Morphological Characteristics Of Fruits Research Articles

Cytological characteristics of blueberry fruit development

Using the blueberry cultivar "Powderblue" after pollination, fruits at different developmental stages were collected for study. The transverse and longitudinal diameters, individual fruit weight, and fruit water content were measured during their development. Employing tissue sectioning and microscopy techniques, we systematically studied the morphological features and anatomical structures of the fruits and seeds at various developmental stages, aiming to elucidate the cytological patterns during blueberry fruit development. The results of our study revealed that the "Powderblue" blueberry fruit growth and development followed a double "S" curve. Mature "Powderblue" blueberries were blue-black in color, elliptical in shape, with five locules, an inferior ovary, and an average fruit weight of 1.73 ± 0.17 g, and a moisture content of 78.865 ± 0.9%. Blueberry fruit flesh cells were densely arranged with no apparent intercellular spaces, and mesocarp cells accounted for 52.06 ± 7.4% of fruit cells. In the early fruit development stages, the fruit flesh cells were rapidly dividing, significantly increasing in number but without greatly affecting the fruit's morphological characteristics. During the later stages of fruit development, the expansion of the fruit flesh cells became prominent, resulting in a noticeable increase in the fruit's dimensions. Except for the epidermal cells, cells in all fruit tissues showed varying degrees of rupture as fruit development progressed, with the extent of cell rupture increasing, becoming increasingly apparent as the fruit gradually softened. Additionally, numerous brachysclereids (stone cells) appeared in the fruit flesh cells. Stone cells are mostly present individually in the fruit flesh tissue, while in the placental tissue, they often group together. The "Powderblue" blueberry seeds were light brown, 4.13 ± 0.42 mm long, 2.2 ± 0.14 mm wide, with each fruit containing 50–60 seeds. The "Powderblue" seeds mainly consisted of the seed coat, endosperm, and embryo. The embryo was located at the chalazal end in the center of the endosperm and was spatially separated. The endosperm, occupying the vast majority of the seed volume, comprised both the chalazal and outer endosperm, and the endosperm developed and matured before the embryo. As the seed developed, the seed coat was gradually lignified and consisted of palisade-like stone cells externally and epidermal layer cells internally.

Qualitative Morphological Characteristics of Some Papilionoideae Fruits of Chandrapur District: A Comprehensive Analysis

Papilionoideae is a subfamily of Fabaceae or Leguminosae. The family is characterized by the fruit called a legume (a one-carpeled, beanlike, seed pod). The present investigation was carried out to study qualitative morphological characteristics of Papilionoideae fruit (legume). The qualitative characteristics of fruit analyzed include shape, color, exocarp hairiness, surface, apex, base, shattering, seeds/fruit, locules/fruit and fruit orientation. Fruits of different 24 species belonging to family Papilionoideae were used for the present investigation. Variations in the morphological characteristics of fruits were observed among studied taxa. The disparity in fruit morphological characteristics can be utilized as taxonomic tool to differentiate the taxa

Characterization of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) in Nagari Giri Maju, West Pasaman Regency based on fruit morphological characteristics

The avocado plant is cross-pollinated; thus, each plant has a different genetic fashion. This research was carried out in 2020 in Luhak Nan Duo District, West Pasaman Regency. The research aimed to obtain information about the morphological characteristics and describe the diversity of avocado plants in Nagari Giri Maju, the center of avocado production in Luhak Nan Duo District, West Pasaman Regency. The research used a survey method with purposive sampling as a sample collecting design. Morphological characterization was carried out on avocado fruit. Exploration and characterization conducted successfully identified 238 accessions of avocado that showed variability in fruit shape, ripe fruit skin color, ripe fruit flesh color, fruit flesh texture, and fibrous within fruit flesh. Wide variability was detected only for fruit weight. Ten potential avocado accessions were obtained from the characterization with the following characteristics, i.e., oval fruit shape, grade A fruit weight, green color of ripe fruit peel, and buttery and non-fibrous fruit flesh texture. Hence, the accessions can be recommended for new potential avocado varieties. Based on qualitative traits, cluster analysis resulted in seven groups with a 38% degree of similarity.

Indigenous knowledge and nutritional and morphological characterization of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moecnh) varieties in Western Ethiopia.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moecnh) is a versatile crop that is widely grown in western Ethiopia, despite that it is less researched. This study, therefore, investigates the traditional knowledge, nutritional, and morphological characteristics of two commonly grown okra varieties (Kenketse and Sharma) in west Ethiopia. A semi-structured questionnaire, checklist, and observations were used to collect primary data from households, key informants, and farms. In addition, proximate composition parameters like moisture content, total ash, crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber, utilizable carbohydrates, and gross energy fruits were measured through laboratory analysis. Fruit morphological traits, including fruit dimensions such as length and width, were determined using a digital Vernier caliper. For data analysis, SPSS software was used. The results revealed that the entire plant is used for both food and ethnomedicinal purposes. Curing ailments such as stomach pain, constipation, wound/cut, heart discomfort, back pain, malaria, diarrhea, and amoebae were among the medical benefits of okra. The proximate composition (%) on a dry matter basis of okra fruits differed significantly (p < .05) by cultivar type and drying method. Moisture (3.69%-5.24%), total ash (6.60%-8.01%), crude fat (4.87%-8.58%), crude protein (4.06%-5.23%), crude fiber (12.85%-15.26%), utilizable carbohydrate (56.42%-67.63%), and gross energy contents (326-341 kcal) were the ranges of the various proximate and energy levels. Morphological characteristics of fruit and leaf length, width, and length-to-width ratio varied with cultivar type, where Sharma had more than double the length of Kenketse (70.1 vs. 187.1 mm). Despite being an undervalued native vegetable crop in Ethiopia, the study's findings show that okra is a multipurpose vegetable for promoting human health and ensuring food and nutritional security. Therefore, stepping up its production, marketing, and consumption could help alleviate the food shortage and improve human nutrition and health in the study areas.

Identification of Late Ripening Citrus Mutant, Ara-unshiu (Citrus unshiu), and Its Selectable Marker.

'Miyagawa-wase' mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa-wase early) is one of the most widely cultivated citrus varieties on Jeju Island in Korea. Mutation breeding is a useful tool for the induction of genetic diversity for the rapid creation of new plant variants. We previously reported the use of gamma irradiation for the development of new citrus varieties. Here, we report a new mutant, Ara-unshiu, with a unique late fruit ripening phenotype. We investigated the fruit morphological characteristics including weight, vertical/transverse diameter, peel thickness, hardness, and color difference, as well as sugar and acid contents of the Ara-unshiu compared to wild-type controls. We then used whole genome re-sequencing and functional annotation by gene ontology to identify and characterize single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertion/deletion (InDel) variants in the Ara-unshiu, finding a greater abundance of annotated genes containing InDels compared to SNPs. Finally, we used allele-specific PCR to identify molecular markers among the homozygous SNPs detected from the Ara-unshiu genome sequencing. We report a primer set that effectively distinguishes the Ara-unshiu from the wild-type control and other citrus varieties. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms controlling the timing of fruit ripening and tools for the molecular breeding of citrus varieties.

Effect of Rootstock Selection on Tree Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Lemon Varieties Cultivated in Greece

Lemon is a prominent citrus fruit that supports regional economies worldwide. Several agronomic and fruit quality attributes are affected by the rootstock selection, thus its selection is essential for a successful grove. This study aims to compare the agronomic and quality attributes of four lemon cultivars (‘Mikrokarpo Messaras’, ‘Nouvel Athos’, ‘Femminello Commune,’ and ‘Zia gara Bianca’) grafted onto three rootstocks (‘Sour Orange’, ‘Yuma Ponderosa lemon’, and ‘Volkameriana’). The yield and rootstock/scion ratio were estimated along with fruit morphological characteristics (size, equatorial, and polar diameter). Internal fruit quality was also estimated (total soluble solids, total acidity, juiciness, ascorbic acid, total phenols, and total antioxidant activity). ‘Volkameriana’ rootstock stood out among the studied rootstocks, as all grafted lemon varieties increased their productivity. Its combination with the Italian cultivar ‘Femminello Commune’ exhibited enhanced tree vigor and tree yield. For all studied cultivars, the use of ‘Volkameriana’ or ‘Yuma Ponderosa lemon’ rootstocks decreased the total soluble content and total acidity, increased the ascorbic acid content, and did not influence the TSS/TA ratio, total phenols or total antioxidant activity. In conclusion, the vigorous ‘Volkameriana’ and ‘Yuma Ponderosa lemon’ rootstocks are a promising replacement for ‘sour orange’. This research provides valuable insights into the potential use of ‘Yuma Ponderosa lemon’ as a rootstock for lemons, as existing literature is rather limited.

The morphological and chemical variability of Turkish Hazel (Corylus colurna L.) fruits in Turkey

Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.) is naturally distributed in southeast Europe, Anatolia, the Caucasus and Western Himalayas. In Turkey, there are many isolated populations in the Black Sea, Marmara, Aegean, and Central Anatolian Regions. Many of the small populations in Turkey are endangered. In this study, the morphological and chemical characteristics of Turkish hazelnut fruits collected from seven populations were researched. In this regard, considering the morphological characteristics of fruits and kernels, significant differences were observed between the populations. Length, width, thickness, and weight averages were 15.98 mm, 15.38 mm, 12.00 mm and 1.4651 g in the fruits, and 13.03 mm, 11.22 mm, 7.64 mm and 0.5047 g in the kernels, respectively. The average shell thickness was 1.92 mm, shell weight was 0.9604 g, and kernel ratio was 35.16%. Statistically significant differences were found out between the populations whose chemical contents were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the average fat content, protein, starch, and ash were 64.1%, 15.9%, 10.2 g, and 2.5%, respectively. According to the averages in the obtained fatty acids, the main fatty acids were oleic acid (79.53%), linoleic acid (11.34%), palmitic acid (5.68%), and stearic acid (2.03%), while the rest of other oils were found in trace amounts. Overall, our results suggest that the information relating to morphological and chemical characteristics of Turkish hazelnut can be useful for discriminating among populations.

Plastomes Provide Insights into Differences between Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny: Ostericum and Angelica (Apiaceae) as an Example

Traditional classification based on morphological characters suggests that the genus Ostericum is closely related to Angelica, but molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that the genus Ostericum is related to Pternopetalum rather than Angelica. In this study, the plastomes of nine Ostericum species and five Angelica species were used to conduct bioinformatic and comparative analyses. The plastomes of Ostericum and Angelica exhibited significant differences in genome size, gene numbers, IR junctions, nucleotide diversity, divergent regions, and the repeat units of SSR types. In contrast, Ostericum is more similar to Pternopetalum rather than Angelica in comparative genomics analyses. In total, 80 protein-coding genes from 97 complete plastomes and 112 ITS sequences were used to reconstruct phylogenetic trees. Phylogenies showed that Angelica was mainly located in Selineae tribe while Ostericum was a sister to Pternopetalum and occurred in the Acronema clade. However, morphological analysis was inconsistent with molecular phylogenetic analysis: Angelica and Ostericum have similar fruit morphological characteristics while the fruits of Ostericum are quite different from the genus Pternopetalum. The phylogenetic relationship between Angelica and Ostericum is consistent with the results of plastome comparisons but discordant with morphological characters. The cause of this phenomenon may be convergent morphology and incomplete lineage sorting (ILS).

Morphological and chemical characteristics of fruits and seeds of two cultivars of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller from northern Morocco

Fruits of two cultivars of Opuntia ficus-indica (the “Hajria” and “Dellahia” cultivars) growing in the Tetouan and Al-Hoceima provinces of northern Morocco were harvested at the same ripening stage. The chemical properties (total lipids, proteins, total sugars, moisture, and dry matter) of the peel and seeds were determined and the morphological characteristics (whole fruit weight, pulp weight, peel weight, and the number and weight of fertilized and aborted seeds) of the fruits and their seeds from both cultivars were compared. Surface-sterilized seeds were separated into six groups according to their length and germinated on Murashige and Skoog basal culture medium. Seed viability, by analyzing the correlation between (1) germination rate and seed length, and (2) germination rate and seed weight was determined. Results showed that the province or cultivar factor had significant effects on the morphological characteristics of fruits and seeds. Fruit and pulp weights were positively correlated with the seed number. In addition, a marked difference in the sugar content of the peel was observed (57.29% in the ‘‘Dellahia’’ cultivar compared to 36.66% in the “Hajria” cultivar). The seeds of the “Dellahia” cultivar contained 10.41% fat and 8.12% protein, whereas the seeds of “Hajria” contained 12.27% fat and 8.67% protein. Seed viability was assured from a length of 3.5 mm in both cultivars. The seed germination rate correlated positively with increased length and weight; however, this rate was significantly different between the two cultivars.

Pós-colheita de acessos de morangueiro no sul de Minas Gerais

ABSTRACT There is great demand for new cultivars adapted for production in a national climate, which creates a certain dependence of national strawberry growers on imported cultivars. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate quality and morphological characteristics of fruits from strawberry genotypes. Strawberry accessions were provided by the Germplasm Bank of the Federal University of Lavras. The experiment was implemented in the Experimentation and Olericulture sector of the José do Rosário Vellano University (UNIFENAS). The experimental design used was in randomized blocks, with 12 treatments and 3 replications, totaling 36 experimental units. The 12 treatments consisted of seven genotypes and five commercial cultivars positioned in 29 slabs, in protected cultivation. The genotypes MFA12-443 and MCA12-89 stood out in terms of fruit size (p&lt;0.000), presenting the highest values for length (41.06 mm), width (32.60 mm) and thickness (27.84 mm), while not differed from each other for these values. These genotypes are better suited for the fresh market, with quality characteristics that are more appreciated by consumers. All genotypes presented higher levels than 7ºBrix (p= 0.000) indicated for commercialization in the market. The tested accessions showed quality and aptitude for production in the southern region of Minas Gerais.

Variability study of ber fruits (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) collected from naturally grown plants through morphological characterization

An experiment was carried out in the department of Horticulture, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (BBAU), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India to evaluate the morphological variation of ber fruits collected from widely and naturally grown ber crops inside the main campus of the university. There were 85 morphotypes selected for the study and fruit morphological characters were studied at the departmental laboratory with CRD statistical design and data of various morphotypes were compared at 5% level of significance. The results revealed that the highest fruit weight (15.33 g), fruit length (43.92 mm), fruit width (30.09 mm), fruit volume (14.23ml), pulp weight (14.26g), Pulp thickness (11.12 mm), pulp per cent (92.84%) was observed in B-45 morphotype. These physical characters seemed to be good for customer attractiveness. Considering the morphocharacteristic performance of fruit of 85 ber morphotypes grown in side BBAU campus, it may be concluded that the ber morphotype B-45 could be used for further crop improvement programme for its bigger fruit size, high pulp content.

Flower and fruit morphological characteristics of different crabapple genotypes of ornamental value

Crabapples (Malus spp.) are frequently used as ornamental trees. However, selections differ in decorative impact through blossoming and fruiting traits, growth habit, disease tolerance, ecological adaptability and fruit litter, so that there can be other valuable benefits. The aim of the present investigation was to determine morphometric characteristics of flowers, fruits and seeds within 15 different genotypes of crabapples studied at M.M. Grishko National Botanical Garden in Kyiv, Ukraine. Their main morphometric parameters were as follows: the highest number of flowers in the inflorescence was recorded within trees of ‘Professor Sprenger’ with 5.78 flowers, whereas the corolla was mostly decorative for ‘Royalty’ cultivar, with 5.7 petals; fruit weight varied from 1.49 g (‘Adirondak’) to 20.56 g (‘Era’), length from 12.87 mm (‘Van Ezeltine’) to 25.11 mm (‘Ola’), diameter from 12.0 mm (‘Batterball’) to 26.74 mm (‘Rayka Rozeva’), fruits number 1.0 (‘Era’) to 5.5 (‘Evereste’). The relationships between flowers, fruit and seed traits, accounting 16 traits and 15 cultivars investigated was highlighted by Pearson correlation and were clustered by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). The variability observed in the apple crab genotypes offers the possibility to choose and use some valuable ornamental cultivars for the beautification of the landscape, as well as for possible future Malus breeding projects.

Tovomita manauara (Clusiaceae): a new species revealed by fruit morphology and leaf anatomy

Herein, we present Tovomita manauara A. Nobre &amp; L. Marinho, a new species of Clusiaceae that is presumably endemic to the Amazonas state, in Brazil. The new species was initially identified as T. caloneura A.C. Sm., which is a morphologically similar and sympatric species. Although the species was based only on vegetative and fruit morphological characteristics, Tovomita manauara can be recognized by the large number of secondary veins (25–36 pairs vs. up to 26 pairs in T. caloneura) and 4-septate, turbinate to napiform fruits (vs. 5-septate and fusiform in T. caloneura). In addition to macromorphology, anatomical characters, such as the secretory canals larger, presence of collenchyma in the petiole, and the absence of druses in the midvein are also helpful for the identification of T. manauara.

Maturation and germination of Trichosanthes cucumerina L. seeds

Abstract: Trichosanthes cucumerina L. (Cucurbitaceae) is a traditional fruit vegetable grown by family farmers in the Amazon. This study aimed to evaluate seed maturation as a function of age and fruit morphological characteristics, and the effect of different temperatures on seed germination of accessions of the species. A completely randomized design was adopted in the maturation study, with five treatments (fruit age: 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 days after anthesis - DAA) and four replications. Seed quality was evaluated through dry mass, water content, germination, and vigor variables, while the fruits were evaluated for physical characteristics and the number of seeds. A completely randomized design in a 3 (temperatures: 20, 25, and 30 °C) x 7 (accessions: PIN I, PIN II, TSA, MAO, UTB, ITA, and IMI) factorial scheme, with four replications was adopted in the study of germination temperatures. Seed quality was evaluated using germination and vigor tests. Seeds reach physiological maturity around 50 DAA. The fruits are partially or completely orange or reddish-orange in color at that time. The temperature of 30 °C favored the seed germination process, resulting in a higher percentage and germination rate.

Fruiting character variability in wild individuals of Malania oleifera, a highly valued endemic species

Malania oleifera (Olacaceae), a tree species endemic to Southwest China, has seed oils enriched with nervonic acid and is therefore good source of this chemical. Because of this, there are promising industrial perspective in the artificial cultivation and use of this species. Understanding the variability in the fruit characters among individuals forms the basis or resource prospection. In the current investigation, fifty-three mature fruiting trees were sampled from two locations with divergent climates (Guangnan and Funing). Morphological characterization of fruits (fruit and stone weight, fruit transverse and longitudinal diameter, stone transverse and longitudinal diameter) was conducted, and the concentration of seed oil and its fatty acid composition were also analyzed in all individuals. Differences in all the morphological characters studied were more significant among individual trees than between different geographic localities, even though these had different climates. Eleven fatty acids were identified contributing between 91.39 and 96.34% of the lipids, and the major components were nervonic acid (38.93–47.24%), octadecenoic acid (26.79–32.08%), docosenoic acid (10.94–17.24%). The seed oil content (proportion of oil in seed kernel) and the proportion of nervonic acid were both higher in Funing, which has a higher average climatic temperature than Guangnan. The concentrations of nervonic acid and octadecenoic acid with the low coefficients of variation in the seed oil of M. oleifera were relatively stable in contrast to the other fatty acids. There were significant positive correlations between fruit morphological characters, but the amount of seed oil and the concentrations of its components were not correlated with any morphological character. This study provides an understanding of morphological variation in wild M. oleifera individuals. Wild individuals with excellent fruit traits could be selected and would make promising candidates for commercial cultivation.

Genetic diversity and fruit morphological characteristics of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) in the prefecture of Arcadia, Greece

Genetic diversity and fruit morphological characteristics of chestnut (<i>Castanea sativa</i> Mill.) in the prefecture of Arcadia, Greece

Some morphological characteristics of fruits and leaves of Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. genotypes from southern Oltenia

Some morphological characteristics of fruits and leaves of Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. genotypes from southern Oltenia

Extent of variability in fruit morphological characters of local mango germplasm

A study was conducted on twenty five genotypes of seedling Mangoes to examine fruit morphological characters. Fruit shape of the evaluated germplasm varied enormously and fruits of obovoid, elliptic, round and oblong shapes were found. Fruit apex shape in the evaluated plants was round, acute and obtuse. Depth of fruit stalk cavity was either absent, shallow and of medium type, whereas, fruit neck prominence was absent to slightly prominent in the tested plants. Shape of fruit ventral shoulder was varied and found to be slopping abruptly, rising and then rounded and long curve type in the evaluated germplasm. Fruit beak varies from pointed to perceptible type and fruit sinus was absent to shallow type in the fruits from different plants. Fruit attractiveness varies from very good to excellent and fruit colour from greenish yellow to green colour of fruit skin at maturity was noted in fruits from selected trees. Peel colour of AA-15 was different amongst all the genotypes which were green with red blush. Pulp colour varied from light orange, yellow orange, orange yellow, yellow and light yellow, whereas, pulp texture was soft to intermediate in the evaluated germplasm. Key words: Mangifera indica; Genotype susceptibility; Punjab; India.

Correlation Analysis of Compounds in Essential Oil of Amomum tsaoko Seed and Fruit Morphological Characteristics, Geographical Conditions, Locality of Growth

Amomum tsaoko is a perennial herb belonging to Zingiberaceae. Its dried ripe fruit is an important food additive, spice and materia medicai in Southeast Asia. For hundreds of years of cultivation, morphological variations have existed. The essential oil is one of the major active products of the A. tsaoko fruit and seed. In this study, we collected 12 populations in Yunnan province, and the correlation analysis of compounds was focused on the essential oil of A. tsaoko seed and its fruit morphological characteristics, geographical conditions, and locality of growth. The results showed that the difference in morphological characteristics between populations is greater than the difference within the population. High altitude areas are beneficial for biomass accumulation. Another interesting finding is that selecting specific functional or odor type materials could reference the morphologies of A. tsaoko fruit and seed. Furthermore, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of compounds in essential oil could be used to distinguish the producing area of the A. tsaoko fruit. These results are crucial in realizing the determination of botanical origin and evaluating the quality of A. tsaoko fruit. Meanwhile, it makes clear that various other studies on this plant deserve more attention.

Locations Effects on the Quality of Chemlal and Azeradj Olives Grown in Algeria

AbstractThis work aimed to investigate the combined effect of harvest time and crop altitude on the fruit and oil quality of two autochthonous Algerian olive cultivars, Chemlal and Azeradj. Fruit morphological characteristics, oil quality parameters, fatty acids and triacylglycerols composition, pigments, tocopherols and oxidative stability were determined. Olives were harvested at four different ripening stages in orchards located at 110, 320 and 490 m altitude, in the olive‐growing region of Kabylia, northern Algeria. Results showed a good discrimination between varieties, which were characterized by specific triacylglycerols and fatty acids profile. Different chemometric analyses carried out on the oil data highlighted the strong influence of variety in relation to the factors studied. Moreover, Principal Component Analysis performed on both fatty acids and triacylglycerols profile allowed correlating the distinct composition with the different varietal sensitivities to changes in crop attitude and ripening stage. Tocopherols showed a remarkable decrease with the ripening progress. Oxidative stability was positively correlated with variations in tocopherols and monounsaturated fatty acids during maturation and altitude changes.