Morphophysiological Studies Research Articles

Мікрорівнева адаптація окремих органів і тканин стерляді (Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus, 1758) в умовах теплового стресу

Purpose. To evaluate the variability of the histological parameters of individual organs and tissues of sterlet, to establish the level of effect of heat stress on the physiological status of fish and the degree of their adaptation. To determine the perspective of using histological monitoring data in fish farming practice. Methodology. The primary materials were obtained in aquarium conditions of the Aquatic Bioresources Laboratory of the Kherson State Agrarian and Economic University. The laboratory processing of histological samples was performed according to generally accepted methods and manuals. Histological studies were carried out using the author’s equipment and original methods, specially intended for the diagnostics of fish tissues. The obtained results were processed by methods of variational statistics using a package of appropriate MS Excel applications, with emphasis on the standard error. Findings. Microanatomical studies of sterlet showed that under conditions of heat stress, the most significant changes occur in adipose tissue, somatic and cardiac muscle tissue, thyroid gland and renal tissue, which can conditionally be considered as bioindicative zones. Under the potential influence of the thermal factor, the response of sterlet is expressed in a decrease in the lipid content in the accompanying muscles of adipose tissue. The effect is visualized in the fragmentation and subsequent shredding of lipid vacuoles, which leads to variability in adipocyte shape from stellate to spindle-shaped. The obtained results indicate a decrease in the excretion of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream by the thyroid gland and is expressed in a gradual increase in the diameter of the thyroid follicles (by 16.0 µm and 26.5 µm) and a corresponding decrease in the height of the follicular cells (by 1.1 µm and 2.0 µm), which is statistically significant. Intensive development of “additional” follicles inside existing ones indicates the prevention of thyroid intoxication of the body, which indicates the development of an adaptive reaction of the body. Comparative studies of the ventricular myocardium of fish allowed establishing certain morphological differences in the form of moderate interstitial edema of the tissue and intracellular edema of cardiomyocytes. In the final phase of the experiment, karyopyknosis was locally observed in the ventricular cardiomyocytes of 50% of stressed fish. Somatic muscle tissue is generally resistant to stress, but the rate of its development at elevated temperatures slows down. Characteristic signs of the histological picture of muscle stress are approximately the same ratio of stromal and parenchymal components, the central orientation of the nuclei within a single muscle fiber and insufficient filling of the fibers with the fibrillar component. Antidiuretic hormone is forcedly released in fish under conditions of heat stress, which leads to a decrease in the volume of the primary filtrate. Evidence is a narrow gap in the urinary space between the visceral and parietal layers of the renal corpuscle. Originality. New data are presented and existing data on the histological structure of individual organs and tissues of sterlet under stress loads are significantly expanded. For the first time, a detailed histological analysis of the structure of muscle, adipose tissue, as well as the kidney and thyroid gland of sterlet under heat stress conditions was carried out. The comparative analysis, current and updated information on compensatory changes in tissues demonstrate their adaptive potential, which was developed during the evolution of the species. Practical Value. The information obtained is of value in morphophysiological studies as well as in fish farming practice in connection with the modern problem of a decrease in the life status of fish under stress. The use of the obtained data allows a qualitative assessment of the physiological state and can be used in the process of developing corrective measures in order to consolidate hereditary resistance, which is ultimately aimed at preventing diseases of valuable aquaculture objects. Keywords: sterlet, heat stress, adaptation, muscle tissue, thyroid gland, myocardium, adipose tissue, renal tissue.

Morpho-physiological studies and selection criteria in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) under rainfed condition

Morpho-physiological studies and selection criteria in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) under rainfed condition

Morpho-physiological studies of sandalwood-host interaction under individual and interactive water and salt stress.

To find out the possibilities of growing white sandalwood in sub-tropical regions of India where farmers facing the problem of water deficit and salinity stress, a RBD experiment was conducted. Sandalwood grown alone and with five selected hosts (Alternanthera sp., Neem, Shisham, Dek and Agarwood) on the basis of prior study under water deficit, salinity stress and combined water deficit and salinity stress. Sandalwood plants were harvested after 180days of imposing stress treatments. Morphological traits (plant height, collar diameter, shoot fresh and dry biomass) showed significant reduction under water deficit and salinity stress, which were further aggravated under combined water deficit and salinity stress. Studied plant water traits, ionic balance and gas exchange attributes were also reduced by these stresses. While among studied host, Shisham and Dek identified as the best host species under water deficit, salinity and interactive stress by maintaining ion homeostasis, osmotic adjustments and plant water regulation. Results depicted that sandalwood plants cultivated alone were not able to survive under salinity and combined stress conditions and showed poor growth under water deficit and control conditions. Different indices were also calculated based on morpho-physiological and ionic traits and also indicated that sandalwood grown with Dalbergia sissoo and Melia dubia showed higher drought, salt and stress tolerance potential, which made sandalwood adaptable under these stresses. Therefore, the present study signifies the importance of host especially D. sissoo and M. dubia which might be excellent long-term host species for sandalwood cultivation under sub-tropical conditions to thrive under changing environments.

Morphophysiological indicators applied for the selection of different genotypes of Hevea spp. during germination and post-germination

We investigate and characterize the morphophysiological changes related to germination and the initial growth and development of seedlings of wild and cultivated genotypes of the genus Hevea spp. in finding to add value to new clones. Seeds from six genotypes ( H. brasiliensis (Willd. Ex A. Juss) Müll. Arg, H. guianensis Aubl., H. spruceana (Benth.) Müll. Arg., RRIM 600, Fx 3844, and IAN 873) were sterilized, and their imbibition curve, germination parameters, and initial seedling growth were characterized. In parallel, the morphology of the germination and post-germination stages was monitored from seeds germinated in washed sand. Morphological differences in the seeds/embryos, different strategies in the imbibition process, emergence, and initial seedling growth were observed. The species H. guianensis and H. spruceana showed the greatest differences in size, shape, and color of the seeds/embryos and initial seedling growth. The characteristics of the seed coat patterns, the seedling imbibition, growth, and development processes can serve as morphophysiological markers for genotype identification and selection. This is the first morphophysiological study of seeds and seedlings of wild and cultivated genotypes of species of the genus Hevea. We conclude that there is considerable phenotypic variability among species of the Hevea genus regarding seed and seedling morphophysiology, which can be explored in the rubber tree breeding programs.

Renal protein reabsorption impairment related to a myxosporean infection in the grass frog (Rana temporaria L.).

A morphophysiological study of tubular reabsorption and mechanisms of protein endocytosis in the kidney of frogs (Rana temporaria L.) during parasitic infection was carried out. Pseudoplasmodia and spores of myxosporidia, beforehand assigned to the genus Sphaerospora, were detected in Bowman's capsules and in the lumen of individual renal tubules by light and electron microscopy. Remarkable morphological alteration and any signs of pathology in kidney tissue related to this myxosporean infection have not been noted. At the same time, significant changes in protein reabsorption and distribution of molecular markers of endocytosis in the proximal tubule (PT) cells in infected animals were detected by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. In lysozyme injection experiments, the endocytosed protein and megalin expression in the infected PTs were not revealed. Tubular expression of cubilin and clathrin decreased, but endosomal recycling marker Rab11 increased or remained unchanged. Thus, myxosporean infection resulted in the alterations in lysozyme uptake and expression of the main molecular determinants of endocytosis. The inhibition of receptor-mediated clathrin-dependent protein endocytosis in amphibian kidneys due to myxosporidiosis was shown for the first time. Established impairment of the endocytic process is a clear marker of tubular cell dysfunction that can be used to assess the functioning of amphibian kidneys during adaptation to adverse environmental factors.

Гістологічна характеристика печінки плітки (Rutilus rutilus Linnaeus, 1758) як біоіндикатора якості водного середовища

Purpose. To assess the variability of the histological parameters of the medial zone of roach (Rutilus rutilus) liver. To establish the level of effect of the transformed conditions of existence on fish physiological status. To determine the prospect of using histological monitoring data in ichthyological practice to assess the morphofunctional state of fish. Methodology. Primary materials were obtained in different parts of the Southern Bug River, which differ in their degrees of pollution. Lab processing of ichthyological samples was performed in accordance with generally recognized methods and manuals. Histological studies were carried out using proprietary equipment and original techniques specifically designed for diagnosing fish tissues. The obtained results were processed by the methods of variation statistics using MS Excel with an emphasis on the errors of the average values. Findings. Microanatomical studies of roach hepatic parenchyma allowed establishing that the most significant changes occured in the transformed conditions of existence and were contrastingly recorded in the medial zone of the organ, which could conditionally be considered a bioindicative zone. With the potential effect of toxicants dissolved in water, a shift in cell function was observed in the liver. Visually, this was manifested as a change in the structuring of cytoplasmic inclusions and in the intensity of nucleus staining, which simultaneously occured with a direct shift in cytological characteristics. An 1.20-fold increase in cell area adequately leads to an 1.18-fold increase in the cytoplasm area, as well as the Hertwig constant or nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (0,25-0,28), which was statistically significant. The obtained data indicate a change in the nature of intracellular metabolism. An increase in the number of intracellular cavities is a direct evidence of the attenuation of the glycogen-accumulative function of hepatocytes. An increase in the nucleolus/nucleus diameter ratio (0.28) indicates a change in cellular function, which occurs through the activation of lipid synthesis. No typical necrosis foci were found in the parenchyma of the liver of fish from the places of concentration of commercial effluents, which are an evidence of a moderate accumulation of fat-soluble pollutants in the liver. The absence of pronounced pathologies in most individuals indicates significant reserve-compensatory potencies of the organ. The presence of individual hepatocytes with two nucleoli in the nuclei in the liver parenchyma allows judging the borderline, i.e. the prepathological state of the organ. In some cases, an increase in the proportion of dystrophic hepatocytes with large vacuoles filled with an optically transparent liquid was established, which allowed identifying an irreversible pathology - liver balloon dystrophy, resulting from a severe impairment of cellular metabolism. Histological analysis of roach liver parenchyma from conditionally clean and polluted waters allowed, in parallel, establishing relatively low levels of intraspecific and individual variability of cell populations. The revealed fact testifies to the plasticity of the liver as an organ with significant reserve potencies, which are contrastingly manifested under conditions of technogenic pressure in waters of various origins and intended purposes. This perspective provides evidence for the evolutionary definition of the liver as the body’s universal detoxification system. Originality. New data are presented, as well as existing data on the normal and altered histological structure of the medial zone of the liver of roach, which live under transformed conditions of existence, were significantly updated. For the first time, a comparative histological and cytological analysis of the structure of the medial zone of the liver of age-1+ roach was carried out. Based on a comparative analysis, the information on the taxonomic features of compensatory changes in liver tissue components in polluted water areas was renewed and updated. Practical walue. The information obtained is of value in morphophysiological studies, as well as in ichthyological practice in connection with the modern problem of lowering the vital status of fish populations, which exists in conditions of degraded aquatic ecosystems. The use of the obtained data allows qualitative assessment of the physiological status of fish in order to predict environmental hazards in water areas of different origin and purpose. Key words: roach, parenchyma, liver, hepatocyte, bioindication, cellular function, water area.

Morpho-physiological studies associated with flowering in high-density planted guava (Psidium guajava)

The study was carried out to know the mechanism of less or no flowering in well maintained high-density planted (CHDP) guava (Psidium guajava L.) orchard (2 m × 2 m) during 2014 and 2015. Biochemical parameters determine flowering and fruiting in high-density planted guava orchard of 15 years old. Maximum length (17.48 cm), diameter (3.68 mm) of shoot and number of leaves pair (5.49) per shoot were found in flowering plants; highest leaf area (32.20 cm2) was observed in non-flowering plants. With respect to biochemical parameters, total chlorophyll (5.05 mg/g), chlorophyll a (3.02 mg/g), chlorophyll a (2.03 mg/g), total sugars (15949.57 μg/g dry wt.), starch in leaves (2361.50 μg/g dry wt.) and roots (2024.45 μg/g dry wt.) were highest in matured leaves of flowering plants. Whereas, mature leaves of flowering plants of guava showed lowest Chlorophyll a: b ratio (1.58 mg/g). Anthocyanin content was highest (0.052 mg/g) in the immature leaves of flowering plants. Similarly, Chlorophyll b content in leaf was found less (0.72 mg/g) in the non-flowering plant compared to a flowering plant. Allahabad Safeda and L-49 cultivars are better among the four cultivars in such phenomenon of in bearing level of old guava orchard. Relevant information got in the study of Chlorophyll b, which indirectly plays important role in flowering and fruiting. Chlorophyll b increases the range of light, which is used by the plant for producing energy.

Comparative Inter- and IntraSpecies Transcriptomics Revealed Key Differential Pathways Associated With Aluminium Stress Tolerance in Lentil.

Aluminium stress causes plant growth retardation and engenders productivity loss under acidic soil conditions. This study accentuates morpho-physiological and molecular bases of aluminium (Al) tolerance within and between wild (ILWL-15) and cultivated (L-4602 and BM-4) lentil species. Morpho-physiological studies revealed better cyto-morphology of tolerant genotypes over sensitive under Al3+ stress conditions. Mitotic lesions were observed in root cells under these conditions. Transcriptome analysis under Al3+ stress revealed 30,158 specifically up-regulated genes in different comparison groups showing contigs between 15,305 and 18,861 bp. In tolerant genotypes, top up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to be involved in organic acid synthesis and exudation, production of antioxidants, callose synthesis, protein degradation, and phytohormone- and calcium-mediated signalling under stress conditions. DEGs associated with epigenetic regulation and Al3+ sequestration inside vacuole were specifically upregulated in wild and cultivars, respectively. Based on assembled unigenes, an average of 6,645.7 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 14,953.7 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were spotted. By quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), 12 selected genes were validated. Gene ontology (GO) annotation revealed a total of 8,757 GO terms in three categories, viz., molecular, biological, and cellular processes. Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes pathway scanning also revealed another probable pathway pertaining to metacaspase-1,−4, and −9 for programmed cell death under Al-stress conditions. This investigation reveals key inter- and intraspecies metabolic pathways associated with Al-stress tolerance in lentil species that can be utilised in designing future breeding programmes to improve lentil and related species towards Al3+ stress.

Agrometeorological and Morpho-Physiological Studies of the Response of Red Currant to Abiotic Stresses

The aim of this work was to study the mechanism of climatic adaptation of red currant genotypes (Ribes rubrum L.) on the basis of physiological, biochemical and agrometeorological measurements and to determine the different phenophases of plant development identify adaptive genotypes for introduction. The studies were carried out in 2014–2017. The indicators of the water status of annual shoots (water content, water retention capacity), the biochemical composition of berries (vitamin C) and phenological observations were evaluated, taking into account meteorological data. The genotypes of R. petraeum Wulf. and R. multiflorum Kit. had the longest production period. Ambiguous data on the influence of temperature on the content of ascorbic acid in berries were revealed. High temperatures (>+26 °C) contributed to a greater accumulation of ascorbic acid in the cultivars of R. vulgare Lam. High accumulations of vitamin C in the range of +25–27 °C were found in R. petraeum Wulf. and R. multiflorum Kit.. High water content and water loss contributed to early recovery from the dormant state and reduced resistance to spring temperature changes in R. vulgare Lam. Genotypes of R. vulgare Lam., and R. multiflorum Kit. are promising for growing in a zone with a temperate continental climate. The genotypes of the species R. petraeum Wulf are suitable for introduction to the areas with a continental climate. The obtained results are important for adaptive gardening.

REFLECTIONS REGARDING ANATOMY TEACHING WITH THE USE OF DIGITAL TOOLS

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization - WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic. To maintain interaction and ensure that students access quality content, teachers have started to use digital platforms. The purpose of this work is to report on the experience provided by the III Workshop of Maranhense Anatomical Techniques. The Center for Advanced Morphophysiological Studies - NEMO of the State University of the Tocantina Region of Maranhão - UEMASUL and State University of Maranhão - UEMA, held the workshop associated with the discipline of Anatomical Techniques of the Postgraduate Course in Animal Science, being one international online event through the YouTube platform. The way of teaching animal and human anatomy has evolved towards active methodologies, to accompany the didactic-pedagogical evolution with the advances in digital technology. Anatomy teachers feel the need to redefine the objectives of this discipline. The professors showed mastery over the lectures and the use of the platform used to broadcast the event, managing to talk about Animal and Human Anatomy in a completely different way, combining theory with practice. Under these circumstances, an innovative teaching-learning method, supported by the internet, has been serving an unlimited number of students interested in short courses. Keywords: Anatomical techniques. Continuing Education. Web conference.

Morphophysiological characters of binahong (Anredera cordifolia (L.) Steenis) with application of natural growth regulators

The morphophysiological study of binahong is still limited. The objective of the research is to identify the morphophysiological characteristics of binahong plants through natural GR application. This study described the relationship of plant length, number of leaves, stomatal density, and the content of chlorophyll leaves of binahong due to the application of natural growth regulators from coconut water combined with red shallot extract, bamboo shoots, and banana weevils. The research used a nonfactorial randomized block design with 3 replications. The results obtained in general giving GR can reduce plant length and number of leaves. The highest stomatal density was obtained in the application of coconut water while the lowest as shown in the application of coconut water and bamboo shoots. Chlorophyll a and b, as well as the highest total chlorophyll, are found without growth regulators application and application of a mixture of coconut water, shallot, bamboo shoots and, banana weevils. Chlorophyll a and b and the lowest total chlorophyll are found in the application of coconut water and bamboo shoots.

On the development of biological products based on microorganisms from permafrost

The development of phytostimulants based on bacterial cultures isolated from permafrost soils of Western and Eastern Siberia, which have a higher adaptive potential to the peculiarities of the climate and soils of Western Siberia, is an urgent task. At present, the issues of “green” agricultural technology, based on the minimum use of chemicals and the expansion of the use of drugs of biological origin, are being actively considered. However, they are not universally applicable in various agro-climatic zones. Their activity and efficiency is associated with the survival rate in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of plants and can be significantly reduced when used in areas of risky farming, in particular in Western Siberia. According to the results of morphophysiological studies, it was revealed that during the pre-sowing treatment of seeds of spring soft wheat of the Grenada variety with binary mixtures of pure cultures of some bacterial strains isolated from permafrost soils of three regions of Siberia, an increase in adaptively important plant parameters is noted.

Influence of winter wheat growing technologies on morphophysiological and agrochemical aspects of harvest formation

To create high-yielding sowing of winter wheat,which would effectively use the genetic potentialof varieties and soil-climatic conditions of the Forest-Steppe, it is important to study and establish thebasic patterns of formation of elements of cultureproductivity during the vegetation in connectionwith its provision bymacro- and micronutrients. Theaim of the study was to investigate the influence ofcultivation technologies of different intensity on themorphophysiological features of the formation ofwinter wheat harvest in connection with the supply of macro and micronutrients to plants and theirremoval. To solve this problem, we used field, morphophysiological research, methods of chemical, physicochemical analysis using modern methods of atomic absorption spectrophotometry, flame photometry and spectrometry, mathematical and statistical analysis. A study was conducted on the impact of winter wheat cultivation technologies on the morphophysiological aspects of yield formation and supply of plants with nutrients. The dependence between the supply of the basic nutrition elements of winter wheat and the formation of elements of productivity at different stages of organogenesis was established. Morphophysiological studies have shown that the improvement of plant nutrition conditions with energy-saving, intensive and intensive energy-saturated technologies has increased the number of flowers that havereached the XII stage of organogenesis (grains) inthe ears of both orders. The use of intensive energysaturated technologies has increased the density of productive stems in comparison with control. It was determined that the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, manganese and iron, which was used to form the main product (grain), varied depending on the norms of fertilizers applied by the respective cultivation technologies and increased with the use of intensive energy-saturated technologies. It was found that takeaway of copper and zinc with a harvest of grain and straw little depended on the technology of cultivation. With applying of high-intensity technologies of winter wheat cultivation, the level of nutrition by macro- and microelements had a positive impact on the density of productive stems, the number of potential flowers in the ears of stems of both orders and, finally, graininess of the ear and did not show a restrictive effect on the formation of productivity elements. Research in this direction needs further continuation and can be used to form a fertilizer system in the development of intensive technologies forgrowing winter wheat

Effect of “low doses” of multiwall carbon nanotubes when interacting with white mustard seeds and sprouts

The paper considers the influence of the sizes of carbon nanotubes (CNT) on the effect of "low doses" (LD) by changing the morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters of seeds and sprouts of white mustard. In the first series of experiments, 20 nm nanoparticles were studied. The second series considered 40-60 nm nanoparticles at concentrations of 0.01 to 1,000 g per ton of seeds. For CNT, the effect of "low doses" with particle sizes of 40-60 nm had its own characteristics. The germination energy and viability were inhibited or did not exceed the control at all concentrations studied with the exception of a concentration of 0.01 g / t when the root length increased by 18.5%. But the analysis of the mass of 7-day-old white mustard sprouts showed that the mass of the experimental sprouts exceeded the control in all cases. The change in the mass of 7-day-old mustard roots was “dome-shaped” and the maximum fell on a CNT dose of 5.0 g / t (+ 42.3% above the control). Carbon nanoparticles up to 20 nm in size showed higher activity in almost all parameters. Energy was higher than the control up to 10 g / t. Concentrations from 100 to 1,000 g / t had a depressing effect on this parameter. Biochemical studies confirmed the results of morpho-physiological studies.

Morfo-Physiological Response of Three Shallot Varieties on Water Surface Variation Level

The morpho-physiological response study of three shallots varieties on the water surface variation level of the trench aims to find plants that are tolerant of water shortages. The study was conducted in the rice fields of Pulosari village, Brebes District, Brebes Regency, Central Java, Indonesia for three months (January to March 2019). The experimental design used was a separate plot design with three replications. The main plot of trench water surface height (T) is T1 = 10 cm, T2 = 20 cm and T3 = 30 cm. The subplots of shallot variety (V) are V1 = Bima, V2 = Yellow and V3 = Sumenep. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance at 5% error level, if there is a real difference found, the study would be followed by the Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) level 5%. The results showed that the condition of water shortage was very influential on the morpho-physiological response of three shallots varieties.

English

English

HEMATOLOGICAL PROFILE IN THE YAKUT BREED HORSES AND PRILENSKOYE

The morpho-physiological indicators of the peripheral blood of the Yakut and Prilensk horses were studied depending on their habitat in different climatic zones of Yakutia. Studies were conducted in the farms of Ust-Aldan, Nyurbinsky and Khangalassky districts of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). In each selected farm, research groups were selected from among clinically healthy horses with 50 heads each at the age of 5-6 years based on the principle of analogues. The studies were covered two seasons of the year: in winter and spring, under usual conditions of horses. As a result of the research, was found a significant difference in the hemoglobin level in the blood of horses within the Yakut breed depending on their territorial affiliation P (M1-M2) <0.05 (123.0 ± 0.25 g / l; 114 ± 0.38 g / l). A higher level of erythrocyte counts in peripheral blood was observed in Yakut breed horses in the Nyurbinsky district (7.02 ± 0.72 million / μl.), and the lowest - in horses of the same breed in the Ust-Aldan region (6.2 ± 0.31 million mcl). There is no significant difference between horse breeds.The results of morphophysiological studies of peripheral blood indicate the specificity of the adaptive response of the body of the Yakut and Prilensk horse breeds to extremely low temperatures, poor nutrition in the winter, lack of food in the spring are characterized by seasonal regulation of protein metabolism.

Simultaneous responses of photosystem II and soluble proteins of rapeseed to cold acclimation

This experiment was conducted to assess the quantitative and qualitative changes in soluble proteins as well as some chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in the leaves of a winter canola (Brassica napus L., cv. Licord) under continuous low temperature. Over the experiment, seedlings were initially grown at 15/10 °C (d/n). At fourth fully expanded leafy stage (day 30), a part of the plants were transferred to 4/2°C for 4 weeks. Plants were sampled for protein extraction from leaves in which chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fo, Fv, Fm, Fv/Fo, Fm/Fo, Fv/Fm, Fo´, FV´, Fm´ and some other calculated) were also measured. The results showed a clear increase in soluble proteins quantity caused by cold treatment. The enhancements appeared abruptly following the cold exposure to 4°C and lasted. The electrophoretic protein patterns showed changes in the intensity of some polypeptides, besides, induction a new probable protein weighing 47-kW in response to cold treatment. Cold-triggered reduction in maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) was connected especially with drastic decreasing Fv and Fm. Interestingly, high quantitative amounts of soluble proteins along with induction of the new probable polypeptide induced at cold temperature, were attributed to low deduction of maximum quantum yield of PSII. Additionally, more imperative chlorophyll fluorescence parameters changed e.g. qP, NPQ, qL, Y(II) or фPSII etc at light. Nowadays, radar charts or spider plots are the most sophisticated multivariate statistical tools representing physiological responses of plants to abiotic stress conditions or even morphophysiological studies of plants. In rapeseed many researches performed by applying the radar charts for low temperature stresses and interpreted their effects more advancely than common statistical tools. We observed a good representation of the chl fluorescence parameters fluctuations using radar plots. Overall, cold-induced soluble proteins accumulated after longer cold-acclimation, can contribute in photosynthetic apparatus protection against low-temperature damages.

Morpho-physiological Study of Wheat Genotypes With Contrasting Growth Periods, Cultivated Under Various Climatic and Soil Conditions

Morpho-physiological Study of Wheat Genotypes With Contrasting Growth Periods, Cultivated Under Various Climatic and Soil Conditions

Фенотипическая и половая структура поселения мидии Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam., культивируемой на внешнем рейде г. Севастополя (Крым, Чёрное море)

Морфофизиологические исследования гидробионтов и, в частности, мидий, культивируемых в марихозяйствах, становятся актуальными для современной гидробиологии. Изучение фенотипической структуры поселений мидий в Чёрном море ― важный аспект мониторинга состояния популяции моллюска в изменяющихся условиях среды. Сведения о закономерностях реализации пола в определённых условиях могут быть основой активного управления формированием поселений при культивировании мидий. Не менее важно наличие актуальных данных о закономерностях полового созревания моллюсков, стадиях развития гонад и вымете половых продуктов. Целью работы была оценка фенотипической и половой структуры поселений моллюсков, а также стадии зрелости гонад мидий Mytilus galloprovincialis, культивируемых на мидийно-устричной ферме. Моллюсков с размером раковины от 4,9 до 5,4 мм отбирали ежемесячно с марта 2015 г. по август 2016 г. на мидийно-устричной ферме, расположенной на внешнем рейде г. Севастополя. Окраску раковины, пол и стадию зрелости гонад определяли у мидий по стандартным методикам. По итогам исследования частоты встречаемости цветовых морф моллюсков на мидийно-устричной ферме отмечен больший процент особей с чёрной окраской раковины, чем с коричневой. В среднем за изученный период соотношение данных фенотипов составило 1,8 : 1. При анализе половой структуры M. galloprovincialis отмечено, что количество самцов преобладало над количеством самок (в среднем 2,8 : 1 (♂ : ♀)). Доля гермафродитов — 1–6 %. Соотношение полов (♂ : ♀) каждый месяц отличалось. В марте 2015 г. оно составляло 1,7 : 1. К августу 2015 г., по мере роста моллюсков на коллекторе, наблюдалась максимальная доля самцов (8 : 1). После прореживания мидий на коллекторе соотношение полов стабилизировалось к октябрю 2015 г. и сохранялось на уровне 2 : 1 до марта 2016 г. В дальнейшем оседание молоди и возрастание массы M. galloprovincialis на коллекторе вновь привели к максимальному сдвигу половой структуры (до 7,5 : 1) к маю 2016 г. Одни из возможных причин увеличения доли самцов на мидийно-устричной ферме ― высокая плотность моллюсков в друзе и сопутствующие этому процессу гипоксия и слабая доступность корма. В результате анализа степени зрелости гонад культивируемых мидий выделено два пика нереста ― весенний (март ― апрель) и осенний, растянутый во времени (с октября до начала декабря). Массовое размножение моллюсков происходило весной (при прогреве поверхностного слоя воды до 9–12 °C) и осенью (со снижением температуры воды до 18 °C), однако отдельные особи в нерестовом состоянии встречались летом и зимой. Отмечена асинхронность созревания гонад M. galloprovincialis обоих полов. Самцы имели бóльшую вариабельность по стадиям зрелости, чем самки. В различные месяцы количество стадий зрелости гонад варьировало. Сдвиг соотношения полов в сторону увеличения самцов, рост числа мидий с чёрной окраской раковины и асинхронность созревания гонад M. galloprovincialis на мидийно-устричной ферме можно рассматривать как физиологический отклик моллюсков на изменения окружающей среды.