Morbifera Extract Research Articles

Dendropanax morbifera Leveille Extract-Induced Alteration of Metabolic Profile in Whitening Effects

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Dendropanax morbifera Leveille (D. morbifera) extract as a natural melanin depigmentation agent to achieve skin whitening. Treating α-MSH-stimulated B16-F10 cells with the extract effectively inhibited melanin production and tyrosinase activity. The cellular metabolic profiles were analyzed to understand the mechanisms underlying the whitening-related metabolic processes. We identified 29 metabolites that were significantly altered in the α-MSH-stimulated B16-F10 cells. The melanin-synthesis-related pathways that were downregulated included phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism. Simultaneously, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; arginine and proline metabolism; arginine biosynthesis; butanoate metabolism; glutathione metabolism; and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism were upregulated. We found that the optimal extract concentration of 0.2 mg/mL showed the highest efficacy in reversing the alterations to the metabolite levels and metabolic pathways. Moreover, D. morbifera extract exerted low cytotoxicity and high efficacy in inhibiting melanin production. Thus, D. morbifera extract is a potential melanin inhibitor with application in the development of whitening cosmetics.

Extracts from Dendropanax morbifera leaves ameliorates cerebral ischemia-induced hippocampal damage by reducing oxidative damage in gerbil

AimIn this study, we investigated the effects of Dendropanax morbifera extract (DME) on neuroprotection against ischemic damage in gerbils. MethodsDME (100 or 300 mg/kg) was orally administered to gerbils for three weeks, and 2 h after the last DME treatment, transient forebrain ischemia in the common carotid arteries was induced for 5 min. The forebrain ischemia-related cognitive impairments were assessed by spontaneous motor activity and passive avoidance test one and four days after ischemia, respectively. In addition, surviving and degenerating neurons were morphologically confirmed by neuronal nuclei immunohistochemical staining and Fluoro-Jade C staining, respectively, four days after ischemia. Changes of glial morphology were visualized by immunohistochemical staining for each marker such as glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium-binding protein. Oxidative stress was determined by measurements of dihydroethidium, O2· (formation of formazan) and malondialdehyde two days after ischemia. In addition, glutathione redox system such as reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione levels, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities were measured two days after ischemia. ResultsSpontaneous motor activity monitoring and passive avoidance tests showed that treatment with 300 mg/kg DME, but not 100 mg/kg, significantly alleviated ischemia-induced memory impairments. In addition, approximately 67 % of mature neurons survived and 29.3 % neurons were degenerated in hippocampal CA1 region four days after ischemia, and ischemia-induced morphological changes in astrocytes and microglia were decreased in the CA1 region after 300 mg/kg DME treatment. Furthermore, treatment with 300 mg/kg DME significantly ameliorated ischemia-induced oxidative stress, such as superoxide formation and lipid peroxidation, two days after ischemia. In addition, ischemia-induced reduction of the glutathione redox system in the hippocampus, assessed two days after the ischemia, was ameliorated by treatment with 300 mg/kg DME. These suggest that DME can potentially reduce ischemia-induced neuronal damage through its antioxidant properties.

Microwave-Assisted Dendropanax morbifera Extract for Cosmetic Applications

Recently, utilizing natural bioactive compounds for active ingredients in cosmetics has become a growing worldwide trend. More and more studies aim to identify the sources of herbal ingredients for applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. Additionally, in order to optimize the safety of natural ingredients, choosing an environmentally friendly extraction method also plays an important role. In this work, an eco-friendly extraction technique for Dendropanax morbifera using microwave treatment and microwave-assisted Dendropanax morbifera extract (MA-DME) was investigated. The results indicate that higher yields of MA-DME were obtained than with conventional methods and that D. morbifera’s antioxidant properties were enhanced. Moreover, we found that MA-DME exhibited extraordinary antioxidant, anti-aging, and skin-whitening activities. We suggest MA-DME as a potential cosmeceutical ingredient than could be utilized for comprehensive protection of human skin.

The efficacy and safety of Dendropanax morbifera leaf extract on the metabolic syndrome: a 12-week, placebo controlled, double blind, and randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe extract from Dendropanax morbifera exhibited diverse therapeutic potentials. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of D. morbifera leaf extract for improving metabolic parameters in human.SUBJECTS/METHODSA 12-week, double blind, placebo-controlled and randomized trial included a total of 74 adults, and they were assigned to the placebo group (n = 38) or 700 mg/day of D. morbifera group (n = 36). The efficacy endpoints were changes in glycemic, lipid, obesity, and blood pressure (BP) parameters, in addition to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the numbers of MetS components. Safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events (AEs).RESULTSAfter 12 weeks of treatment, the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level significantly decreased in the D. morbifera group compared to that of the placebo group (difference: −0.13 ± 0.20% vs. 0.00 ± 0.28%, P = 0.031; % of change: −2.27 ± 3.63% vs. 0.10 ± 5.10%, P = 0.025). The homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance level also decreased significantly from its baseline in the D. morbifera group. The systolic BP of D. morbifera group decreased significantly than that of placebo group (difference: −3.9 ± 9.8 mmHg vs. 3.3 ± 11.7 mmHg, P = 0.005; % of change: −2.8 ± 7.7% vs. 3.3 ± 10.2%, P = 0.005). However, the lipid parameters and body composition including body weight did not differ between the groups. The prevalence of MetS (36.8% vs. 13.9%, P = 0.022) and the incidence of MetS (10.5% vs. 13.9%, P = 0.027) at 12 weeks was significantly lower in the D. morbifera group than it was in the placebo group. No serious AEs occurred in either group.CONCLUSIONSSupplementation with D. morbifera extracts over a 12-week period improved metabolic parameters such as HbA1c and BP and reduced the prevalence of MetS.Trial RegistrationClinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0004672

Enhanced Antiobesity Efficacy of Tryptophan Using the Nanoformulation of Dendropanax morbifera Extract Mediated with ZnO Nanoparticle.

Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles from medicinal plants has provided a broad scope in biomedical research and functional food formulations due to low toxicity. Dendropanax morbifera (DM) is a versatile traditional medicine used for various inflammatory diseases due to its extensive antioxidant activity. We investigated DM as a natural capping agent for Zn2+ ions and coloaded it with tryptophan for its penetration and antiobesity behavior. DM zinc oxide nanoparticles (DM-ZnO NPs) were prepared and then entrapped with tryptophan (DM-ZnO-Try nanoemulsion (NE)) for stable formulation using the O/W nanoemulsion method. The hydrodynamic sizes measured by dynamic light scattering for DM-ZnO NPs and DM-ZnO-Try NE are about 146.26 ± 3.31 and 151.16 ± 3.59 nm, respectively. TEM and SEM reveal its morphology. In vitro analysis on both NPs and NE was non-toxic to RAW 264.7 and 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell line. It significantly reduced the accumulated lipids through lipolysis performed at 10 ug/mL in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells. NE suppresses the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and lowers triglycerides. Further, the substantial reduction of lipid content is evident with Oil Red O staining and OD measurement. In this present study, the synergetic effect of DM-ZnO NPs and tryptophan is reported, which provides a way for more detailed research on its efficacy for obesity and obesity-associated disorders.

Polyacetylene (9Z,16S)-16-hydroxy-9,17-octadecadiene-12,14-diynoic acid in Dendropanax morbifera leaves

Dendropanax morbifera extracts were obtained from three different tissues: the heartwood, stem bark, and leaves. The 95% ethanol extract from leaf showed the strongest inhibitory activity (88% inhibition at 50 μg/mL with HepG2 cells) against triglyceride (TG) biosynthesis. Bioactivity-guided fractionation and metabolite investigation of the leaf extracts resulted in the separation and identification of three polyacetylene derivatives that inhibited newly synthesized TG in HepG2 cells. A method for the profile and contents analyses of the leaf extracts were measured using QTOF-MS with a charged aerosol detector (CAD), including (9Z,16S)-16-hydroxy-9,17-octadecadiene-12,14-diynoic acid (1), which was decomposed during the temperature and storage studies. All metabolites decomposed at different temperatures, especially the polyacetylene, which was rapidly oxidized when the isolated form was exposed to air. However, it was fairly stable in the extract at low temperature <–20 °C. The aim of this study was to provide a way to protect the active ingredients in the process of developing and distributing functional foods containing D. morbifera. The application of this quality control/quality assurance step may improve the chemistry, manufacturing, and control for raw materials.

Dendropanax morbifera Extract Inhibits Intimal Hyperplasia in Balloon-Injured Rat Carotid Arteries by Modulating Phenotypic Changes in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Dendropanax morbifera Extract Inhibits Intimal Hyperplasia in Balloon-Injured Rat Carotid Arteries by Modulating Phenotypic Changes in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Dendropanax morbifera Branch Water Extract Increases the Immunostimulatory Activity of RAW264.7 Macrophages and Primary Mouse Splenocytes.

Polyacetylenes in the bark of Dendropanax morbifera trees have been reported to promote immune cell proliferation and to strengthen the innate immune system. The immunomodulatory potential of D. morbifera branch water extract (DBW) was evaluated by determining its effect on cell viability and the expression of cytokines and immune effector molecules in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages and splenocytes. Production of nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-2, and IFN-γ) in RAW264.7 macrophages increased after treatment with DBW. The activation of components of the NF-κB signaling pathway, including the phospho-IκBα and the expression and translocation of p65, a subunit of NF-κB, were also increased in RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells after treatment with DBW. In addition, when mice were orally administered DBW, splenocyte cytokines and NO production were increased in a dose-dependent manner relative to control-treated mice. Furthermore, natural killer cell activity in DBW-treated mice was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. LDH release also increased in response to DBW treatment. Taken together, these results indicate that D. morbifera extract enhances innate immunity by promoting NF-κB signaling, leading to increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and effector molecules. DBW therefore has potential therapeutic use in the context of immune stimulation.

황칠발효액 첨가가 배추김치의 숙성 중 품질에 미치는 영향

본 연구에서는 기능성 소재로 가능성이 확인된 황칠을 이용하여 황칠발효액을 제조하였다. 황칠발효액을 첨가한 배추김치를 제조하여 품질 특성을 살펴보았다. 황칠발효액 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%를 첨가하여 4°C에서 49일 동안 저장하면서 숙성기간별 이화화적 및 미생물학적 특성을 살펴보았다. 저장온도 4°C에서 김치의 깊은 맛은 pH가 4.2~4.4 범위에서 약 2주라고 보고된 바가 있으나, 배추김치에 황칠발효액 5%, 10%를 첨가하였을 때 pH의 저하가 지연됨에 따라 적숙기가 약 3주간 유지하여 적숙기가 연장됐다. 산도는 황칠발효액 10% 첨가 김치에서 초기 발효가 촉진되지만 적숙기 이후 숙성이 완만하게 증가하였다. pH와 마찬가지로 초기 발효 촉진 후 품질 유지 기간이 연장된 것으로 사료된다. 황칠발효액 자체의 pH와 산도는 김치의 초기 pH와 산도에 영향을 미쳤으나, 숙성 중 발효 시간을 늦추면서 적숙기를 연장하는 것으로 나타나 황칠발효액이 김치의 적숙기 연장에 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 김치의 적숙기인 21일차의 색도를 측정한 결과 황칠발효액 10% 첨가 김치가 명도, 적색도, 황색도 모두 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으며, 황칠발효액 첨가에 따라 김치의 숙성이 지연됐다. 황칠발효액의 첨가가 증가함에 따라 경도는 유의적으로 증가했다. 김치의 숙성 기간 중 황칠발효액의 첨가가 높을수록 높은 경도를 유지하였다. 배추김치는 숙성 기간 중 경도의 급격한 감소가 진행된 반면 황칠발효액 첨가 김치는 경도의 완만한 감소를 보였다. 황칠발효액이 풍부하게 함유하는 칼슘 등 무기질의 영향으로 숙성 중의 배추 조직의 연화 작용이 억제됐다. 환원당은 배추김치 및 황칠발효액 첨가 김치 모두 7일차까지 급격하게 감소하였으나 이후 완만하게 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 황칠발효액 첨가 시 초기 환원당의 함량이 높게 나타났으나, 숙성 기간에 따라 급격히 감소하여 초기 발효가 촉진된 이후 완만히 유지되어 김치의 품질 유지 기한이 연장된 것으로 사료된다. 총 균수와 젖산균수도 환원당과 같은 경향을 보였다. 황칠발효액 첨가 시 초기 미생물은 낮은 생육 활성을 보이나, 적숙기에는 높은 활성 이후 다시 감소하는 경향을 보여 초기 발효가 촉진된 이후 품질 유지 기한이 연장된 것으로 사료된다. 이상의 결과 황칠발효액 첨가 김치가 배추김치에 비해 발효시간이 늦춰져 적숙기가 연장돼 전반적인 품질이 향상됐다. 특히 김치는 숙성 중 배추의 조직이 연화되는데 황칠발효액 첨가 시에는 배추의 조직감이 무르지 않게 유지되었고, 김치의 깊은 맛을 나타내는 적숙기를 연장하여 저장성이 우수해 졌다. 김치 제조 시 황칠발효액의 첨가는 김치의 품질 및 저장성을 향상시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 황칠발효액 첨가 김치는 건강기능성 뿐만 아닌 상품 김치로의 가능성이 확인됨에 따라 소비를 활성화시킬 수 있는 기반으로 김치 및 황칠 산업의 발전에 영향을 미칠 것으로 기대된다.

English

Antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-diabetic effects of fermented and non-fermented Dendropanax morbifera extracts were compared to assess the potential utility of this species in the development of health-oriented food. The non-fermented extract (NFDE) was obtained from leaves and branches of D. morbifera and the fermented extract (FDE) was prepared by inoculation with Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis after extraction of D. morbifera with distilled water. Antioxidant activity before and after fermentation was assessed via the α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, cytotoxicity analyzed with the MTT assay using 3T3-L1 cells and anti-diabetic activity measured based on inhibition of α-glucosidase activity. The D. morbifera extract exhibited substantial antioxidant activity. Moreover, FDE at 24 h exerted more significant antioxidant effects than NFDE (97.1 vs 89.8%) at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. Comparison of the effects of the non-fermented and fermented extracts on 3T3-L1 cell viability revealed slightly higher cytotoxicity of FDE than NFDE (85 vs 95% viability) at a concentration of 500 µg/ml. Both NFDE and FDE (100 µg/ml) exerted strong α-glucosidase inhibitory effects (98.9 and 97.6%, respectively). In view of the low cytotoxicity coupled with significant antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects, the D. morbifera extract presents a novel candidate for the production of functional anti-diabetic agents with minimal side-effects. Key words: Dendropanax morbifera, fermented and non-fermented extracts, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, antidiabetic effects, health-oriented food.

Effects of Dendropanax morbifera extracts on postmenopausal syndrome in ovariectomized rats

Effects of Dendropanax morbifera extracts on postmenopausal syndrome in ovariectomized rats

Dendropanax morbifera Extract Protects Cardiomyocytes against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury by Inhibition of Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Calcium Perturbation

Ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial injury is the main cause of acute myocardial infarction. Dendropanax morbifera Leveille has been used in traditional medicines for the treatment of various diseases such as headache, infectious diseases, and general debility. However, the effect of extract from D. morbifera (EDM) on myocardial ischemic injury is still unknown. In this study, the effects of EDM on neonatal rat cardiomyocytes with hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury were investigated. The viability of cardiomyocytes with H (30 min)/R (1 h) decreased; however, treatment with EDM significantly inhibited H/R injury-induced cardiomyocyte death. Further, we observed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and intracellular calcium concentration (Ca2+ i) were significantly reduced in EDM-treated cardiomyocytes compared with that in H/R-injured positive control. In addition, western blotting results showed that EDM attenuated abnormal changes of RyR2 and SERCA2a genes in hypoxic cardiomyocytes. These results suggest that EDM ameliorates ROS generation and Ca2+ i homeostasis to prevent dysregulation of calcium regulatory proteins in the heart, thereby exerting cardioprotective effects and reducing hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte damage, which verifies the potential use of EDM as a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of myocardial ischemic injury.

Optimization of the Extraction Conditions and Biological Evaluation of Dendropanax morbifera H. Lev as an Anti-Hyperuricemic Source.

Dendropanax morbifera H. Levis a medicinal plant native to South Korea, East Asia, and South America. Among some 75 species, one species grows in Korea. In previous studies, D. morbifera extracts with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-complementary and anti-cancer activities were reported. The present study aims to investigate optimization of extraction and evaluation of anti-hyperuricemic effects of D. morbifera leaf and the phytochemicals contained therein. Ethanol and hexane extract were found to display the best xanthine oxidase inhibition among six types of solvent and water extract. The antioxidant effect of the ethanol extract was superior to that of the hexane extract. The DPPH radical scavenging effect of the ethanol and hexane extracts were 81.52 ± 1.57% and 2.69 ± 0.16. The reducing power of the ethanol and hexane extracts were 9.71 ± 0.15 and 0.89 ± 0.01 mg/g equivalent of gallic acid. Total phenols of the ethanol and hexane extracts were 6.53 ± 0.16 and 0.63 ± 0.001 mg/g equivalent of gallic acid. In addition, we compared the two marker compounds from D. morbifera, chlorogenic acid and rutin, which were determined in the ethanol extract at 0.80 ± 0.03% and 0.52 ± 0.01%, respectively. We found that the ethanol extracts showed better xanthine oxidase inhibition than hexane extracts. Especially, ethanol extracts showed higher antioxidant activity than hexane extracts. Based on these results, we selected the ethanol extract as an effective xanthine oxidase inhibitor and confirmed whether ethanol extracts showed xanthine oxidase inhibition in animal experiments. The in vivo mouse study demonstrated that ethanol extract of D. morbifera leaf at the dose of 300 mg/kg could inhibit blood/hepatic xanthine oxidase activity and this result shows that the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity in vitro is reproduced in vivo. The present study showed that ethanol extract was optimal xanthine oxidase inhibitor which can be applied to prevent diseases related to hyperuricemia.

An in vivo immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory study of fermented Dendropanax morbifera L\xe9veille leaf extract

BackgroundMedicinal plants represent a source of new drugs for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Dendropanax morbifera Léveille is an economically and medicinally important subtropical tree that has various biological activities. However, its ability to affect immune responses in vivo is unknown. Hence, this study was designed to examine the immunomodulatory activity of fermented D. morbifera extract in BALB/c mice.Methodsfive-week-old female BALB/c mice were arranged in six groups and kept under a standard laboratory condition. Splenocyte counts were determined using the trypan blue dye exclusion method, and splenic lymphocyte proliferation was determined using concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Flow cytometric analysis was performed to phenotype T-lymphocytes. Next, cytokine and immunoglobulin quantitation was performed using sandwich ELISA.ResultsThe results showed an increase in spleen cells by 71 and 67% in mice treated with 125 and 250 mg/kg of D. morbifera, respectively. In addition, splenocyte proliferation was increased 58.7% in response to concanavalin A treatment, while LPS treatment induced a 73.3% increase in mice treated with 125 mg/kg. T-cell phenotypic analysis indicated that D. morbifera-treated groups showed higher CD8a+, CD11b and CD3+ T-cell expression. However, the treatment groups showed suppression of IL-1α, Il-1β and IL-4. In addition, the IgG super-family was downregulated in a dose-dependent manner by 4.5% up to 43.7%.ConclusionsTaken together, we show that D. morbifera increases the number and proliferation of T- and B-lymphocytes. Moreover, these effects may play a role in boosting non-specific immunity, while suppressing proinflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulins after a single antigen exposure.

제주 황칠나무의 활용성 제고를 위한 부위별, 수확시기별, 추출용매별 quercetin 함량 분석

Dendropanax morbifera Leveille (Araliaceae) is an endemic species growing in the south-western part of South Korea that has been used in folk medicine and health functional food. In this study, we investigated an extract of quercetin in Jeju D. morbifera by varying different parts (fruit, sprouts, leaves, sprigs, and branches), harvest times, and extraction solvents. In addition, we aimed to establish a simple and reliable HPLC/UV analytical method to determination of quercetin for the quality control and base line data of the Jeju D. morbifera extract as a health functional food ingredient. The analytical specificity was determined with retention time and photo diode array (PDA) spectrum by analyzing quercetin using HPLC and comparing the results to those of extracts. This analytical method for quercetin was validated for its limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), precision, and accuracy. A high linearity in the standard calibration curve was obtained, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9996. Also, the LOD and LOQ values were found to be 0.28 μg/mL and 0.85 μg/mL, respectively, and the recoveries of quantified compounds ranged from 97.91% to 104.10%. Furthermore, the relative standard deviation (RSD) values of data from the intra- and inter-day precision analyses were less than 1.36% and 3.65%, respectively. As a result, the highest quercetin content among the extracts of Jeju D. morbifera leaves was found to be 20.14 mg/g, which was extracted at harvest in May (cultivation period 10 years) with 60% EtOH. All in all, we believe that the results obtained would be helpful in the development of nutraceutics and natural medicines and for the quality control of D. morbifera.

In vitro evaluation of the potential therapeutic role of Dendropanax morbifera extract in ameliorating osteoporosis and resultant bone impairment using MC3T3-E1 cells.

Osteoporosis is a widespread musculoskeletal deformity that affects thousands of older people every year, leading to bone abnormalities and ultimately increasing the risk of bone fractures in both genders. It is considered a lethal disease causing death in thousands of people at the late stage of life. Dendropanax morbifera Leveille is a subtropical broad-leaved prevalent species in Korea. Extracts of the leaves, stems, roots, and seeds of D. morbifera have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of numerous diseases such as diabetes, atherogenesis, skin disorders, and headaches. However, the anti-osteoporosis effects of D. morbifera have not been examined. The primary objectives of this study were to elucidate the anti-osteoporosis effect of D. morbifera extract through an in vitro study using pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. We found that D. morbifera strongly increased the expression of bone metabolic markers such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, type I collagen (Col-I) level, and mineralization. Additionally, D. morbifera extract also upregulated the mRNA expression levels of osteogenic genes including ALP, osteocalcin (OCN), osterix (Osx), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in MC3T3-E1 cells via upregulation of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)/p38 MAPK/JNK and Smad1/5/8 signaling pathways. Moreover, addition of D. morbifera significantly suppressed the inhibitory effect of SB203580 (p38 inhibitor). In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that D. morbifera extract significantly increased osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells by regulating BMP-2/p38/JNK and Smad1/5/8. Our study might be helpful in the discovery and development of new anti-osteoporosis therapeutic agents.

Development and Validation of a HPLC-UV Method for Extraction Optimization and Biological Evaluation of Hot-Water and Ethanolic Extracts of Dendropanax morbifera Leaves

Dendropanax morbifera Leveille (Araliaceae) has been used in traditional oriental remedies for cancer, inflammation, diabetes, and thrombosis. However, a validated analytical method, standardization, and optimization of extraction conditions with respect to biological activity have not been reported. In this study, a simple and validated HPLC method for identifying and quantifying active substances in D. morbifera was developed. Hot water and ethanolic D. morbifera leaf extracts from different production regions were prepared and evaluated with regard to their chemical compositions and biological activities. The contents of active compounds such as rutin and chlorogenic acid were determined in four samples collected from different regions. The 80% ethanolic extract showed the best antioxidant activity, phenolic content, reducing power, and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity. The validated HPLC method confirmed the presence of chlorogenic acid and rutin in D. morbifera leaf extracts. The antioxidant and XO inhibitory activity of D. morbifera extract could be attributed to the marker compounds. Collectively, these results suggest that D. morbifera leaves could be beneficial for the treatment or prevention of hyperuricemia-related disease, and the validated HPLC method could be a useful tool for the quality control of food or drug formulations containing D. morbifera.

황칠나무 추출물이 고혈압에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

본 연구의 목적은 자연적으로 유발된 고혈압 쥐의 지질 수준에서 혈압의 변화 및 안지오텐신 II, 안지오텐신 전환효소, 알도스테론 농도변화에 대한 Dendropanax morbifera 추출물의 항고혈압 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 실험용 동물은 실험에 사용하기 위해 정상대조군, 고혈압대조군, 물 추출물, 에탄올추출물, n-헥산 분획물, 에틸아세테이트 분획물, n-부탄올 분획물, 물 분획물 투여군 등, 8개 군으로 분리하였다. 실험 결과, 혈압 및 안지오텐신 II 농도, 안지오텐신 전환효소 농도, 알도스테론 농도 수준은 고혈압 대조군보다 에틸 아세테이트 분획 투여군에서 낮았다. 혈압변화 수준은 고혈압대조군보다 에탄올추출물, 에틸아세테이트분획물, n-헥산 분획물, n-부탄올 분획물 투여군에서 감소하였음을 확인하였다. 안지오텐신 II 농도 수준은 고혈압 대조군보다 에틸아세테이트 분획물, n-헥산 분획물, n-부탄올 분획물, 에탄올 추출물 투여군에서 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05). 안지오텐신 전환효소 농도 수준은 고혈압대조군보다 에틸아세테이트 분획물, 에탄올추출물, n-헥산 분획물, n-부탄올 분획물 투여군에서 감소하였음을 확인하였다. 알도스테론 농도 수준은 고혈압 대조군보다 에틸아세테이트 분획물, n-부탄올 분획물에서 유의적으로 낮은 농도를 보였다(p<0.05). 또한, 물 추출물 에탄올추출물, n-헥산 분획물에서도 낮아졌다. 따라서 본 실험 대상 일부 시료들이 고혈압유발 실험동물에 높은 고혈압 억제 효과를 입증하므로, 황칠나무 추출물이 고혈압의 예방과 치료용 조성물 또는 기능성건강식품으로 유용성이 확인 되었다. This study examined the effects of an extract of Dendropanax morbifera on blood pressure, Angiotensin II, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, Aldosterone, and lipid levels of spontaneously hypertensive rats. The groups were as follows: Control group, Hypertension control group, Water extract treated group, Ethanol extract treated group, n- hexane fraction treated group, Ethyl acetate fraction treated group, n- butanol fraction treated group, and Water fraction treated group. The blood pressure, and Angiotensin II, and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, and Aldosterone levels were lower in the Ethyl acetate fraction treated group than in the hypertension control group. The change in blood pressure was lower in the Water extract treated group, Ethyl acetate fraction treated group, Ethanol extract treated group, n- hexane fraction treated group, and n- butanol fraction treated group than the hypertension control group. The concentration of Angiotensin II was lower in the Ethyl acetate fraction treated group, Ethanol extract treated group, n- hexane fraction treated group, and n- butanol fraction treated group than the hypertension control group(p<0.05). The level of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme was lower in the Ethyl acetate fraction treated group, Ethanol extract treated group, n- hexane fraction treated group, and n- butanol fraction treated group than the hypertension control group. The concentration of Aldosterone was lower in the Ethyl acetate fraction treated group, and n- butanol fraction treated group than the hypertension control group(p<0.05). In addition, the concentration lower in the Water extract treated group, Ethanol extract treated group, n- hexane fraction treated group than the hypertension control group. Overall, the effect of the Dendropanax morbifera extracts might be useful as anti-hypertensive, and functional food agents.

황칠 발효액을 첨가한 된장의 품질 특성

황칠 추출물에 미생물 균주를 달리 접종하여 제조한 황칠발효액을 스타터로 첨가하여 제조한 된장의 발효 및 품질특성을 조사하였다. 황칠 발효액 접종 시 총균수가 log 8 CFU/mL 이상으로 스타터로서 적용 가능성을 확인하였고, 발효 후에는 염도 8%, 10%의 경우 황칠 발효액을 첨가하여 제조한 된장의 총균수가 황칠 발효액을 첨가하지 않은 된장보다 낮았다. pH의 경우 염도 8%, 10% 된장이 12% 된장에 비하여 낮은 pH 값을 보였으며, 이와 반대로 산도는 12% 된장이 낮았다. 총유리아미노산 함량은 발효 후 2,162.5~2,872.2 mg/L로 발효 전보다 함량이 증가하였고 염도가 낮아질수록 총 유리아미노산 함량은 높았으며, Bacillus methylotrophicus S8을 이용하여 제조한 저염 된장(염도 8%, 10%)의 경우 같은 염도에서 다른 균주를 이용한 된장보다 glutamic acid 함량이 유의적으로 높았다. 황칠 발효액을 첨가하여 제조한 20일 숙성한 된장의 아미노태 질소는 413.4~700.7 mg%로 염도가 낮을수록 높았으며, 특히 B. methylotrophicus S8을 이용하여 제조한 된장에서 높은 함량을 보였다. 관능평가 결과 B. methylotrophicus S8과 Saccharomyces bayanus를 접종하여 제조한 된장에서 좋은 평가를 보였으며 8% 염도의 된장에서 B. methylotrophicus S8의 전체적 기호도가 가장 높게 평가되었다.

황칠나무 잎 추출물이 고지방·고콜레스테롤 식이를 급여한 마우스의 지질 개선 효과에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of dried Dendropanax morbifera leaf extracts on lipid profiles of mice fed a high-fat and -cholesterol diet (HFCD). ICR mice were divided into six groups based on mice fed AIN-93G diet (Normal), HFCD (Control), HFCD+100 mg/kg/d of D. morbifera leaf aqueous extract (DA-100), HFCD+200 mg/kg/d of D. morbifera leaf aqueous extract (DA-200), HFCD+100 mg/kg/d of D. morbifera leaf ethanol extract (DE-100), or HFCD+200 mg/kg/d of D. morbifera leaf ethanol extract (DE-200) for 7 weeks. The final body weights of mice fed D. morbifera extracts were all lower than those of the control group. Mice treated with D. morbifera extracts showed significantly reduced plasma and hepatic triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, along with increased plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Fecal TG level was higher in DE-100 and DE-200 groups and TC level was significantly higher in the DA-200 and DE-200 groups. Relative liver weight, spleen weight, and testicle fat weight in mice treated with D. morbifera were reduced compared to the control group. Plasma insulin, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase levels of experimental groups were also lower than those of the control group. All mice treated with D. morbifera extracts had lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content and higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity than the control group. Particularly MDA levels of the DA-200 and DE-200 groups and SOD levels of the DE-200 group were identical to levels of the normal group. These results suggest that D. morbifera extracts have lipid improvement effects in mice fed a HFCD.