Moral Views Research Articles

NEW RENSION PEDAGOGY AND BOBUR'S PEDAGOGY HARMONY OF THEIR VIEWS

The rich spiritual and moral heritage of Eastern thinkers, their pedagogical views, especially the ideas of morality, honesty, religion, conscience, diligence, science, humanity serve as a key tool in the comprehensive development of man. In this regard, the importance of the ideas of patriotism, diligence, generosity, courage, decency and kindness, which played a key role in the spiritual and moral views of the 15th century thinker Z.M. Bobur, is given in the education of a harmoniously developed person.

Rescuing the Muslim collective self: the Nur case in light of the Modern Muslim Subjectivities Project

AbstractThere is a tendency in the literature to emphasise how contemporary Islamic movements promote ways of living a pious Muslim life alternative to those proposed by secular liberal modernity. For this reason, the domains of religious and civic engagement have often been thought of as opposed to each other. In counterpoint to this tendency, the paper explores the intertwining of national views about mass education and modern citizenship with a renewed Islamic emphasis on the need for moral and ethical reform of society within the Nur movement in modern Turkey. Methodologically, the paper draws upon ethnographic material from research conducted in 2010 on theSuffacommunity in Istanbul, as well as on an account of the life and projects of the leader of the movement, Said Nursi, mainly drawn from secondary sources. This case is explored in light of the theories of successive modernities that inspired the analytical framework for the Modern Muslim Subjectivities Project applied in this special issue. In so doing, it illustrates the complex nexus that Nursi established between long-standing views of Islamic ethics and modern perspectives on education and civic engagement in response to the emergence of the modern nation-state in the first half of the 20th century.

Protagora i Kalikle: politički preobražaj polisa i dva sofistička odjeka u platonovim delima

By comparing Protagoras’ and Callicles’ arguments, the author outlines two accounts that respond to the questions raised by the changing social realities of 5th century BC Athens. The two sophists’ views are comprised of several complementary elements: 1) viewing humans as beings driven by pursuit of pleasures and avoidance of pain; 2) distinguishing law from nature; 3) views of morality as grounded in nature; 4) demanding that laws be adjusted to natural standards of justice and good life. A key point of disagreement can be found in Protagoras’ myth, where he distinguishes between natural principles that apply only to humans and those that pertain to the rest of the natural world. This draws an important distinction between Protagoras and Callicles: Protagoras’ democratic man seeking to influence the outcomes of collective political decision-making in an egalitarian community is contrasted by Callicles’ aristocrat who is meant to freely govern over their inferiors.

Does Moral Case Deliberation Change Current Views on Restrictions?: Staff Perceptions on Restrictions

AbstractBackgroundIn the care of people with intellectual disability, support staff apply restrictions to people with moderate intellectual disabilities (ID) in several domains of daily life, such as restrictions on bedtimes or on the amount of food intake. Support staff may experience moral dilemmas applying these restrictions. In this respect, moral case deliberation (MCD) is used as an instrument for support staff to jointly reflect on dilemmas in care and is considered a form of ethical support. MCD also seems to broaden the perspective of their participants.Specific AimsThis study examined to what extent MCD led to changes in support staff's perspectives with regard to daily life restrictions placed upon people with moderate ID. Consequently, this study examined to what extent support staff's perspectives on these restrictions were broadened as a result of their participation in the study.MethodPrior to and following a series of three MCD sessions on moral dilemmas commonly encountered in daily life care, interviews were held with 12 support staff across two teams. Participants were asked what they considered to be good care in the given dilemmas. To systematically compare all of the answers given in the interviews prior to and following the MCDs, the same interview‐guide was used in both instances. Interviews were analyzed inductively.FindingsFollowing the MCD sessions, the respondents tended to hold onto their perspective to restrict clients to provide them with structure, clarity and rest, as expressed prior to the MCD. However, some respondents adapted their perspective on restrictions and were willing to provide people with moderate ID more freedom after the MCD.DiscussionThis study contributed to the evidence underlying MCD in healthcare and in providing insights into MCD with regard to daily life restrictions in the care of people with moderate ID. Partly, MCD leads to a broadening of perspective on restrictions applied in the daily life of people with moderate ID.

Non-Therapeutic Circumcision of Boys: Medical, Sociocultural and Ethical View

There is no medical or ethical consensus over the necessity and the ethical statue of nontherapeutic circumcision of boys. From the medical aspect, there are some potential medical benefits like decreased UTI contracture and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). transmission rates. However, it is an intervention to the child’s bodily integrity and has some surgical complications like bleeding, pain, postoperative infection and inadequate skin removal. Complication rates are low when the surgery is done according to medical standards. When considering the ethical aspects of circumcision, the most important question to be asked is ‘What is the best interest of the child?’ In order to answer this question, all medical, cultural and psychosocial aspects of the circumcision need to be evaluated. It is an important part of sociocultural life especially in Islamic and Jewish societies. Therefore, it is necessary for the child to be integrated to society and to socialize in that environment. Since it is not a fact whether the medical benefits outweigh the risk or vice versa, the right of the parents to raise a child according to their sociocultural and religious beliefs and the right of the child to be a part of the society should not be eliminated.

Мотивы жалоб, испытаний и терпения в цикле стихов «Хәбес» («Тюремные») А. Тубыли

The paper aims to reveal the Tatar poet A. Tubyli’s ethical and aesthetic views by identifying the main motives of his creative work. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that for the first time in the domestic literary criticism, the researcher provides a comprehensive literary and historical analysis of A. Tubyli’s cycle “Хәбес” (“Prison”). To analyse the poems from the “Хәбес” (“Prison”) cycle, to reveal specificity of the “зар” (“complaints about destiny”) genre in the little known Tatar poet’s creative work - these research tasks are highly relevant. The findings allow concluding that A. Tubyli’s poetical works, such as the “Хәбес” (“Prison”) cycle, are in tune with the Tatar literary tradition.

The Value of Ho Chi Minh's Ideology, Morality and Style to the Vietnamese Nation Today

This article aims to clarify the basic contents of leader Ho Chi Minh's ideology, morality and style that are valuable to the Vietnamese nation. In fact, Vietnam has been proving the miraculous vitality of Ho Chi Minh's ideology on the path and goals of national development, on the strategy of great national unity and international solidarity, innovative thinking, culture and humanities. His moral example and views on revolutionary ethical standards and ethical practice principles are the red thread throughout the progress of progressive and civilized human development. His style is extremely lively, natural, unique, attractive, magical in daily activities and behavior, which is shown as independent, self-directed and creative thinking style; scientific, democratic and mass working style; modest, polite, sincere, warm, natural and flexible behavior style; simple, clean, moderate, moderate living style. These legacies form a consistent whole in Ho Chi Minh's people, have deep scientific, theoretical and practical values ​​in terms of ethics and aesthetics, consistent with the history of the Vietnamese nation and the development trend of mankind.

Between Food and Respect for Nature: On the Moral Ambiguity of Norwegian Stakeholder Opinions on Fish and Their Welfare in Technological Innovations in Fisheries

Innovation in fisheries is a global development that focuses on a broad range of aims. One example is a project that aims to develop technology for key phases of the demersal fishery operation to improve product quality and safeguard fish welfare. As this step to include welfare is novel, it raises questions associated with stakeholder acceptance in a wider aim for responsible innovation. How do stakeholders (a) value fish and their welfare and (b) consider the relation between welfare and other relevant values? To address these questions, an approach combining desk research with an empirical study was used. The desk study analysed the ethical and biological arguments for whether fish welfare should be accounted for in this context. The empirical study explored how fish and their welfare are perceived by Norwegian professionals in this industry, by conducting semi-structured interviews and subsequently analysing the results based on a labelling method we developed. The desk study showed a consensus that welfare should be considered in its own right, while at face value the interviews presented a rather instrumental view on this theme. However, analysis of the interview results leads to a more nuanced picture, where fish and their welfare are viewed from the perspective of respect for nature. Despite the apparent divergence between stakeholder opinions and the literature on the importance of welfare, we present three steps that enables professionals to be responsive to both the (moral) views of stakeholders and accounting for welfare in the innovation process fisheries.

Inference of Mulla Sadra's Ethical Views in the Four Realms of Meta-Ethics

Meta-ethics is an important and fundamental part of ethical philosophy. Normative ethics discusses the ethical criterion and definition of happiness and obligation; but Meta-ethics deals with its background. In other words, it puts ethical propositions into philosophical questions in terms of meaning, cognition, and truth. In the intellectual system of transcendent wisdom, metaphysical issues and sheer philosophy are studied in order to help human beings to develop and transcend. In fact, human ethics and transcendence along with theology are two main goals of transcendent wisdom. In this regard, it is important to understand Mulla Sadra's views on meta-ethics as well as to discover and deduce it among Mulla Sadra's philosophical views. While defining meta-ethics, explaining its domains and asking main questions about each of these domains, the method of comparative study is used in this paper in order to provide the most appropriate and consistent possible answers to questions in the realm of meta-ethics - based on Mulla Sadra's views on the originality of existence Substantial motion and Union of Intelligent and Intelligible and so on.

From Ethics Washing to Ethics Bashing: A Moral Philosophy View on Tech Ethics

Weaponized in support of deregulation and self-regulation, “ethics” is increasingly identified with technology companies' self-regulatory efforts and with shallow appearances of ethical behavior. So-called “ethics washing” by tech companies is on the rise, prompting criticism and scrutiny from scholars and the tech community. The author defines “ethics bashing” as the parallel tendency to trivialize ethics and moral philosophy. Underlying these two attitudes are a few misunderstandings: (1) philosophy is understood in opposition and as alternative to law, political representation, and social organizing; (2) philosophy and “ethics” are perceived as formalistic, vulnerable to instrumentalization, and ontologically flawed; and (3) moral reasoning is portrayed as mere “ivory tower” intellectualization of complex problems that need to be dealt with through other methodologies. This article argues that the rhetoric of ethics and morality should not be reductively instrumentalized, either by the industry in the form of “ethics washing”, or by scholars and policy-makers in the form of “ethics bashing”. Grappling with the role of philosophy and ethics requires moving beyond simplification and seeing ethics as a mode of inquiry that facilitates the evaluation of competing tech policy strategies. We must resist reducing moral philosophy's role and instead must celebrate its special worth as a mode of knowledge-seeking and inquiry. Far from mandating self-regulation, moral philosophy facilitates the scrutiny of various modes of regulation, situating them in legal, political, and economic contexts. Moral philosophy indeed can explainin the relationship between technology and other worthy goals and can situate technology within the human, the social, and the political.

Beyond order, beyond the human

Beyond order, beyond the human

(Neuro)Aesthetics: Beauty, ugliness, and ethics.

The objective of this essay is a holistic view of aesthetics, ethics, and neuroaesthetics. After a few introductory case studies, aesthetics is systematically introduced as a philosophical subdiscipline. This perspective is then expanded from aesthetics to neuroaesthetics. Using various art forms as well as current media formats, the aspects of beauty and ugliness are discussed, and aesthetic properties are expanded to include ethical implications. These can be expressed through ideals of beauty and the compulsion for body transformation. This perspective is then expanded from aesthetics to neuroaesthetics. From this point of view of art, the so-called golden ratio will play a central role. It will be shown how representations affect people and what ethical implications are associated with the effects. Therefore, this essay first has to look at art from the perspective of neuroaesthetics, and then consider the ethical aspects of the beautiful and the ugly. The considerations lead to a brief discussion of Socrates's three sieves.

Diabolical perspectives on healthy morality in times of COVID-19

PurposeThe paper combines the systems theoretical perspective on the evolution of societal differentiation and the emergence of codes in communication. By combining the approach by Niklas Luhmann with a historical theology on the development of Christian morality split between God and Devil, it recreates a sociological point of observation on contemporary moral forms by a temporary occupation of the retired Christian Devil.Design/methodology/approachThe article combines a Luhmannian systems theoretical perspective on the evolution of societal differentiation with a concept of emerging codes in communication. The latter is based on on the development of a Christian view of morality being split between God and Devil. It establishes a sociological point of observation on contemporary moral forms through the temporary invocation of the retired figure of the Christian Devil.FindingsThe proposed perspective develops a healthy perspective on the exuberant distribution of a health(y) morality across the globe during the pandemic crisis of 2020–21. The temporary invocation of the retired Christian Devil as point of departure in this sociological analysis allows for a disturbing view on the unlimited growth of the morality of health and its inherent dangers of dedifferentiating the highly specialised forms of societal differentiation and organisation.Originality/valueBy applying the diabolical perspective, the analytical framework creates a unique opportunity to observe the moral encodings of semantic forms in detail, while keeping the freedom of scientific enquiry to choose amongst available distinctions in the creation of sound empirical knowledge. This article adopts a neutral stance, for the good of sociological analysis. The applications of the term “evil” to observations of communication are indifferent to anything but itself and its qualities as scientific enquiry.

Understanding Individual Political Ideology: Determinants and Tolerance

Political polarization and antipathy has grown greatly in the last few decades, causing more than simple political issues, having the ability to hurt regular peoples’ livelihood. The best way to help remedy this issue is for all people, regardless of ideological stance, to see those with a differing stance as decent people with perhaps a different approach. Therefore, understanding what factors make people think a certain way is a must. A two-variable axis was developed for this paper to more objectively measure ideology and to limit false ideological moderation as much as possible. This study used a 3 survey system with 16 unique ideological questions based on common political issues. The study asked for demographic information like Age and Gender, as well as unique factors theism, GPA, and tolerance. Results corroborated those of polling studies, as well as showed that Theism has a strong grip on ethical issues, GPA has very little effect, and those that tolerated opposing ideas tended to have a more traditional ethical view.

Privacy Tradeoffs: Who Should Make Them, and How?

Privacy debates are contentious in part because we have not reached a broadly recognized cultural consensus about whether interests in privacy are like most other interests that can be traded off in utilitarian, cost-benefit terms, or if instead privacy is different—fundamental to conceptions of dignity and personal liberty. Thus, at the heart of privacy debates is an unresolved question: is privacy just another interest that can and should be bartered, mined, and used in the economy, or is it different? This question identifies and isolates a wedge between those who hold essentially utilitarian views of ethics (and who would see many data practices as acceptable) and those who hold views of natural and fundamental rights (for whom common data mining practices are either never acceptable or, at the very least, never acceptable without significant participation and consent of the subject). This essay provides an intervention of a purely descriptive sort. First, I lay out several candidates for ethical guidelines that might legitimately undergird privacy law and policy. Only one of the ethical models (the natural right to sanctuary) can track the full scope and implications of fundamental rights-based privacy laws like the GDPR. Second, the project contributes to the field of descriptive ethics by using a vignette experiment to discover which of the various ethical models people actually do seem to hold and abide by. The vignette study uses a factorial design to help isolate the roles of various factors that may contribute to the respondents’ gauge of what an ethical firm should or should not do in the context of personal data use as well as two other non-privacy-related contexts. The results can shed light on whether privacy-related ethics are different and distinct from business ethics more generally. They also illuminate which version(s) of good and “bad” share broad support and deserve to be reflected in privacy law or business practice. The results of the vignette experiment show that on balance, Americans subscribe to some form of utilitarianism, although a substantial minority subscribe to a natural right to sanctuary approach. Thus, consent and prohibitions of data practices are appropriate where the likely risks to some groups (most importantly, data subjects, but also firms and third parties) outweigh the benefits.

Trolleys, triage and Covid-19: the role of psychological realism in sacrificial dilemmas

ABSTRACT At the height of the Covid-19 pandemic, frontline medical professionals at intensive care units around the world faced gruesome decisions about how to ration life-saving medical resources. These events provided a unique lens through which to understand how the public reasons about real-world dilemmas involving trade-offs between human lives. In three studies (total N = 2298), we examined people’s moral attitudes toward the triage of acute coronavirus patients, and found elevated support for utilitarian triage policies. These utilitarian tendencies did not stem from period change in moral attitudes relative to pre-pandemic levels–but rather, from the heightened realism of triage dilemmas. Participants favoured utilitarian resolutions of critical care dilemmas when compared to structurally analogous, non-medical dilemmas–and such support was rooted in prosocial dispositions, including empathy and impartial beneficence. Finally, despite abundant evidence of political polarisation surrounding Covid-19, moral views about critical care triage differed modestly, if at all, between liberals and conservatives. Taken together, our findings highlight people’s robust support for utilitarian measures in the face of a global public health threat, and illustrate how the dominant methods in moral psychology (e.g. trolley cases) may deliver insights that do not generalise to real-world moral dilemmas.

A Grounded Theory of Pro-Nature Behaviour: From Moral Concern to Sustained Action

Worldwide ecosystem decline is a pressing issue that has led governments to sign up to biodiversity-related targets, but little is known about what drives individuals’ conservation behaviour. This study uses a qualitative methodology (grounded theory) to understand what leads to pro-nature attitudes and behaviours. Twenty participants (10 men; 10 women) underwent semi-structured interviews and audio files were transcribed and coded to form the basis of theory. The authors propose a model based on interview material in which species with intrinsic value (i.e., deemed valuable in their own right, not for their usefulness to humans) are within the bounds of moral consideration. Individuals with generalised beliefs about the intrinsic value of non-human species expressed moral concern for human-caused impacts on nature. External prompts, including social messages, were associated with sporadic pro-nature behaviours. Individuals engaging in sustained behaviour showed evidence of having internalised moral standard of pro-nature actions and also appeared to fashion a social environment that would sustain and enhance their moral views. We discuss the implications of our findings with respect to conservation campaign messaging and government policy.

P-352 Beyond individualisation: towards a more contextualised understanding of women’s social egg freezing experiences

Abstract Study question What are the moral perceptions and views of women considering social egg freezing? Summary answer Participants did not perceive egg freezing as a morally problematic solution to societal problems but addressed concerns about relationship formation and wanted more social efforts. What is known already Central to the social egg freezing debate is the individualisation argument which underlines the idea that it is morally problematic to use individual medical-technological solutions, such as egg freezing, to solve the societal challenges women face, for instance in the current labour market. It has been said that, instead of quick medical-technical solutions that target individual women’s bodies, we should focus on substantive changes that target the androcentric work culture. This theme relates to feminist concerns about unnecessary medicalisation geared towards women. Furthermore, there is a call for more empirical studies to back up this central normative claim. Study design, size, duration Seventeen participants were recruited by psychologists working in two Belgian centres for reproductive medicine which offer egg freezing for social reasons. In addition, four participants were recruited through via social networks. Interviews took place between February 2019 and November 2020 at a location of the participants’ preference or through online video connections. Participants/materials, setting, methods At the beginning of the interview, open questions were asked to invite the participants to speak about social egg freezing in their own words. In the second part of the interview, we used four cards with controversial statements based on a study of the bioethics literature, to encourage the participants to reflect about ethical concerns. In this part, we engaged in Socratic dialogue. For the analysis, thematic analysis was used combined with interdisciplinary collaborative auditing. Main results and the role of chance This is the first study providing empirical evidence about (potential) egg freezers’ moral reasoning about individualisation arguments. Most participants in our study could make sense of the individualisation argument but emphasised another societal challenge rather than the current labour market. They highlighted ‘the lack of a partner relationship’ as driving their motivation for this procedure. The shortage of eligible partners has been well defined in social science scholarship about social egg freezing but this element has rarely been articulated in the premises of individualisation arguments. This topic of relationships is challenging to analyse from a normative perspective because it was experienced as much more personal and intimate by the women in our study than for instance measures to realise more fair labour conditions, such as improved access to childcare. Some participants believed egg freezing resulted from individual problems and found the individualisation argument not applicable to their own situation. Furthermore, no participant found the individualisation argument legitimate to depict social freezing as morally problematic. Nonetheless, the participants showed a sense of sympathy with women who lack access to egg freezing and were in favour of societal solutions in several public domains. Limitations, reasons for caution Given that we report on a small-scale qualitative study of possible social egg freezers at two Belgian fertility clinics, and that our study foregrounds the voices of mostly white higher educated women who were able to afford this technology, our results cannot be generalised to all social egg freezers. Wider implications of the findings Our findings can contribute to a better understanding of previously identified normative arguments (e.g., individualisation and unnecessary medicalisation). There is a definite need to further analyse the complex interplay between respecting autonomous choices and evaluating contextual factors in this debate and other practices where similar individualisation arguments are used. Trial registration number Not applicable

P–352 Beyond individualisation: towards a more contextualised understanding of women’s social egg freezing experiences

Abstract Study question What are the moral perceptions and views of women considering social egg freezing? Summary answer Participants did not perceive egg freezing as a morally problematic solution to societal problems but addressed concerns about relationship formation and wanted more social efforts. What is known already Central to the social egg freezing debate is the individualisation argument which underlines the idea that it is morally problematic to use individual medical-technological solutions, such as egg freezing, to solve the societal challenges women face, for instance in the current labour market. It has been said that, instead of quick medical-technical solutions that target individual women’s bodies, we should focus on substantive changes that target the androcentric work culture. This theme relates to feminist concerns about unnecessary medicalisation geared towards women. Furthermore, there is a call for more empirical studies to back up this central normative claim. Study design, size, duration Seventeen participants were recruited by psychologists working in two Belgian centres for reproductive medicine which offer egg freezing for social reasons. In addition, four participants were recruited through via social networks. Interviews took place between February 2019 and November 2020 at a location of the participants’ preference or through online video connections. Participants/materials, setting, methods At the beginning of the interview, open questions were asked to invite the participants to speak about social egg freezing in their own words. In the second part of the interview, we used four cards with controversial statements based on a study of the bioethics literature, to encourage the participants to reflect about ethical concerns. In this part, we engaged in Socratic dialogue. For the analysis, thematic analysis was used combined with interdisciplinary collaborative auditing. Main results and the role of chance This is the first study providing empirical evidence about (potential) egg freezers’ moral reasoning about individualisation arguments. Most participants in our study could make sense of the individualisation argument but emphasised another societal challenge rather than the current labour market. They highlighted ‘the lack of a partner relationship’ as driving their motivation for this procedure. The shortage of eligible partners has been well defined in social science scholarship about social egg freezing but this element has rarely been articulated in the premises of individualisation arguments. This topic of relationships is challenging to analyse from a normative perspective because it was experienced as much more personal and intimate by the women in our study than for instance measures to realise more fair labour conditions, such as improved access to childcare. Some participants believed egg freezing resulted from individual problems and found the individualisation argument not applicable to their own situation. Furthermore, no participant found the individualisation argument legitimate to depict social freezing as morally problematic. Nonetheless, the participants showed a sense of sympathy with women who lack access to egg freezing and were in favour of societal solutions in several public domains. Limitations, reasons for caution Given that we report on a small-scale qualitative study of possible social egg freezers at two Belgian fertility clinics, and that our study foregrounds the voices of mostly white higher educated women who were able to afford this technology, our results cannot be generalised to all social egg freezers. Wider implications of the findings: Our findings can contribute to a better understanding of previously identified normative arguments (e.g., individualisation and unnecessary medicalisation). There is a definite need to further analyse the complex interplay between respecting autonomous choices and evaluating contextual factors in this debate and other practices where similar individualisation arguments are used. Trial registration number Not applicable

Moral Psychopharmacology Needs Moral Inquiry: The Case of Psychedelics.

The revival of psychedelic research coincided and more recently conjoined with psychopharmacological research on how drugs affect moral judgments and behaviors. This article makes the case for a moral psychopharmacology of psychedelics that examines whether psychedelics serve as non-specific amplifiers that enable subjects to (re-)connect with their values, or whether they promote specific moral-political orientations such as liberal and anti-authoritarian views, as recent psychopharmacological studies suggest. This question gains urgency from the fact that the return of psychedelics from counterculture and underground laboratories to mainstream science and society has been accompanied by a diversification of their users and uses. We propose bringing the pharmacological and neuroscientific literature into a conversation with historical and anthropological scholarship documenting the full spectrum of moral and political views associated with the uses of psychedelics. This paper sheds new light on the cultural plasticity of drug action and has implications for the design of psychedelic pharmacopsychotherapies. It also raises the question of whether other classes of psychoactive drugs have an equally rich moral and political life.