic diversity of apricot accessions performed in Afghanistan. The results would provide opportunity for apricot breeders to select accessions with elite and premium characters in terms of marketability and adaptability for particular growing sites.

Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) Characterization of Neolamarckia Cadamba Genetic Resources

Neolamarckia cadamba (Kadam) genetic resources were characterised Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) traits based on International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants12 guidelines. Twenty-five clones of kadam were characterised based on the morphological characters of leaf and bark with 12 descriptors. Among these 12 descriptors, 9 were qualitative traits viz., leaf shape, Leaf base shape, apex shape, leaf margin, leaf venation, base symmetry, Waxiness in upper side of leaf, bark colour and bark texture and 3 were quantitative characters viz., leaf length, leaf breath, leaf petiole length. The study exhibited significant variations among the genetic resources investigated for various DUS traits, which could act as reference traits for developing variety to protect the genetic resources through Intellectual Property Rights.

Morphological and Pomological Variability Analysis of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Genetic Resources from the Middle and High Atlas of Morocco

The walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a traditional fruit crop in Morocco. This species is cultivated in mountain in different environments. However, little data is available on its genetic diversity and its adaptability. Morphological characters of leaf and fruit from 11 Moroccan accessions of walnut were used to assess phenotypic variation of this species. Significant differences were found between accessions for the most examined traits, indicating a high phenotypic diversity. Multivariate analyses lead to identify three groups of accessions. The first group composed by the accessions of both Middle and High Atlas Mountain with high weigh and percentage of kernel and low thickness of shell. The second group included the accessions for the High Atlas Mountain characterised by large leaf, high nut dimension and great nut size. The third group is composed by two accessions, one belongs to the Middle Atlas Mountain and the other originating from High Atlas Mountain, which are characterized by small leaf and nut. Then, the structuration of accessions in three groups was not correlated to the mountain range type. Moreover, this study showed a significant phenotypic heterogeneity between the eleven studied accessions which opens the way for the strategies for their conservation and the selection of efficient genotypes with the desired traits.

Variation of morphology, anatomy and nutrition contents of local cultivar mentik rice based on the altitudes at Ngawi District, East Java, Indonesia

Suranto, Syahidah AT, Mahadjoeno E. 2018. Variation of morphology, anatomy and nutrition contents of local cultivar mentik rice based on the altitudes at Ngawi District, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 652-659. The purposes of this research were to examine the variation in morphology, anatomy and nutrition contents of rice plants grown at three different altitudes at Ngawi District, East Java, Indonesia. The plant samples were collected from three different altitudes (200, 500 and 900 m asl. respectively). The morphological characters of leaf, root and stem were used in this examination, while Paraffin method was employed to look at the anatomical appearances. To look at the content of lipids and proteins, Soxhlet and Kjeldahl methods were used, while the Iodocolorymetre method was chosen to test the amylose content. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with one factor, namely altitude was used in this research. Morphological and anatomical characters and nutrition contents of rice plant were analyzed using one way of ANOVA. The results showed that the length and diameter of roots, plant height and also stem diameter were declining due to a higher altitude. On the other hand, the length of leaf, the number of roots, the total number of stomata and also the ratio of length per diameter of stomata increased, and so did the number of aerenchyma space roots and stems. In general, there was a tendency of decreasing amylose and protein contents due to higher altitudes.

Variation in leaf structure of the invasive Madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia, Basellaceae) at different light levels

Madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) is a climber in the angiosperm family Basellaceae. It is native to South America and has naturalised in Australia. It is regarded as a serious environmental weed because of the structural damage it causes to native vegetation. The present study, for the first time, documents anatomical and morphological traits of the leaves of A. cordifolia and considers their implications for its ecology and physiology. Plants were grown under three different light levels, and anatomical and morphological leaf characters were compared among light levels, among cohorts, and with documented traits of the related species, Basella alba L. Stomata were present on both the adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaf, with significantly more stomata on the abaxial side and under high light. This may account for the ability of this species to fix large amounts of carbon and rapidly respond to light gaps. The leaves had very narrow veins and no sclerenchyma, suggesting a low construction cost that is associated with invasive plants. There was no significant difference in any of the traits among different cohorts, which agrees with the claim that A. cordifolia primarily propagates vegetatively. The anatomy and morphology of A. cordifolia was similar to that of B. alba.

Effect of irrigation disruption and biological nitrogen on some physiological and morphological characters of leaf in Calendula officinalis L.

To evaluate effect of irrigation disruption on some physiological and morphological characters of Calendula officinalis L., an experiment was conducted as split plot at the research farm of faculty of agriculture urmia, University (latitude 37.53°N, 45.08°E, and 1320 m above sea level), Urmia, Iran in 2010. Treatments, included irrigation (irrigation disruption at first, second, third harvest and without disruption as control) as main plot and amount of biological nitrogen (0, 3, 6, and 9 l/ha of nitroxin) as sub plot were arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Data analysis of variance showed the significant effect of irrigation disruption on area, length, width and weight of one leaf, specific leaf area (SLA) and Ratio of under/upper photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) of canopy. While the effect of biological nitrogen on area, and length of single leaf was significant. Interaction between irrigation and biological nitrogen on the ratio of under/upper photosynthetic active radiation of canopy and Leaf Area Index was significant, too. But, there were no significant effect of irrigation and nitroxin on the leaf proline content, leaf total soluble carbohydrate, chlorophylla, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, the leaf relative water content and Chlorophyll index (SPAD). Means comparison indicated that the maximum single leaf area (582.11 mm2), the widest leaf (0.99 cm) and the greatest single leaf dry weight (0.022 g), were obtained from plants grown under irrigation disruption at first harvest. The minimum single leaf area (476.14 mm2), the shortest leaf (3.72 cm) and the minimum leaf width (0.74 cm) were obtained from irrigation disruption after third harvest. The longest leaf (4.38 cm) and maximum specific leaf area (33449.1 mm2/g) belonged to irrigation disruption at second harvest and control treatment, and the smallest single leaf dry weight (0.018 g) and minimum specific leaf area (27465.2 mm2/g) was obtained from control treatment and irrigation disruption at first harvest, respectively. The highest single leaf area (841.829 mm2) and the longest leaf (5.66 cm) belonged to 9 l/ha of nitroxin application, and the minimum single leaf area (298.95 mm2) and the shortest leaf (2.67 cm) belonged to control treatment. Key words: Calendula officinalis, chlorophyll, irrigation, leaf, nitroxin, osmolyte, water stress.

Caracteres morfoanatômicos de Brachiaria brizantha submetida à aplicação de Trinexapac-Ethyl

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar alterações nos caracteres anatômicos e morfológicos da folha (bainha e lâmina) e do caule de Brachiaria brizantha tratada com o regulador de crescimento trinexapac-ethyl. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o completamente ao acaso, com duas doses do trinexapac-ethyl (0,00 e 0,75 kg ha-1) e cinco repetições. Cinquenta dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos, amostras do terço médio da bainha, da lâmina da segunda folha completamente expandida e do entrenó do caule abaixo da inserção da bainha foliar foram coletadas para a determinação de características morfológicas, como altura de planta, comprimento e diâmetro de entrenó, comprimento da bainha, comprimento e largura da folha. Para avaliação das características anatômicas, foram realizados cortes transversais da folha e do caule e cortes longitudinais do caule, em micrótomo de mesa, e corados com fuccina e azul de astra preparadas em lâminas semipermanentes. As imagens obtidas foram digitalizadas usando-se microscópio de luz acoplado a câmera digital e conectado a um computador. Para obtenção das medidas de área e medidas lineares foi utilizado o software Image Pro-Plus. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística, pelo teste F a 5% de probabilidade. O regulador de crescimento promoveu redução do comprimento do limbo foliar, do entrenó, da bainha e da altura de plantas. Por outro lado, no limbo foliar, o trinexapac-ethyl aumentou a espessura da lâmina foliar, da área das células da bainha e da área do mesofilo em B. brizantha.

Standardisation of homoeopathic drug – Hypericum perforatum L.

Hypericum perforatum L., a perennial herb belonging to family Hypericaceae is a potential drug in Homoeopathy. It is used for nerve injuries, excessive pain, spasms, hemorrhoids, asthma, tetanus, neuritis, burning pain and numbness, pulmonary and urinary troubles besides as an astringent, expectorant and diuretic. In the present paper pharmacognostic and physico-chemical studies of leaves and stem of the plant have been presented. Morphological characters of leaf and stem and their transverse sections and longitudinal sections are detailed. Physico-chemical parameters of raw drug viz., extractive values, ash values, besides preparation of formulation weight. per ml., total solids, alcohol content and T.L.C. studies are given for mother tincture.