Moral Violence Research Articles

A LEI MARIA DA PENHA E OS DESAFIOS POLICIAIS NA PROTEÇÃO DA MULHER

Violence against women is not something new, but rooted in the historical-cultural system of female subordination, with its protection addressed in detail in the Maria da Penha Law. This law was created to also protect victims of domestic violence, the focus of this article, whether they are victims of psychological, physical, property or moral violence. Thus, this article seeks to highlight the importance and impacts of police activity in protecting women, highlighting the Maria da Penha Patrol, which is a police patrol created to monitor victims, their protective measures and necessary follow-up after a complaint. With this, the article highlights the importance of reporting as a duty of all people, in addition to demonstrating the difficulties faced by the police in implementing protective measures and the insensitivity of approaches, highlighting the importance of community involvement. The slowness of the judiciary allowing punishments to expire brings insecurity to women who avoid reporting. As a result, research shows an increase in the number of femicides, and more policies should be created for campaigns to encourage reporting. To this end, the methodology used was secondary bibliographic research of academic articles and books.

Prevalence and patterns of gender-based violence among adolescent girls fetching water in Peri-Urban Settings of Kinshasa, DR Congo

ABSTRACT In water-scarcity contexts, girls fetching water are exposed to gender-based violence (GBV), for which prevalence, types, and forms were unknown in the Peri-Urban Settings of Kinshasa. A cross-sectional study using multi-stage random sampling technique to select 684 adolescent girls was conducted to assess the extent of water scarcity and GBV affecting adolescent girls while fetching water. Findings indicate that 98.2% of adolescent girls were dealing with water shortage; 99.9% experienced at least one type of GBV, of which 97.1, 95.5, and 44.9% experienced sexual, psychological, and physical violence, respectively. Moral violence was more frequent at water points; physical violence in the household, while sexual violence was prevalent on the water route. Adolescent girls' age, weekly involvement in water collection, and distance were found to be the main factors associated with GBV, whereas reducing the number of daily round-trips, the distance travelled, and time devoted to water collection were found to be mitigating factors limiting GBV experience among adolescent girls. Policies promoting the at-home provision of water and community awareness-raising interventions will mitigate the GBV incidence.

Home-bound precarity: home violence on return Indonesian migrant domestic workers

ABSTRACT Migration for work is often an unending journey. Many Indonesian women spend years as domestic workers overseas before they return home, and there is often no definitive answer as to when they should return, and whether such a return is ‘final’. Migration scholars have long critiqued neoliberal capitalism and the global job market for subjecting workers to uncertainty and precarity. Yet, few have explored the precarity faced by return migrant women at home. Drawing on the results of our field interviews conducted on return workers in East Java and workers in Hong Kong, we develop the concept of ‘home-bound precarity’ to examine the financial and moral violence imposed on migrant women. We argue that ‘home-bound precarity’ is one of the root causes of migrant workers’ protracted precarity. The research opens a rich vein of inquiry into return migration and sheds new light on the understanding of labor precarity.

Moral harassment in university hospital of Marrakesh: Epidemiological investigation

Introduction: moral harassment in the workplace is a growing phenomenon worldwide. Leymann defined it as a form of psychological terrorism that manifests itself over a relatively long period of hostile words or actions expressed or manifested by one or more people towards a third person (target) at work. It causes damaging consequences on the mental and physical workers health, with negative economic impacts on the company. Objectives: our objective was to study the epidemiological characteristics, the clinical aspects, and the consequences of moral harassment among the medical and paramedical staff of the Mohammed VI university hospital in Marrakech. Methods: We carried out a descriptive transversal study over six months covering 329 caregivers working at the Mohammed VI university hospital in Marrakech. The support of the investigation was an individual, and a strictly anonymous questionnaire containing the French version validated by the questionnaire of Leymann entitled Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror; sociodemographic, mental health, and professional data were also collected. Results: In our study, the prevalence of moral harassment was 27.5%, according to Leymann's criteria (exposure to at least one situation, at least once a week for at least six months). Moral violence targets were between 25 to 35 years old (76%) and less than five years seniority (55%). The victims were represented mainly by residents (65.5%) and interns (33%). There was no correlation between sex and exposure to psychological violence (p=0,36). The supervisor was the main harasser (80%). Anxiety, depression, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder had been the most observed consequences on the mental health of victims. Conclusion: Moral harassment at work seems, by its prevalence, to invade the hospital environment, and young doctors constitute a particular target. Exposure to this phenomenon has a negative impact on an individual's mental health. Our results are alarming enough to prompt us to continue investigating and put in place recommendations to limit and prevent the consequences.

Analysis of the Socio-Health Situation of People in Humanitarian Crisis ″Case of Repressed from Congo-Brazzaville″

Context: The returnees from Congo Brazaville were received by the town hall of Kinshasa which brought them to Maluku. From there, those with closer family members went home, but the others and their children settled around the Cardinal Malula stadium for lack of accommodation. Purpose: This study is carried out with the aim of analyzing the socio-sanitary situation of people expelled from Brazzaville based around the municipality of Kinshasa. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey made it possible, by interview and direct observation with the support of an interview guide, to collect information from 321 Congolese from the DRC expelled from the Republic of Congo, living in the commune of Kinshasa. This information was statistically analyzed using SPSS version 21 software. Results: It emerges from the descriptive analysis that the majority of respondents, ie 68.2%, were housed in tents. 84.4% experienced both physical and moral violence. 62.6% had an altered physical state. The most frequent problems include: lack of access to health care (100%); insalubrity (80.9%); malaria associated with other pathologies (80.8%) or alone and lack of access to drinking water (74.7%). From the inferential analysis, it emerges that the factors associated with the state of health of the repressed were: poor bowel management resulting in the use of stage [RR = 3.4 (1.70-6.69); p ˂ 0.000] or open air [RR = 2.93 (1.38 – 6.23); p ˂ 0.005] instead of a latrine; violence [RR = 2.91 (2.07 – 4.08); caring for at least 5 children [RR = 1.71 (1.21–2.41); p ˂ 0.002] as well as divorce [RR = 1.49 (1.16 – 1.92); p ˂ 0.002]. Conclusion: The socio-sanitary situation of those expelled from Brazzaville was not favourable. The direct involvement of the political and health authorities of the DRC with the support of national or international organizations would allow the proper management of humanitarian crises in the country.

Mulheres pretas e pardas: vulnerabilidades ocorridas de 2010 a 2018 no extremo sul baiano

Violence alters society in countless ways, being disproportionate in relation to women, especially blacks and browns in situations of vulnerability, which makes them prone to marks that influence their daily lives. The objective of this theme was to analyze the prevalence of domestic, sexual and / or other conditions in black and brown women in the period from 2010 to 2018, in the extreme south of Bahia. For the concreteness of this research, in the methodological field, an epidemiological, cross-sectional, descriptive approach was chosen secondary information provided by the Ministry of Health in the DATASUS database, evaluating the state and the macro-region of the Far South, correlating with the number of psychogical / moral violence in both. Upon entering the questions that guided this study, it was noticed that in view of the universe researched, the results show a growing number of cases, from 873 cases in 2010 to 25,872 in 2018 in the state, when the macro-region was analyzed, there were a total of 1,751 cases, as for psychological / moral violence, the maximum peak occurred in 2018, in both regions; the study shows an exorbitant increase in relation to black and brown women at risk in Bahia, especially in the macro-region. It is concluded that it is necessary to increase measures aimed at providing greater protection and care for the victims, since that the home is "the most dangerous place for these women", which culminates, often in long-term violence.

The Metaphors “Human-Animal”, “Animal-Human” in T. Morrison’s Novel “Beloved”

Introduction. The study investigates the role of the metaphors “human-animal”, “animalhuman” based on the novel “Beloved” by T. Morrison. The relevance of the research lies in the lack of knowledge of the linguistic specifics of this landmark novel for modern American literature, in the absence of research to identify and analyze key metaphors reflecting the author's conceptualization of reality.Methodology and sources. The authors of this article, relying on semantic and cognitive approaches, consider metaphor as a combination of two planes: linguistic and mental. To describe the mechanism of metaphorical transfers, the article uses the proposed by J. Lakoff and M. Johnson, terms characterizing the interaction of two knowledge structures: the source sphere and the target sphere.Results and discussion. The study showed that the metaphor “man-animal” becomes one of the most productive in the novel. This metaphorical structure includes the following elements of the source sphere: animal names; animal properties; animal body parts; objects characterizing animal activities; actions carried out in relation to animals and animals themselves; people performing actions in relation to animals. The relevance of this metaphor and the variety of sources of transference is dictated by the theme of the novel, comprehending one of the most acute problems of American history – the theme of slavery. The disenfranchised position of a human slave, his “animal” dependence on the slave owner forms the conceptual basis of most metaphorical transfers within this lexical and semantic field. The metaphor “animal-human” is used less often and serves, first of all to enhance the contrast between the life of a human slave and an animal who sometimes feels more confident and freer. This metaphorical structure includes the following elements of the source sphere: forms of addressing a person, the names of the characters in the book, the title of a person, human actions, human properties, objects associated with a person.Conclusion. In the novel “Beloved” by T. Morrison, the metaphor is a significant element of the textual structure reflecting the author's linguistic picture of the world. Especially productive are the mutual likenesses of man and animal, figuratively interpreting the life and attitude of a human slave who is regularly subjected to physical and moral violence.

The image of Russian national character in the “criminal” prose of Nikolai Leskov

One of the key concepts of modern socio-humanitarian knowledge is the category of national character that has already become a classic. The early 21st century in Russia has seen a steady public and scientific interest in the problems of national identity and self-identification, in the issues of ethnic mentality. In the era of globalisation, topicality of their study is increasing – the study of the problems of the national prevents universal unification. The article analyses the specifics of the Russian national character based on the material of Nikolai Leskov’s work of the 1860s, in particular his “criminal” story “The Drought”. The story was first published in 1862 in the magazine “Century” under the title “The Extinguished case (From my grandfather's notes)”. The story fits into a significant number of Nikolai Leskov’s early works, inspired by the theme of the criminal chronicle and, of course, related to service in Oryol city Chamber of the Criminal Court. Using modern methods of text analysis, including the communicative-pragmatic method, the author of the article comes to the conclusion that peasants act as heroes, by the example of which the writer demonstrates the fundamental features of folkish psychology for him. It is significant that when depicting them, the writer emphasises that the national character has a group, social, rather than individual appearance. In Nikolai Leskov’s works, such situations are quite typical and are most often associated with the moral violence of the masses over a loner. Using verbal, bodily and symbolic images, Nikolai Leskov demonstrates that the causes of the negative features of the Russian national character should be sought primarily in social causes rather than in natural or biological factors.

Violência moral contra a mulher no âmbito doméstico / Moral violence against women in the domestic scope

O presente artigo trata de uma pesquisa sobre violência moral contra a mulher no âmbito doméstico. A responsabilidade de toda a sociedade e do Poder Público em apresentar políticas públicas de prevenção a todo tipo de violência é latente. O objetivo geral é demonstrar a falta de política preventivas e, consequentemente, os entraves para a dignidade humana, direitos e garantias fundamentais, bem como a busca de instrumentos eficazes. Como preconiza a nossa Constituição investimos na busca de solução pacífica de controvérsias, ainda que no âmbito criminal, que pouco é utilizada. Demonstraremos que a participação precária da vítima e o fato de o ofensor não se responsabilizar pelos danos causados em outras esferas da vida da vítima torna o sistema deficiente. Como fonte e embasamento teórico, utilizamos como vetores a Lei Maria da Penha 11.304/2006, a Constituição, o Decreto 1973/1996, a Lei 4121/1962.

Muhammad Iqbal's Creativity Concept And Its Implementation in Students' Psychological Understanding

The world of education today began to be tarnished because of the frequent encounters of psychic or moral violence so that it is necessary to increase and develop the creativity of educators, especially in understanding the psychological condition of student. This study aims to examine critically and reflectively about the concept of creativity according to Muhammad Iqbal and its implementation in understanding the psychology of student. Data collection in this study was conducted through documentation techniques with secondary data sources as the primary data. Furthermore, data analysis is done through content analysis. The results of the study showed, namely First, the concept of creativity according to Muhammad Iqbal is part of the development of individuality that can be understood by exploring the conception of the nature and function of individuals through education. Second, the implementation of Muhammad Iqbal's concept of creativity in the psychological understanding of learners has a very urgent position in the world of education today.

Is violence ever right? Moral reasoning about violence among youngsters belonging to gangs and peacebuilding groups.

Objective: We investigate cultural group-level understandings of violence and their connections to individual moral reasoning about violence among disadvantaged young people belonging to gangs (n = 33) and peacebuilding (n = 30) groups. Methods: Drawing from in-depth interviews in two low-income neighborhoods in Colombia, we use thematic analysis to explore and compare group-level understandings of violence-entailing definitions of violence, causal attributions of violence, and strategies to handle violence in everyday life-by type of youth group. Next, we use a chi-square analysis to assess between-group differences in proportion of participants endorsing morality of violence according to eight potential moral violence triggers. Results: Youths from both types of groups define violence in similar terms with one key difference. Only gang members ascribe agency to the (i.e., gang and family) describing it as a social entity capable of harming and being harmed. This taken-for-granted cultural assumption frames gang members' justifications of violence as moral to defend one's group. Concurrently, a higher proportion of youths from violent groups support morality of violence to defend one's reputation (p = .001), honor (p <.001), and group (p = .001). Conclusions: Between-group differences in shared understandings of violence are consistent with differences in individual moral reasoning about violence across group type. The findings have implications for improving efficacy of violence prevention interventions, which rarely account for link between young people's shared understandings of violence and moral reasoning about its use.

Atenção primária í saúde: percepções de enfermeiros/as frente í violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes

Objetivo: Compreender a percepção dos enfermeiros(as) que atuam na Atenção Primária í Saúde (APS) acerca da violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório com abordagem qualitativa, realizado com doze enfermeiros(a) atuantes nas APS da zona urbana e rural do municí­pio de Iguatu, Ceará. Resultados: Dez dos participantes eram do gênero feminino (83%), e dois do masculino (17%), variando entre 30 a 41 anos, mantendo-se constante entre 30 a 35 anos de idade (42%). Notou-se uma certa confusão acerca da violência ética e moral pelos profissionais atuantes, todavia, os mesmos referem que estão aptos a atender crianças e adolescentes em situações de violência, e que a acessibilidade aos serviços/redes é uma potencialidade da APS. Conclusão: Constatou-se que a percepção dos enfermeiros(a) ficou clara no decorrer do estudo, bem como seus conhecimentos e ações voltadas ao enfrentamento da violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes.

Violência contra mulheres idosas em Manaus

A violência contra a pessoa idosa é um grave problema mundial, cujas manifestações têm profundos impactos na saúde e na qualidade de vida dessas pessoas. Como problema sócio-histórico, a violência faz parte da história da humanidade e tem se manifestado de forma crescente contra mulheres, incluindo as idosas. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as experiências sociais de mulheres idosas que sofreram violência e buscaram a rede de proteção, e a perspectiva dos profissionais que atuam nos serviços de atendimento à violência contra a pessoa idosa em Manaus. Os resultados apontam para a compreensão de violência associada à violência física predominantemente, seguida da violência verbal e moral, todas vivenciadas no âmbito das relações interpessoais. Apontam também para a necessidade de divulgar os instrumentos de proteção legal e capacitar melhor os profissionais para tratar as especificidades desse grupo.

Family Violence and its Impact on Children’s Mental Health During COVID-19 Pandemic

This research aims to identify the types and prevalence rates of family violence against children during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. It also aims to identify the mental health problems those child victims of family violence develop, and the differences between children who experience high and low family violence rates. The research was conducted on a sample of 160 child victims of family violence in primary schools. The researchers applied an assessment of family violence of their design, and the results were very high. Then they applied an assessment of mental health problems they designed and which included 8 problems which all sample members suffered from. The scale was based on an open question, and the results showed that the violence types with high rates (compared to average and low rates) were ranked as follows: threat with violence, moral violence, social violence, economic violence, and lastly physical violence. The results also showed increase in the 8 mental health problems high rate (compared to the average and low rates), and the problems were as follows: lying, destructivity, impulsivity, aggressiveness, fear, night terror attacks, self-harm and finally self-hate. Furthermore, this research addresses the high rates of family violence’s negative impact (compared to the low rate) on the increase of mental health problems. F test result was (40.11), with a higher significant difference higher than (0.01). At the end, the researchers concluded several important recommendations.

Experiencing police violence and insults: narratives from ethnic minority men in Denmark

ABSTRACT Young men living in socially deprived areas are more likely to be exposed to criminal activity and extraordinary policing measures. This article focuses on the narratives of police encounters told by ethnic minority young men living in a deprived neighbourhood in Denmark, defined by the Danish government as a ‘ghetto’. In total, 76 young men and 6 young women (age 15 to 26) were interviewed between 2016 and 2017. The article focusses on their experiences of the police’s use of force, interpreted as violence by the participants. We have categorized their experiences into three types: unnecessary use of force, inconsistent violence, and humiliation/insults. While police violence is often understood as primarily physical, we also show that in the young people’s recollections of these incidences, issues of ‘moral violence’ becomes important. While not only specifically violating the body, this type of violence also affects the integrity and dignity of individuals. Our participants recounted forms of violence, which were extra-judicial in terms of physical use of force and they described how the police used indirect and degrading techniques of violence, some of which can be categorized as sexual harassment, embarrassment and public humiliation. From their perspectives, police power appeared unpredictable and illegible.

Factors affecting moral distress in nurses working in intensive care units: A systematic review

Background Moral distress is a major issue in intensive care units that requires immediate attention since it can cause nurses to burnout. Given the special conditions of patients in intensive care units and the importance of the mental health of nurses, the present study was designed to systematically review the factors affecting moral distress in nurses working in intensive care units. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct were systematically searched for papers published between 2009 and 2019. Original articles from quantitative and qualitative studies were reviewed. The CONSORT and STROBE checklists were used to assess the quality of the quantitative papers. The JBI checklist was applied for qualitative studies. Results Factors affecting moral distress in nurses include lack of nursing staff, nurses with inadequate experience, lack of support from organizations and colleagues, inadequate education and lack of knowledge of nurses, poor collaboration of physicians with nurses, ethical insensitivity and lack of teamwork, heavy workload, poor quality of care and moral violence and they are considered as risk factors for moral distress. Conclusion Many of the related causes are due to the nature of nurses’ work and it is necessary to manage the underlying conditions of this phenomenon so that it can be effectively prevented from spreading. Levels of moral distress require more attention of authorities in the use of prevention strategies and the reduction of effective factors in distress.

Haneke, Moral Violence and Morbid Curiosity

This paper contrasts two forms of violence depicted in film: entertainment violence and moral violence. To a first approximation, moral violence is a form of interpersonal aggression aimed at causing moral injury. We claim that what distinguishes entertainment violence from moral violence is that entertainment violence is a satisfying or fitting object of morbid curiosity. Moral violence typically isn’t such a thing. We explore how moral violence works in two films of Michael Haneke: Funny Games (1997, 2007) and The White Ribbon (2009).

КОРРУПЦИЯ КАК ОСОБАЯ ФОРМА ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО И МОРАЛЬНОГО НАСИЛИЯ НАД ЛИЧНОСТЬЮ

The research focuses on such an area of psychological problems as the psychology of corruption. The purpose of the work is to carry out a primary analysis of corruption as a specific form of psychological and moral violence and to consider its individual and socio-psychological aspects. The biological and psychological, social and cultural aspects of violence are discussed. The authors analyze the problems of corruption as a specific form of psychological and moral violence against a person; consider its individual and socio-psychological aspects. Within the framework of the historical and cultural evolution of the Russian mentality, one can trace how the basic ideals of a human – freedom, honor, and dignity – were institutionally recognized in Russia. The authors analyze the impact of domestic corruption at various levels as a form of psychological and moral violence against representatives of all age and professional business groups of the Russian society: from children and adolescents to retired people, from innovators to entrepreneurs. The spectrum of moral and psychological injuries caused by corruption in the socio-economic life of the country is revealed. Many ways of psychological self-defense of a person are considered, including widely accepted means of folklore, humor and social networks. The psychotherapeutic effect of the latter is being actively studied today by representatives of psychological and medical science. In the course of the analysis of the basic terms of the researched area, a proposal was made about the possibility of starting on their basis a set of promising scientific projects in the field of psychology.

ОБРАЗ ГРАНДКОРТА В РОМАНЕ ДЖОРДЖ ЭЛИОТ «ДЭНИЕЛ ДЕРОНДА» И ФИЛОСОФИЯ АРТУРА ШОПЕНГАУЭРА

For the first time in Russian studies of George Eliot, one of the central characters of her only novel about contemporary English life, Daniel Deronda, is under analysis. The character of Grandcourt is looked at as the writer’s distinctive reflection on her reading and comprehension of Arthur Schopenhauer’s book Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (1818). The author of the essay gives the facts of the very serious, profound and critical reading of this book by George Eliot. The essay shows in what ways this kind of reading influences the ideological and artistic structures of the novel. It is specially demonstrated how George Eliot’s thorough knowing of Schopenhauer’s book and the thoughts this knowing generates reflects on the image of Grandcourt. It is stressed in the article that the character of Grandcourt is not simply to illustrate some passages of the philosophical system of the German thinker. It is argued that Schopenhauer’s concepts of Man, his role and place in the world cause George Eliot’s deep ontological thinking of human existence and its meaning; the German philosopher’s speculations lead Eliot to the indirect dialogue and dispute with Schopenhauer as it happens in some works by Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy and other authors of the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. The author of the article demonstrates artistic principles and means with the help of which George Eliot reconsiders the main notion of Schopenhauer’s system – Wille (Will), which transforms into rampage of subjectivity, unrestrained egoism and egotism, despotism, aggression, disdain of Other, moral violence and rapture of it, rejection of common sense and practical logic, the triumph of ‘nature’, seen merely as an instinct, deletion of such notions as self-analysis and self-criticism, human sympathy, compassion, friendship, love to others. Some special emphasis is put on Eliot’s arguing against Schopenhauer’s gender anthropology. It is stressed in the article that, parallel to ontological disagreement and with the help of this polemics, Eliot through the image of Grandcourt both ironically and dramatically sharpens some moral ill-being of contemporary English high society.

Neochamanismo urbano : engaño, abuso y poder en la comunidad carare, de Betty Sánchez Sarmiento.

Esta autoetnografía aborda el proceso de emergencia, consolidación y legitimación de un liderazgo, denominado por la autora como neochamánico, así como la amplia gama de prácticas de poder que éste instauró, cooptando la fe y la confianza de aquellos que se volvieron sus seguidores y súbditos asiduos. La vivencia, por más de diez años en el seno de una comunidad neochamánica urbana, le permite a la narradora hacer un retrato estremecedor de la experiencia vivida y de la manera en que se estableció un fino andamiaje de la creencia, particularmente reglamentado y cooptado, que desembocaría en el despliegue de un régimen de violencia moral, espiritual, de género y sexual. El liderazgo enceguecedor del neochamán, mediado por plantas asociadas a rituales indígenas diversos, como el yajé, el mambe de coca y el ambil, determinaría años de vivencias hiperritualizadas. Estas experiencias, permeadas por visiones altamente estereotipadas del mundo indígena y por la omnipresencia del liderazgo neochamánico, generaron, en algunos miembros de la denominada Comunidad de Paz Carare de Pensamiento Bonito (CPCPB), consecuencias dolorosas y traumáticas. Los fenómenos descritos, a lo largo de esta narración detallada de lugares, de relaciones entre humanos, de encuentros y desencuentros entre humanos y plantas, de hitos vitales coyunturales, llevarán a la autora, en su conclusión, a asociar lo vivido con fenómenos más amplios ya conocidos de deriva sectaria.