Moral Subject Research Articles

초등도덕과교육방법론의 목적에 대한 철학적 접근 연구

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to find meaning through a philosophical approach for elementary moral subject education methodology being developed by the elementary school teacher training university. Methods: To this end, the teachers’role in elementary moral subjects and elementary moral subject education as subject education were explored philosophically. In addition, the role of professors and students in the elementary moral education methodology derived from the feature of elementary moral subject education and teachers was examined. Results: As a result, each item has a dual feature. It was confirmed that a clear understanding of this is required by all members. Conclusion: Based on this understanding, the research first, explored the dual feature of elementary moral subjects and teachers, secondly, it confirmed the role of professors and students in elementary moral education methodology, and thirdly, there was emphasis placed on the meaning of a new dimension beyond the general level of each item and participant.

Implications of Sartre's Existentialism Philosophy on the Moral Education

사르트르는 인간의 근원적인 불안이 자유에 기인하는 것으로 파악한다. 의식으로서의 대자(對自)는 타인의 시선에서 결코 자유로울 수 없다. 그러나 인간은 불안을 지우기 위해서 자유를 포기하고 자기기만에 빠지는 경향이 있다. 실존으로서의 인간은 스스로 자신을 만들어가는 존재자다. 사르트르는 인간 실존의 핵심으로 자유를 꼽는다. 인간존재는 고정되어 있지 않다. 끊임없이 변화하며 다수성을 내포하고 있는 자유로운 의식의 존재다. 대자는 자신을 대상화하여 바라볼 수 있다. 대자는 실체로서 존재하지 않지만 자유롭게 즉자(卽自)를 부정할 수 있다. 자유로운 인간은 자기 내면성에 대한 내적 부정을 통해서 자기 자신을 새롭게 형성할 수 있다. 자율적 선택에 따라 자기 삶을 사는 사람만이 도덕적 주체로서 자신의 존재론적 책임을 다할 수 있다. 인간의 자기기만 극복과 자유를 강조한 사르트르의 실존주의 철학은 도덕적 주체의 정립을 추구하는 도덕교육과 관련하여 이론적 뒷받침이 되어준다.Sartre understands that the fundamental human anxiety is caused by freedom. For itself as consciousness can never be free from the gaze of others. However, humans tend to give up their freedom to get rid of their anxiety and fall into self-deception. Human beings as existential beings are beings who create themselves. According to Sartre, freedom is the essence of human existence. Human existence is not fixed. It is an existence of free consciousness that is constantly changing and contains a plurality. For itself can objectify itself and look at it. Although for itself does not exist as a substance, it can freely deny in itself. A free man can reshape himself through an inner denial of his inner self. Only those who live their lives according to their autonomous choices can fulfill their ontological responsibilities as a moral subject. Sartre's existentialist philosophy, which emphasized overcoming human self-deception and freedom, provides theoretical support in relation to moral education that seeks to establish a moral subject.

Modernity from Elsewhere: Psychoanalysis, Ethnography, and Speculative Horizons of Self-Assertion

Modernity from Elsewhere: Psychoanalysis, Ethnography, and Speculative Horizons of Self-Assertion

Commitment to Freedom: A Fannish Struggle for the Representativeness of Political Identities

Purpose – The aim of the current study is to investigate how fans behave towards the greater introduction of political identities in pop culture. Theoretical framework – The idea of consumption as an identity-building instrument, the growing discussions on political identities and the emergence of the entertainment industry as an arena for consumer resistance are associated with each other. Design/methodology/approach – Foucauldian archeogenealogy was applied to the online forum called TheForce.net. Findings – Militancy and sympathy were identified as moral agencies of consumers. Despite their uniqueness, they show commitment to freedom and indicate how fans see the representativeness of political identities as a continuous struggle vis-à-vis dominant ideological forces. Practical & social implications of research – Foucauldian analysis and interpretation allow us to discuss the ethical articulation produced by fans as a social commitment. This is a fan culture response to the recent inclusion of representativeness in the entertainment industry. Thus, the current research provides the basis to think about the applications and potential consolidation of ethical productions in CCT investigations. Originality/Value – Foucault’s theory about the constitution of the moral subject was adopted here to analyze consumption as a practice aligned to the growing demand for representativeness in the entertainment industry. Keywords: Subjectivity, political identity, pop culture, archeogenealogy, Star Wars.

Reading the Inscriptions of Our Lifeworld

This existential phenomenological exploration concerns how writing is not the mere tool for communication and commemoration, or the supplementary image of a memory, but is closely connected to the phenomenon of the grave. The exploration aims to show a transgenerational mode of human existence and moral life, by considering how the becoming of a historical, which is to say a transgenerational subject through the features that writing and the grave together lets us capture, is also importantly bound to the becoming of a moral subject, or an “I,” in relation to the passed away other.

Loyola’s God and Descartes’s Method

This article contrasts Saint Augustine’s role in the creation of the Church’s theological dogma to Loyola’s modern gesture of independence vis-à-vis the Church. It then traces Loyola’s method to the core that grounds Descartes’ philosophical works. This core, I claim, is derived from Descartes’ understanding and imitation of the Spiritual Exercises. The Exercises obviate the Church by making it redundant, unnecessary. From this disavowal and distancing, Loyola gives the exercitant the psychological tools to emerge from the Exercises with a strong, new sense of self that with time will transform the institution from within. In Descartes’ case, the moral subject capable of responding to the question of what God wants (the product of the Exercises) is displaced by the epistemological certainty necessary to create a new “Method” to study and understand the world.

Негативная этика А.А. Гусейнова на пересечении стратегий обоснования морали

The article analyzes the negative ethics of Abdusalam A. Guseinov as an original way to justify absolute morality. The supposition of the philosopher’s ethical rea­soning is an appeal to the Aristotelian understanding of the Supreme Good as the ultimate goal, the achievement of which does not depend on external conditions and fully coincides with the individually responsible decision of a reasonable subject. The choice of such goal determines the self-sufficiency of moral motiva­tion which creates an indisputable priority of moral obligation over all other hu­man obligations and motives. As a result, the justification of morality is devel­oped by A.A. Guseinov as the logic of convincing an individual capable to rank her life goals in the absolute priority of striving for the Supreme Good. Accord­ing to A.A. Guseinov the adequate embodiments of this goal setting are a) the moral prohibition interpreted as a norm having direct effect and b) the negative act that consistently implements this prohibition. The decision to commit such an act is made in the course of “thought-experiment” and is fixed in the subjunc­tive mood, which A.A. Guseinov (by the example of the Golden rule and Kant’s categorical imperative) assigns the key role in the sphere of morality. At the same time identity of moral responsibility with individual one, established in M.M. Bakhtin’s philosophy of action, cements the synthesis of Aristotelian and Kantian strategies for justifying morality in the negative ethics. A.A. Guseinov considers the ethics of non-violence a final normative concretization of absolute morality. The ethics of non-violence ensures the genuine independence of the moral subject both from the external circumstances and actions of other people, and from her own inclinations and affects.

Сhildfree in the Focus of Qualitative Sociological Research

The article deals with the problematics of childfree in sociological discourse. It is noted that the concept of "childfree" appears in the context of rethinking the prevailing public discourse about childlessness. If the concept of “childless” refers to people who are childless for reasons beyond their control, then the concept of “childfree” refers to people who are childless because they themselves made such a choice. Attention is focused on the insufficient development of this issue in modern Ukrainian sociology. A review of sociological studies of the childfree phenomenon, implemented using qualitative methods, is carried out. In particular, the work of the British sociologist Josephine Davies, devoted to the question of how women who choose not to be mothers experience the period from 45 to 55; the study by J. Veevers, who singles out "early articulators", "postponers", "aficionados" and "rejectors" among the childfree; E. Campbell, who shows that sometimes the nature of the relationship between a woman and her mother can influence a woman's choice to be a childfree in the future; R. Gillespie, who studies in detail the formation of the identity of chіldfree women; P. Bonnici, who studies the impact of voluntary childlessness on a woman's identity; K. Park, which reveals the strategies of stigma management that use childfree; A. Campbell, who studies the social perception of women who have chosen sterilization as a permanent form of contraception. The opinion is expressed that the phenomenon of childfree can be considered in the context of "aesthetics of existence" or "self-technique" (M. Foucault), because the question of whether or not to have children is not subject to strict moral prohibitions, but rather intense moral issues. If voluntary childlessness is a form of stylization of life, then, accordingly, it can be analyzed in such aspects as: determination of ethical substance, way of self-subordination, form of ethical work and teleology of the moral subject.

The fetus in the age of the genome

Due to a number of recent achievements, the field of prenatal medicine is now on the verge of a profound transformation into prenatal genomic medicine. This transformation is expected to not only substantially expand the spectrum of prenatal diagnostic and screening possibilities, but finally also to advance fetal care and the prenatal management of certain fetal diseases and malformations. It will come along with new and profound challenges for the normative framework and clinical care pathways in prenatal (and reproductive) medicine. To adequately address the potential ethically challenging aspects without discarding the obvious benefits, several agents are required to engage in different debates. The permissibility of the sequencing of the whole fetal exome or genome will have to be examined from a philosophical and legal point of view, in particular with regard to conflicts with potential rights of future children. A second requirement is a societal debate on the question of priority setting and justice in relation to prenatal genomic testing. Third, a professional-ethical debate and positioning on the goal of prenatal genomic testing and a consequential re-structuring of clinical care pathways seems to be important. In all these efforts, it might be helpful to envisage the unborn rather not as a fetus, not as a separate moral subject and a second “patient”, but in its unique physical connection with the pregnant woman, and to accept the moral quandaries implicitly given in this situation.

The Actor Analogy in Off. 1: A Platonic-Aristotelian Perspective for a Topic of Stoic Use

There has been much discussion about the origin of the actor analogy in Off. 1.107-115. Some scholars have considered that we are facing a theory of personality and even a proposal that would point towards the definition of a moral subject in Cicero’s work. Without discussing the Stoic origin of the analogy, this work argues that Cicero would take in De officiis a Stoic topic transforming it into a Platonic-Aristotelian sense. Thus, the interpretation according to which the first book of Cicero’s last philosophical work would have a profound academic and peripatetic influence is defended.

Етичний кодекс лікаря: виховання гідності

Education is a part of the educational process that forms a person’s ability to feel dignity in himself and in others. Such a skill is of particular importance to the healthcare professional, whose vocation requires sensitivity to the patient. In a state of disease, a person acutely experiences a “loss of dignity”. So, one of the tasks of a physician is to see the dignity of his patient, to recognize its regions that are injured, and to pay proper respect to the inviolable core of the dignity. The author of the article provides guidelines for such a distinction. She researches the types of dignity, identifies the most important of them, and demonstrates situations in medical practice in which this distinction is relevant.
 The author understands dignity as a multifaceted phenomenon which corresponds to the inviolable value of the human person, virtue, the status of a moral subject. Such multifacetedness is reflected in attempts to typologize dignity. The article presents the concepts of distinguishing types of dignity proposed by L. R. Kass (basic dignity of human being and full dignity of being human), V. Kniazevich (ontological and existential aspects), A. Rodziński (dignity of personality, personal dignity and dignity of the person), D. P. Sulmasy (attributed, inflorescent and intrinsic dignity).
 The disease, especially the serious one, is a test of dignity. The author, however, argues, that the basic layer of dignity remains inviolable even in states that do not correspond to the status of a rational being. It is claimed that the disease injures less significant layers of dignity. The physician’s vocation, therefore, is to recognize these injured aspects and to demonstrate to the patient the fact that his basic, intrinsic, ontological dignity cannot be lost under any circumstances. Educating future physicians to be able to distinguish between all aspects of dignity should be an important part of the educational process in medical schools.

‘I see it as a privilege to get to know them’. Moral dimensions in teachers’ work with unaccompanied refugee students in Swedish upper secondary school

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to analyze the moral dimensions of teachers’ experiences of working with unaccompanied refugee students in language introduction in Swedish upper secondary school. Theoretically, the analysis uses Bauman’s postmodern ethics, focusing on the tension between the social and the moral space in teachers’ encounters with unaccompanied students. The empirical material is derived from interviews with three teachers, and a reflexive interview approach was used. The outcome of the analysis shows that balancing professional and moral responsibilities is a challenge, and also that while teachers strive to see their students as Other in a moral sense, the demands of the profession might get in the way. This aporia of proximity – the insoluble conflict between the social and the moral space – is faced by the teacher as a moral subject, adding complex moral dimensions to teachers’ work with unaccompanied students.

“Alexa, define empowerment”: voice assistants at home, appropriation and technoperformances

Purpose This paper aims to show how the production of meaning is a matter of people interacting with technologies, throughout their appropriation and in co-performances. The researchers rely on the case of household-based voice assistants that endorse speaking as a primary mode of interaction with technologies. By analyzing the ethical significance of voice assistants as co-producers of moral meaning intervening in the material and socio-cultural space of the home, the paper invites their informed and critical use as a form of (re-)empowerment while acknowledging their productive role in human values. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents an empirically informed philosophical analysis. Using the conceptual frameworks of technological appropriation and human–technological performances, while drawing on the interviews with voice assistants’ users and literature studies, this paper unravels the meaning-making processes in relation to these technologies in the household use. It additionally draws on a Wittgensteinian perspective to attend to the productive role of language and link to wider cultural meanings. Findings By combining two approaches, appropriation and technoperformances, and analyzing the themes of privacy, power and knowledge, the paper shows how voice assistants help to shape a specific moral subject: embodied in space and made as it performatively responds to the device and makes sense of it together with others. Originality/value The researchers show how through making sense of technologies in appropriation and performatively responding to them, people can change and intervene in the power structures that technologies suggest.

Alberta Schweitzera koncepcja człowieka

Albert Schweitzer’s philosophy assumes that man is rational, free, moral and affirms every life that develops around him. The process of thinking shapes human activity. Schweitzer recognises that human acts that are subject to moral judgment should be preceded by rational reflection. Man’s mental abilities connect him with other people. Man belongs to another man.Schweitzer claims that freedom consists in the unrestricted action of a human subject, ensures participation in professional work and participation in culture. Work, thanks to freedom, cannot dehumanise man and culture is an emanation of free people.Man is a moral subject whose all acts are subject to moral evaluation. The goal of morality is the realisation of good. A good person is an individual who experiences authentic reverence for life in all its forms.

The Importance of Emotion in Moral Education Media Literacy Education in Moral Subject Education - Focused on Social Intuitionist Model -

The Importance of Emotion in Moral Education Media Literacy Education in Moral Subject Education - Focused on Social Intuitionist Model -

The Implications of Modern Technology (Gadjet) For Students Learning Development in University

The development of modern technology (gadgets) has led to the widespread use of Internet channels for everyday use among students at the University. Student engagement in the use of gadgets is usually online through mobile phones, computers, tablets and laptops. Generally, social media engagement with modern technology is a new phenomenon experienced by University students who are seen to have implications for their learning. The main objective of the study was to identify the positive and negative effects of gadgets on the development of student learning at the University. In addition, the researcher proposes steps to help students overcome the negative effects of excessive use of gadgets. This study was conducted using quantitative method that is by using ‘google form’ involving only 50 respondents consisting of students Moral Studies Subject of Year one (I) at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. The results show that the positive effects of the gadgets can help students find information on the subject and make it easier to complete their assignments. Also, using gadgets or modern technology can improve their quality of work. While the negative effect of the use of modern technology on learning is that students spend a lot of time playing video games, surfing social media and others that are on the smartphone. To overcome these negative effects, researchers suggest that every student should be good at dividing time to carry out tasks as students by prioritizing work over video games and social media.

2015년 도덕과 교육과정의 시민성 교육 쟁점 분석에 대한 일고

본 연구는 2015년 도덕과 교육과정의 시민성 교육에 대한 쟁점들을 분석하고 시민성 교육의 기본 방향에 대한 가능한 대안을 탐색해보고자 한 논문이다.BR 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여, 먼저 본 논문의 핵심 사항인 도덕과에서의 시민성 교육을 위한 쟁점들을 다루었다. 여기에서는 민주시민교육의 주체성 논의, 도덕과의 시민성 내용과 개념의 논의, 도덕적 시민성의 가치·덕목들에 대한 논의를 다루었다. 다음으로 2015년 교육과정의 시민교육 내용 방향과 요소들을 분석하였다. 먼저 ‘개인의 도덕적 시민성’과 ‘관계의 도덕적 시민성’을 기준으로 의무지향적 가치덕목과 권리지향적 가치덕목의 교육 내용이 어느 정도 방향성을 가지고 있는가에 대해서 분석하고자 하였다. 그리고 향후 교육과정 개편에서 의무지향과 권리지향의 균형 잡힌 내용 반영을 위한 노력이 필요함을 강조하였다.BR 이러한 논의를 바탕으로 향후 도덕과에서의 바람직한 시민성 교육을 위한 바람직한 모듈이 산출되기를 제안하고자 하였다.

EPISTEMOLOGY AND THEORY OF ACTION OF THE STOICS

The article is devoted to the epistemological foundations of the theory of action of the Stoics. According to the Stoics, the ideal moral subject acts correctly because she possesses knowledge. This knowledge can be understood in two ways: either it is awareness in the divine plan, or it is a correct axiological assessment. In linguistic terms, knowledge is expressed by subject-predicate judgments, to which the moral agent give an agreement, which leads to the appearance of an impulse, which prompts action. Skeptics turned their criticism to the Stoic criterion of truth – the comprehending representation and its result (comprehension), believing that by doing so they destroyed the ethics and Stoic’s theory of action, since these parts of the teaching depend on the theory of knowledge. However, the knowledge, thanks to which the moral subject receives his perfection, is much broader than a simple accurate comprehension of individual objects of external reality.

The Phenomenon of Conscience in Social Work

The Phenomenon of Conscience in Social Work

Innovation and Governance of Corporate Social Responsibility in the Digital and Intelligent Era

The essence of the digital and intelligent era is a round of economic and social changes driven by digital information technology. Human beings have moved from the traditional industrial economy era to the platform economy and intelligent algorithm society. Digital intelligence enterprises（Internet platform enterprises and artificial intelligence enterprises）driven by digital information technology have become micro organizations leading the new economic form to evolve continuously. Driven by artificial intelligence technology, products and services based on algorithm embedding have become important application scenarios of intelligent production and intelligent decision-making. Based on machine learning, intelligent data mining, and algorithm distribution, intelligent technology provides technical and organizational support for automatic production, automatic decision-making and automatic sales of all kinds of organizations. “Intelligent robot” has become a new “behavior subject”, which is different from the traditional moral subject and legal subject. The supervision and control of “intelligent robot” with independent analysis, reasoning and decision-making is becoming extremely urgent. However, the digital and intelligent technology in the digital society has not only reshaped the production efficiency and social productivity, but also caused a series of prominent social problems. The prominent problems are the lack and alienation of social responsibility of platform enterprises in the digital economy, the leakage of individual privacy caused by the application of intelligent algorithm, the ambiguity of the subject of enterprise ethics and responsibility, and the intensification of social inequality and social contradictions derived from data monopoly and algorithm discrimination. A series of new social problems need to be paid attention to in the digital and intelligent era. We believe that in the digital and intelligent era, corporate social responsibility faces all-round innovation, which is reflected in the fact that “intelligent robot” has become the new subject of CSR management and practice, platform enterprises and artificial intelligence enterprises（digital and intelligent enterprises）have become the new organizational carrier of CSR practice, platform business ecosystem has become the practice paradigm of corporate social responsibility, and algorithm governance has become the new focus of corporate social responsibility governance. Furthermore, based on the fact that algorithmic governance has become the key content of corporate social responsibility governance in the digital and intelligent era, this paper further studies three basic paradigms of algorithmic governance from the perspective of corporate social responsibility governance, namely, individual empowerment governance based on algorithm design and developers, traction governance based on digital and intelligent platform enterprises, and collaborative governance based on stakeholders（government, AI Association and application algorithm enterprises）, which reshape the new logic of algorithmic governance, and realize the sustainable and comprehensive value in the digital and intelligent era.