Traditional Ethics Research Articles

A Discussion of Postmodern Issues Based on Dewey’s Ethics: The Example of Female Moral Education

The focus on female moral education issues allows us to reexamine the contributions of John Dewey, an American educational philosopher. Dewey’s ethics are built upon a rebellion against the universalism and rationalism that were predominant in the traditional ethics based on intrinsic manifestation and external rules. This ethical approach is primarily characterized by Dewey’s pursuit of a democratic society, as well as the emphasis he places on emotional and moral imagination. Dewey’s ethics can be seen as a means to address postmodern problems, integrating the traditional emphasis on “knowledge” with the postmodern focus on “discourse,” based on experience. However, it is worth contemplating whether this solution is effective or if it overly magnifies the power of “understanding” in its ethical system. In the dialogue with postmodern theory, perhaps what is more crucial for the myriad of postmodern issues, exemplified by female morality, is inclusion rather than understanding, as well as questioning knowledge and reconstructing its elements.

THE ETHICS OF CARE AS A FEMINIST CRITIQUE OF KANTIANISM, UTILITARIANISM AND LIBERALISM

In the paper, I discuss ethics of care as a feminist critique of Kantianism, utilitarianism and liberalism. The critique focuses on justice, rationality, individualism and the free market. The perspective taken by the proponents of the ethics of care is based on emotions, sensitivity and empathy. The ethics of care is based on the life experiences of women, while the ethics appealing to logic grows out of the experiences of men. The ethics of care focuses on relations, while traditional ethics refers to rules, norms and rights. It considers relations between family members or friends, based on care, as crucial for the whole society. From that point of view, the ethics of care criticizes liberalism which splits human life into two separate spheres – private and public.

Ethics of Conflict, Violence and Peace – Just War and a Feminist Ethic of Care

This paper critically examines Just War Theory and its philosophical foundations, which are conventionally positioned in opposition to pacifism and nonviolent conflict. This paper, however, takes the view that both, Just War Theory as well as pacifism and nonviolent conflict, are equally necessary and complementary approaches to living with the possibilities and tragedies of the human condition. Its approach is grounded in feminist theory and methodology and their connections with Galtung’s models of violence and peace. The paper argues that the weaknesses of Just War Theory are intrinsic to the concept and its intent. The inherent contradiction of Just War Theory being that it intended to translate universal moral principles into reality, which makes them context dependent. Fundamentally, Just War Theory is derived from an ethic of justice ultimately centred on the right to use violence and kill. The right is conditional but means that a path to peace inevitably starts from death. An ethic of care is a philosophy where feminist thought meets pacifism and nonviolent conflict. It starts from the creation of life and charts paths to positive peace through the nurture of the conditions for lives in dignity. If we seek to contain the destructive and give space to the creative aspects of the human condition and understand its two extremes, life and death, in their relation to human agency, better we need to complement the traditional ethic of justice (of war and violence) with an ethic of care.

Elvesztette-e méltóságát a koncentrációs táborok muzulmánja? Giorgio Agamben méltóságról, puszta életről és immanenciáról

In our analysis we focus on the Agambenian concept of human dignity against the background of the Kantian moral tradition. Our goal is to explore the connection between dignity and biopolitics in Agamben’s thinking through his concept of bare life as an absolute immanence, in the Deleuzian sense of indeterminacy, indiscernibility, undecidabilty. As for the philosophical context we draw attention to the Sartrean conception of lived experience in The Family Idiot, in addition to the well-known Foucauldian and Deleuzian roots of Agamben’s philosophy, and the early phenomenology of consciousness in The Transcendence of the Ego (with a focus on the impersonal transcendental field and the pre-reflexive consciousness).

Proposing an Islamic virtue ethics beyond the situationist debates

ABSTRACT I begin the first part by showing how situationism should make us question traditional understandings of virtues as intrinsic dispositions. I concentrate specifically on situationist experiments related to mood. I then introduce Islamic virtue ethics and the dawa movement. In parts two and three I examine ethnography of the dawa movement to explore how they deal with worries about the influence of mood on their virtue. In part two I show how they train their habits in very traditional virtue ethics ways in order to be more resilient when faced with virtue-diminishing affective situations. In part three I show how the situation, rather than hindering practitioners, is recruited into helping these women achieve piety. I conclude, in part four, by showing the dawa movement's creative use of the Islamic veil as a way to help these women deal with the objection that one cannot avoid all bad situations. Going beyond social psychological experiments, I examine two methodological sources not found in situationist debates. First, I argue for ethnography as an empirical method through which to study virtue. I draw on ethnography of the Islamic women's dawa movement. Secondly, the work in the philosophy of mind on ‘affective scaffolding’.

THE ROLE OF LIBRARY IN THE FORMATION OF TEACHERS’ INFORMATION NEEDS

In this article, an attempt is made to identify the place of the library in the process of forming information and reader interests and needs of various subject teachers in Izhevsk schools. According to a number of researchers, in the modern world there is a "global disintegration" of the traditional system of values, which inevitably leads to the transformation of relations in society. And this process begins not only in the family, but also at school. There is a need to study each factor influencing the position of the library in the system of teachers' value attitudes, which will give an understanding of the general picture of the ways of formation of their value orientations. Therefore, it is necessary to study this aspect of sociology in order to rid society of existing prejudices and stereotypes associated with ideas about the exclusively "passive" role of the library in the process of value formation and identification of needs. The views on the priorities of society were changing. Over time, the school begins to play a dominant role in the life of modern youth. This leads to problems of insufficient training of teachers to answer a wide variety of questions that are not always related to their professional activities. It was important for researchers to find out the reason for the change in the value orientations of modern teachers in order to identify the specifics of their worldview in relation to working with libraries. It was supposed to identify the possibilities and limitations of interaction between schools and city libraries. The basis for this article was a study conducted by the forces of the centralized library system of Izhevsk in 2023 on the basis of Izhevsk schools. Thanks to the results obtained, specialists working with youth and with schools will be able to improve the culture of serving visitors of different socio-demographic groups and plan their professional activities more carefully.

Linguistic means of forming euphemisms in the modern Chinese language

The article discusses the linguistic means of forming euphemisms in the modern Chinese language and the study of the concept of “euphemism” synchronically and diachronically. Authors highlighted and described several linguistic classifications of euphemisms, presenting the historical prerequisites for their appearance in China, analyzing the connection between taboos and euphemistic vocabulary and formulating the main subject-thematic groups of Chinese euphemisms. Attention is paid to the methods of formation of euphemisms in the Chinese language, including the phonetic allusion, antonomasia, euphemization of certain fixed expressions, metaphor, metonymy. With the help of deductive-inductive analysis and a vast set of examples, authors describe how some foundations of Confucious morality and ethical-ritual traditions in Chinese society led to restriction of the usage for some lexical units and resulted in the emergence of a large number of euphemisms in the Chinese language. The study reveals many factors influencing the usage of euphemisms in the modern Chinese language including the development of society. Special attention in the article is given to the role of euphemism as a universal phenomenon, providing an opportunity for better understanding the culture of the Chinese people and their language and widening the field of effective cross-cultural communication. The authors examined the works of prominent Chinese linguists and emphasized some certain differences in their classifications. The conducted study shows that the phenomenon of euphemism exists in all nations of the world and refers to the same origin but differs in the methods of the research and therefore in the ways of forming certain lexical units.

Traditional Russian Spiritual and Moral Values in the System of Life Priorities of the Young People who Receive Pedagogical Education in the Russian Federation

The article presents the results of the All-Russian sociological survey concerning young people studying in psychology and pedagogy classes, in pedagogical colleges and universities. The research methodology was based on the historical version of neo-institutionalism and on phenomenological constructivism. The study involved respondents aged 14 to 35 years, representing all federal districts of the Russian Federation. The sampling consisted of 1800 respondents. Sampling characteristic are multi-stage. The representativeness of the quotas in the sampling is ensured by taking into account such basic parameters of respondents as belonging to certain educational classes/educational institutions, age, gender, federal district of residence. The study measured variables reflecting the representation of traditional Russian spiritual and moral values enshrined in the “National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation”, in the system of life priorities of young people studying in psychology and pedagogy classes, colleges and universities.

Ideology of Sarmatism and its Implementation in Polish Piano Music of the XIX – XX Centuries

The purpose of the study is to identify the genre-stylistic specificity of the reproduction of the spiritual and ethical instructions of Sarmatism in Polish piano music of the XIX-XX centuries. The research methodology is based on the application of the following approaches: genre-stylistic, etymological, interdisciplinary, historical-cultural, which reveal the peculiarities of the reproduction of Sarmatian ideology in Polish piano music of the specified period. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by its analytical perspective, which takes into account the peculiarities of the reproduction of the Polish "Sarmatian" image of the world Polish piano (dance) music of the XIX-XX centuries. Conclusions. The Polish national "image of the world", which was historically formed on the basis of the noble ("Sarmatian") spiritual and ethical tradition, formed in the heyday of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and appealed to such dominant qualities as pride, honour, knightly service, honouring the merits of the family, family patriarchal values and traditions in their high spiritual and religious sense, in many ways determined the specifics of Polish culture and the genre and style preferences of its musical art, focused on revealing the special significance of the song and dance tradition in its salon representation. The poetics of polonaise, mazurka, Krakowiak, thought and other genres related to it, corresponding to the spiritual and patriarchal traditions of Biedermeier in its Polish guise (“Warsaw Biedermeier”, “noble Biedermeier”), also determined the historical and evolutionary paths of development of Polish piano music of the 19th and early 20th centuries (F. Chopin, Z. Noskovskyi, V. Malyshevskyi, M. Karlovych, M. Zavadskyi, K. Szymanovskyi, L. Rogovskyi, A. Panufnik) and reproduction of the national "noble-Sarmatian" quality in it. Keywords: Sarmatism, Polish culture and music, noble Biedermeier, polonaise, mazurka, kujaviak, krakowiak.

Возможна ли теория дистрибутивной справедливости, основанная на этике добродетели?

The problem of social justice plays one of the central roles in modern political philosophy, and since 1970s it has been subject to vehement debate. Although social justice is a multifaceted phenomenon, distributive (economic) justice, associated with the fair distribution of goods in society, remains its most important aspect. Almost all modern theories of distributive justice follow one of the two classical ethical traditions: deontological and utilitarian. However, since the second half of the 20th century, a third ethical tradition has started to emerge — virtue ethics, whose proponents criticized both deontology and utilitarianism. The emphasis on virtue that lies at the heart of the new tradition assumes a shift in focus from a universal rule to individual decisions of a separate person. This change in perspective makes it much more difficult to use virtue ethics to construct theories of social justice. Nevertheless, such attempts are being made. Among them is the so-called capabilities approach of the American philosopher Martha Nussbaum, which has become quite widely known in the scientific community. Nussbaum has reconsidered Aristotle’s philosophy, updating its key provisions for the modern world. By shifting the main focus from the category of virtue to the category of opportunity, she attempted to justify the idea of an “Aristotelian welfare state” with a high level of redistribution of goods in society. The article is devoted to the analysis of Nussbaum’s concept. Having carefully considered its key tenets, D.Balashov shows that this experience of building a political and philosophical theory of justice on the basis of virtue ethics was not crowned with success. Although declared as Aristotelian in spirit, the capabilities approach in fact has a weak relation to Aristotle’s teachings, which, in particular, points to the problems that modern authors face when they are trying to draw on the heritage of the distant past.

A Study on the Changes of Gender Morality in China: Centered on the Male Experience in the "Love Letter" Incident (1900-1930)

In the 20th century, China was an era of significant social changes, experiencing the impact of abolishing old and establishing new in politics, economy, culture, and other aspects. In terms of sexual morality, traditional sexual morality was criticized by Chinese youth and intellectuals, while new sexual morality was disseminated among young people. The love letter incident that occurred in such a social context is a representative event of young men and women actively breaking traditional sexual morality and constructing new sexual morality. This article takes two love letter events that occurred in China in the early 20th century and the 1920s as research objects, focusing on the experiences of young men in the love letter events. Using the method of seeking differences, it first clarifies the thoughts and expressions of young men on the issue of love in the love letter text. Secondly, it analyzes the views and debates of public power and social elites on the events in the love letter events, thereby revealing the end of the old sexual morality and the development of new sexual morality in modern China. In the two love letter events, the content of the young man's love letters both demonstrated his longing for new sexual morality. Qu Jiang faced criticism, while Qiu Gongyi received sympathy. The different experiences of the male protagonist in the two love letter events reflect the progress of China's modernization process in terms of neutral moral concepts.

AXIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE MORAL TRADITIONS DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINISTRY

We consider moral traditions from the point of view of an axiological approach, since it is this approach that unites the idea of values in our consciousness and society. Human values are the basis of an employee’s inner world and behavior, the result of his professional activity. To date, global changes are taking place in the Russian Federation in the sphere of politics, economy, and society, which accordingly aff ects the education of the personnel of the internal aff airs bodies, their worldview, and value orientations. Now more than ever, such qualities as cour-age, courage, courage, fortitude, tolerance, compassion, selfl essness, professional duty and honor, loyalty, mutual assistance, etc. are important and necessary. At the moment, it is important to form and multiply moral traditions in the internal aff airs bodies of Russia. Assessing the signifi cance and relevance of this problem in the article, we con-sider the historical aspect of values, the signs and principles of moral values, their features, the stages of mastering values, the methodological basis of the axiological approach, the fundamental moral values: citizenship, statehood, patriotism. The application of the axiological approach is a necessary component in the educational process of em-ployees of the internal aff airs bodies of Russia. This approach helps to consider moral values in professional activity.

Analysis of the Existential View of Freedom in Camus' The Stranger

Camus The Stranger is a classic literary work that portrays an existentialist view of freedom. The protagonist of this book is not bound by social and moral constraints. He views the world and his own existence with a detached attitude. The theme of this paper is to study the connotation of existential freedom in The Stranger and its expression in literary works. The text interpretation method is adopted to conduct a deep analysis of the behavior, language, and thoughts of the protagonist in the novel. At the same time, it also referred to the theory of existentialism to further elaborate on the connotation of existential freedom. Through analysis, this paper concludes that the existentialist view of freedom in The Stranger is reflected in the protagonists independent and free understanding of the self and the objective world. This view of freedom contrasts sharply with traditional morality and values, showcasing a detached attitude towards life.

Development of an Interactive Android-Based Ayo-Olopon Game

One of the most widely acceptable means of entertainment all over the world is Games especially in Africa to ease the mind from stress after a rigorous day’s work. Over the years, there have been several African games nearly going into extinction due to the advancement of more new smartphone-based games and the general public is more comfortable using the modern-day gizmo. This has brought about reduction in the number of people that understands and knows about African traditional games and ethics. A lot of effort has been put in place by many developers and researchers to digitalize these games (like Ayo-Olopon) to improve their popularity and expand their accessibility across the globe. The current versions of this Ayo-Olopon game does not provide room for Multi-player in real time nor presence of third party as viewer during the game session. This research developed an android-based Ayo-Olopon game using a stack of React Native for the frontend design and server-side scripting through Node.Js, Websocket was also incorporated which enables real-time communication for multi-players and a third party to join the game as a viewer. The game was evaluated using feedback from randomly selected user and more than 98% of them ascertained its uniqueness and excellent performance. Response speed and transfer time were also used as the evaluation metrics with varying network technologies and protocols, WLAN network technology with gave the shortest response time and transfer speed of 150ms and 0.263s respectively f. This shows that the developed Ayo-olopon game gave a very satisfactory user experience and good performance with good Computational time. Future work should focus on enabling viewers to use audio or chat to motivate the players and increase their morale.

<em>Kekeberen</em> oral custom as a media in incorporating educational values

This study seeks to determine the significance of Kekeberen-based education in the Gayo community. This is qualitative and ethnographic research. The findings show that the educational values ​​contained in the Kekeberen tradition in the Gayo community are the values ​​of moral education, the values ​​of cultural education, and the values ​​of character education. The Conclusions that the education system of the Gayo people, which is based on the oral tradition of kekeberen, emphasizes psychology and emotions to cultivate a sense of taste, as they believe that people with a good soul will also have sound intellectual and cognitive development. Berkeberen refers to verbal and nonverbal interaction and communication between actors and listeners, which makes it simpler for actors to impart certain moral messages and values. Almost all of its tales place a greater emphasis on education, particularly that which leads to the formation of moral values, character, and traditions.

Food waste in Indian households: status and potential solutions

According to a report by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), India had the highest number of undernourished people in the world in 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic further exacerbated the problem of world hunger (WHO 2021). According to the Food Waste Index Report, 2021, by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and The Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP), 931 million tonnes of food waste was produced in 2019, with households accounting for 61%, food services for 26%, and retail for 13%. The report estimates that Indian households generate 50 kg of food waste per capita per year, resulting in total of 68,760,163 tonnes annually. This study aimed to investigate the reasons for food waste in Indian households and potential solutions to minimize or control food waste using interpretive phenomenological analysis. Reasons for food waste include miscalculations in meal preparation, a lack of appreciation for food, and a weakening of traditional Indian value systems. The study identified two potential solutions for controlling or eliminating food waste: exploring alternative methods of food consumption and enhancing the family culture surrounding food. The study results could potentially guide policymakers and planners in designing policies to address the problem of food waste in Indian households.

Traditional ethics of sex, life and family, sociobiology, natural law, and the dominant culture

Traditional ethics of sex, life and family, sociobiology, natural law, and the dominant culture

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Islamic Ethics: Towards Pluralist Ethical Benchmarking for AI

This paper explores artificial intelligence (AI) ethics from an Islamic perspective at a critical time for AI ethical norm-setting. It advocates for a pluralist approach to ethical AI benchmarking. As rapid advancements in AI technologies pose challenges surrounding autonomy, privacy, fairness, and transparency, the prevailing ethical discourse has been predominantly Western or Eurocentric. To address this imbalance, this paper delves into the Islamic ethical traditions to develop a framework that contributes to the global debate on optimal norm setting for designing and using AI technologies.The paper outlines Islamic parameters for ethical values and moral actions in the context of AI's ethical uncertainties. It emphasizes the significance of both textual and non-textual Islamic sources in addressing these uncertainties while placing a strong emphasis on the notion of "good" or "maṣlaḥa" as a normative guide for AI's ethical evaluation. Defining maṣlaḥa as an ethical state of affairs in harmony with divine will, the paper highlights the coexistence of two interpretations of maṣlaḥa: welfarist/utility-based and duty-based. Islamic jurisprudence allows for arguments supporting ethical choices that prioritize building the technical infrastructure for AI to maximize utility. Conversely, it also supports choices that reject consequential utility calculations as the sole measure of value in determining ethical responses to AI advancements.

RENEWAL CONCEPT OF ISLAM AND ITS URGENCY IN ADVANCING ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN INDONESIA ACCORDING TO HARUN NASUTION

This article intends to examine the concept of rational theological concepts in Islam with a focus on the thoughts of Harun Nasution. Harun Nasution is a controversial Islamic reformer. His idea was born as a response to and against the traditional ideas that developed at that time; even Harun Nasution dared to go against the flow of traditional ethics that according to him had long been rusty and difficult to remove. The emphasis of this paper is on the presentation of Harun Nasution's progressive thinking in the Islamic theological concept and tts importance in advancing Indonesian Islamic civilization. Thus, the qualitative method will be employed in this work, along with a historical study approach gleaned from books, journals, and related publications. The essence of Harun Nasution’s theory is the realization that Islam is a universal rational religion, and that via rational theology, people can fully comprehend the meaning of revelation in both the Qur'an and the Hadith. To build the Islamic Ummah such that it always exists exclusively through forming a rational society, a renewal movement through education is required.

Gambling on unknown unknowns: Risk ethics for a climate change technofix

In this article, we critically engage with the risk ethics of attempting to mitigate climate change via a technofix, namely Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs) utilizing Synthetic Biology. Now that the IPCC has (belatedly) acknowledged climate overshoot as being inevitable, our dependency on NETs to avert runaway climate change has become critical. Given the scale of unknown unknowns at play when utilizing any such technofix, we present gambling as the most apt analogy to communicate the unprecedented realms of risk and uncertainty occasioned by any such action. Hence, we critique traditional normative ethics in order to illustrate how a germane climate ethics must face the largely uncertain and unpredictable risk that any climate change technofix would inevitably represent instead of advocating for outdated risk-averse positions. We conclude by showing that this approach is fundamental to developing impactful future ethics research on climate mitigation, and is required to mark a much-needed new direction for risk ethics in the Anthropocene.