Moral Significance Research Articles

Responding to a Non-Imminently Dying Patient's Request for Pacemaker Deactivation.

Based on Nathan Goldstein's case report, "But I have a pacer…there is no point in engaging in hypothetical scenarios": A Non-imminently Dying Patient's Request for Pacemaker Deactivation, it is reasonable to conclude that it was, all-things-considered, ethically appropriate to grant the patient's request to deactivate her pacemaker. Philosophically, and as a clinical bioethicist, I support the team's decision to honor the patient's request for pacemaker deactivation. However, it is worth exploring a bit further whether the distress on the part of the outside hospital's ethics committee and providers-who declined to honor the patient's request for pacemaker deactivation-may actually track something of moral significance. Might their discomfort around deactivation be "truth-tracking" in moral terms?

Lost in wonder: a response to Schinkel’s ‘deep’ wonder in education

Abstract In this paper, I aim to clarify the role of ‘wonder’ in education. Most of us who work in education want to provide valuable experiences for our students, and we want them to be driven by intrinsic values such as truth and recognition of the dignity of human existence. However, whilst I echo many of the sentiments espoused by advocates of the utility and ethical significance of wonder, I contend that some recent developments—and in particular, Schinkel’s argument that ‘deep’ (‘contemplative’ or ‘cosmic’) wonder has a ‘fundamental’ role in education—are misconceived. This is, I argue, because any concept deployable within educational spaces (whether formal or informal) must pay due regard to the conceptual constraints of the concept of ‘education’; that is, attention must be paid to the role of ‘learning’. Schinkel’s proposals are, I suggest, vulnerable to a critique of sentimentalism and excessive romanticism. As such, they offer little in terms of practical import for educators. As I will propose, if we are to take ‘wonder’ seriously in educational contexts, we must pay attention to the purpose of wonder as an epistemic emotion; namely, aiming for knowledge and understanding, and getting there requires sensitivity to practical know-how and conceptual competence.

Existential Risk, Astronomical Waste, and the Reasonableness of a Pure Time Preference for Well-Being

Abstract In this paper, we argue that our moral concern for future well-being should reduce over time due to important practical considerations about how humans interact with spacetime. After surveying several of these considerations (around equality, special duties, existential contingency, and overlapping moral concern) we develop a set of core principles that can both explain their moral significance and highlight why this is inherently bound up with our relationship with spacetime. These relate to the equitable distribution of (1) moral concern in a universe that we can only causally affect in one temporal direction; (2) access to the benefits from using spacetime as a resource; and (3) the burdens of care given (1) and (2). We conclude by considering the practical implications of our argument and find that, while it is often assumed that a preference for present over future well-being weakens the case for existential risk mitigation, this likely is not the case.

Prophetic Literary Ethics in the Book of Poetry When Grass Meets God by Ahmadun Yosi Herfanda

Ahmadun Yosi Herfanda is a widely recognized Sufistic-religious poet, known for his poetry book When Grass Meets God. The book is divided into two parts: The First Kiss for God and the influential Prayer of Grass. This compilation showcases the significance of prophetic literary ethics in Herfanda's creations. This study aims to uncover the prophetic literary ethics within When Grass Meets God, employing a semiotic approach guided by Paul Recoeur's hermeneutics. The research primarily relies on the poems within the book as data sources. To identify instances of prophetic literary ethics, the study analyzes words, phrases, and sentences that exemplify these principles. The analytical method employed is hermeneutic reading. The book reveals three distinct forms of prophetic literary ethics. Firstly, the poems embody an epistemology of transcendental structuralism, presenting the ethical principles of prophetic literature. Secondly, poems serve as a means of worship, embodying the ethical principles of prophetic literature. Lastly, they establish inter-conscious relationships, further reflecting these ethical principles.

Building Communication Ethics in the Leadership of the Junior State 2 High School in Gorontalo, OSIS Management for the 2022-2023 Period

This article investigates the significance of communication ethics in shaping the leadership dynamics among OSIS (Organization of Islamic Students) administrators within educational institutions. Through empirical analysis, it is revealed that adherence to communication ethics profoundly influences the effectiveness of OSIS administrators, facilitating smooth execution of diverse OSIS activities and fostering strong interpersonal bonds among administrators and members alike. Moreover, the integration of communication ethics fosters harmonious collaboration between OSIS supervisors, teachers, parents, and administrators, thereby cultivating a conducive environment for organizational growth and development. Furthermore, the application of communication ethics within the leadership framework of OSIS administration augments administrators' cognitive capacities, skill sets, and overall achievements, both academically and in extracurricular endeavors. This study underscores the pivotal role of communication ethics in enhancing leadership efficacy and fostering holistic development within the OSIS management milieu.

Fugitive Philosophy

: The central inquiry of this article concerns the ethical orientation within post-structuralism, specifically questioning its potential affinity with deontology. While the “philosophers of difference” offer divergent perspectives on the doctrine of judgment, Jacques Derrida folds it within Deconstruction as a nomo-aporetic transcendental horizon. To understand this operation and its potential ethical significance, I suggest Jean-François Lyotard offers the best counter-model with which to compare against Derrida’s. Amongst their direct and indirect exchanges with each other is a dialogue concerning the law and its fundamental ground. Through their respective readings of Kafka – Derrida’s reading of “Before the Law” and Lyotard’s reading of “In the Penal Colony” – both attempt to delineate how the specific nature of the ground of the law determines the way in which an individual becomes subject to the law. Despite the enigmatic nature of their discourses, their comparison reveals converging and diverging trajectories in their ethical reflections as they push toward thinking the limits of lawfulness. Through such a comparative study of their texts, this exploration aims to unveil the shared fugitive vector of their ethical contemplations within the post-structuralist framework.

Biodiversity and its importance

Biodiversity, the variety of life on Earth, is a cornerstone of our planet's health and resilience. This article provides a comprehensive introduction to biodiversity, exploring its definition, levels, and the intricate web of relationships that sustain life. We delve into the importance of biodiversity across ecosystems, its role in human well-being, and the threats it faces. Through a multidimensional lens, we examine the economic, ecological, cultural, and ethical significance of biodiversity, emphasizing the need for conservation efforts. The article concludes with a call to action, highlighting the pivotal role individuals, communities, and governments play in preserving Earth's biological diversity.

تفاعلية صيغ الأمر بين حقولها الدلاليَّة وأغراضها البلاغيَّة في كتاب؛ "روائع الحكم في بدائع الكلم" لعمر محمد الأول الإمام (دراسة لغويَّة تطبيقيَّة)

Abstract: The formulas and pairs within structures are simplified and engage with semantic fields at a higher level, enabling the image to perceive and comprehend the rooted structure to derive meaning. Content is shaped by the arrangement of sentence words, interconnecting their meanings proportionally through scrutiny, proof, analysis, and reasoning. Each component contributes to the composition's origin, structure, and wisdom, employing morphology and depiction. As sentences manifest speech and represent psychological images of natural composition, letters, with their sounds, movements, and placements, hold moral significance. This research aims to delve into a specific book, "Masterpieces of Wisdom in Marvelous Expressions" by Dr. Umar Muhammad Lawal Al-Imam, uncovering elements impossible to discern solely from its composition, thereby justifying imperative forms according to the word. It explores various purposes of speech and aspects of expressions within clear discourse, distinguishing them by structure and meaning as they synergize. The significance of this study lies in its ability to independently establish analogies and standards for employing imperative verbs, elucidating their meanings within the context of the analyzed book. By revealing multiple patterns of relationships, it enhances the recipient's understanding of text rulings through organized word structures.

From Tendencies and Drives to Affectivity and Ethics: Husserl and Scheler on the Mother–Child Relationship

The reassessment of intentionality as “tendency” or “drive,” already important when the intentionality at stake designates the directedness of lived experiences toward a particular object, might be even more crucial when the orientation toward others is concerned. How do drives and affects intermingle within our intersubjective life and fashion our relations to others? The present paper will address this question by focusing on a particular or even primary kind of intersubjectivity: the mother–child relationship, that received a particular, yet still insufficiently noticed attention in early phenomenology. Scheler and Husserl both analyse this relationship, indeed, in terms that imply drive intentionality as well as affective intentionality (that is, for what concerns the mother, maternal instinct and maternal love). In their view, this relation also has a crucial ethical significance, and may even be taken to be paradigmatic for ethical relationships as such. Accordingly, drive intentionality is understood as an instinctive orientation toward others, that love takes up and develops, thus providing an affective and even instinctive ground for ethical behaviour. All this imples the depart from an ethics grounded on the primacy and sufficiency of reason.

The Impact of Mandatory IFRS Adoption on the Value Relevance of Published Accounting Information: Evidence from Iraqi Private Banks

The study aimed to identify the impact of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) on the value Relevance of accounting information in a sample of banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange. The study dealt with the method of analyzing the information content of the annual financial statements published on the Iraq Stock Exchange website, which number (46). Banks. (15) Banks were chosen as a sample for the study for the period (2012-2021). This sample was determined according to two basic conditions: the availability of financial statements for the year 2021 and the banks’ continuation of disclosing their data for the specified years without interruption. The independent variable was measured by financial reporting standards. The international standard (IFRS) was set at a value of (1.0), and the second variable (value Relevance) was measured using the model (Ohlson, 1995). Data analysis was also conducted through the use of statistical methods and tools and the statistical program (stata), and the study concluded that there is a relationship there is a positive moral significance between the application of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the value Relevance of published accounting information. This means that the greater the trend towards adopting international financial reporting standards is accompanied by an increase in the levels of value Relevance of accounting information. The study recommended the necessity the Central Bank of Iraq obligates banks listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange to comply with the requirements of international financial reporting standards, which in turn reduces information asymmetry by disclosing Relevance accounting information to current and prospective investors.

The Donation of Human Biological Material for Brain Organoid Research: The Problems of Consciousness and Consent

Human brain organoids are three-dimensional masses of tissues derived from human stem cells that partially recapitulate the characteristics of the human brain. They have promising applications in many fields, from basic research to applied medicine. However, ethical concerns have been raised regarding the use of human brain organoids. These concerns primarily relate to the possibility that brain organoids may become conscious in the future. This possibility is associated with uncertainties about whether and in what sense brain organoids could have consciousness and what the moral significance of that would be. These uncertainties raise further concerns regarding consent from stem cell donors who may not be sufficiently informed to provide valid consent to the use of their donated cells in human brain organoid research. Furthermore, the possibility of harm to the brain organoids raises question about the scope of the donor’s autonomy in consenting to research involving these entities. Donor consent does not establish the reasonableness of the risk and harms to the organoids, which ethical oversight must ensure by establishing some measures to mitigate them. To address these concerns, we provide three proposals for the consent procedure for human brain organoid research. First, it is vital to obtain project-specific consent rather than broad consent. Second, donors should be assured that appropriate measures will be taken to protect human brain organoids during research. Lastly, these assurances should be fulfilled through the implementation of precautionary measures. These proposals aim to enhance the ethical framework surrounding human brain organoid research.

From Humanitarian Intervention to Regime Change in Libya: Human Agency in the Production and Transformation of Global Security Assemblages

The paper examines human agency in the production and transformation of global security assemblages. A situated conception of human agency is elaborated theoretically through the reincorporation of key concepts from Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari’s original oeuvre, such as ‘bodies’ ‘desire’ and ‘affect’. Through this Deleuzoguattarian assemblage framework it becomes possible to distinguish between human/non-human and active/reactive forms of agency, while not losing sight of how human actions invariably take place within broader structures of signification. To showcase the utility and analytical potential of this approach, the paper returns to a paradigmatic case of global security cooperation in recent times: the military intervention in Libya of 2011. Through the assemblage framework advocated it is illustrated how the agency of the governments of the United Kingdom, France and the United States is crucial for making connections with other bodies in the production of a Libyan humanitarian intervention assemblage, and later bringing about its transformation into a Libyan regime change assemblage. More than this, it becomes possible to grasp how in fact both these processes form part of a single Western-led biopolitical-geopolitical strategy. The paper concludes by emphasising the political and ethical significance of an appreciation of human agency in global security assemblages. De l’intervention humanitaire au renversement du régime en Libye : l’agentivité humaine dans la production et la transformation des agencements de la sécurité mondiale

Ethics between two worlds: The moral significance of Italian places in Henry James’s literature

This article questions the ethical profile of some of the characters in Henry James’s literature in relation to concrete life places and situations. It refers first to the Diary of a Man of Fifty, because this short tale anticipates the themes that would dominate James's later works. It focuses in particular on Portrait of a Lady, not without mentioning Daisy Miller, because the descriptions of Italy in those pages help to flesh out the themes that the article wishes to highlight: the encounter between America and Europe (Italy in particular, with Florence and Rome), and the way circumstances determine the moral development of James’s characters. Self-consciousness through conflict with the surrounding world is one of the most vivid topics in James's literature. The personal condition of those who left the USA to settle in Europe became the subject of many of his novels, with all the baggage of incomplete experiences, anxieties and the pain of an integration never fully realized.

Exploring the Feasibility for Utilizing Recycled Palm Waste in Decorative Design Applications as Enhancements for Tourist Destinations: A Step toward Environmental Sustainability

The study aimed to explore the feasibility for repurposing discarded palm tree waste as artistic creations and decorative elements, contributing to sustainability and environmental preservation at tourist destinations. Employing both descriptive and applied approaches, a series of artworks, totaling eight pieces, were conceptualized and crafted by art education students following the chemical treatment of the palm tree material. To assess the sustainability achieved in these artworks, a questionnaire was administered to 55 visitors at tourist destinations who attended an art exhibition organized for this purpose at King Faisal University’s Department of Art Education. Utilizing the SPSS (Version 26) program, the data underwent analysis, including calculating averages, standard deviations, and a t-test to gauge the extent to which sustainability standards were met. The study revealed a high average response score (3.925) for meeting sustainability criteria in creating art pieces from palm waste, particularly as complementary elements to the interior design of tourist resorts. Visitors exhibited positive responses, emphasizing the moral significance of this sustainable practice. This suggests the potential for recycling palm waste to produce decorative elements for interior designs in tourist resorts. The study recommended further specialized research to generate raw materials from palm waste applicable in designs and decorations beyond tourist destinations and in various settings.

Integrating ethics in AI development: a qualitative study

BackgroundWhile the theoretical benefits and harms of Artificial Intelligence (AI) have been widely discussed in academic literature, empirical evidence remains elusive regarding the practical ethical challenges of developing AI for healthcare. Bridging the gap between theory and practice is an essential step in understanding how to ethically align AI for healthcare. Therefore, this research examines the concerns and challenges perceived by experts in developing ethical AI that addresses the healthcare context and needs.MethodsWe conducted semi-structured interviews with 41 AI experts and analyzed the data using reflective thematic analysis.ResultsWe developed three themes that expressed the considerations perceived by experts as essential for ensuring AI aligns with ethical practices within healthcare. The first theme explores the ethical significance of introducing AI with a clear and purposeful objective. The second theme focuses on how experts are concerned about the tension that exists between economic incentives and the importance of prioritizing the interests of doctors and patients. The third theme illustrates the need to develop context-sensitive AI for healthcare that is informed by its underlying theoretical foundations.ConclusionsThe three themes collectively emphasized that beyond being innovative, AI must genuinely benefit healthcare and its stakeholders, meaning AI also aligns with intricate and context-specific healthcare practices. Our findings signal that instead of narrow product-specific AI guidance, ethical AI development may need a systemic, proactive perspective that includes the ethical considerations (objectives, actors, and context) and focuses on healthcare applications. Ethically developing AI involves a complex interplay between AI, ethics, healthcare, and multiple stakeholders.

Sentience, Vulcans, and zombies: the value of phenomenal consciousness

AbstractMany think that a specific aspect of phenomenal consciousness—valenced or affective experience—is essential to consciousness’s moral significance (valence sentientism). They hold that valenced experience is necessary for well-being, or moral status, or psychological intrinsic value (or all three). Some think that phenomenal consciousness generally is necessary for non-derivative moral significance (broad sentientism). Few think that consciousness is unnecessary for moral significance (non-necessitarianism). In this paper, I consider the prospects for these views. I first consider the prospects for valence sentientism in light of Vulcans, beings who are conscious but without affect or valence of any sort. I think Vulcans pressure us to accept broad sentientism. But I argue that a consideration of explanations for broad sentientism opens up possible explanations for non-necessitarianism about the moral significance of consciousness. That is, once one leans away from valence sentientism because of Vulcans, one should feel pressure to accept a view on which consciousness is not necessary for well-being, moral status, or psychological intrinsic value.

Ectogenesis and the value of gestational ties.

Ectogenesis technology would make it possible to support the complete gestational development of a human being outside the female body. Proponents argue that this technology offers a welcome opportunity to expand reproductive options for those unable or unwilling to gestate. However, by completely bypassing pregnancy, the use of ectogenesis prevents the formation of gestational family ties. Consequently, it has faced criticism for perpetuating a patriarchal view of the family that undermines the moral significance of gestation. The concern is that the introduction of this technology might result in the loss of reproductive autonomy for those who desire to experience pregnancy, as they face pressures to opt for ectogenesis instead. Existing accounts of family values define parents' rights to rear a child, but they fail to establish a right to gestate that can protect an individual's interest in bearing a child. To provide a more comprehensive account of family values, I argue that pregnancy involves a unique quality of intimacy and can make distinct contributions to one's flourishing. Based on this premise, I defend a fundamental moral right to gestate that can help safeguard the option of pregnancy for those who desire it. In conclusion, I consider how a prospective gestator need not provide optimal conditions for fetal development in the way that ectogenesis promises in order for their choice of pregnancy to be justified.

Ethics in Artificial Intelligence: an Approach to Cybersecurity

In the paper, an analysis is conducted on the intricate relationship between ethics, artificial intelligence, and cybersecurity. The ethical principles that govern the advancement of AI are examined, alongside the security issues that arise from its implementation. The ethical utilization of artificial intelligence in the realms of cybersecurity and hacking is explored. Emphasis is placed on the significance of AI ethics, particularly in terms of transparency, accountability, and fairness. Additionally, the paper delves into the security challenges that emerge as AI is adopted, such as safeguarding user privacy and ensuring equitable access to the technology.

The Impact of Electronic Human Resources Management in Achieving Entrepreneurship

The current study aims to understand and analyze the relationship between the independent variable, electronic human resources management, represented by its dimensions (E-recruitment, E-training, E-development, E-performance evaluation, E-compensation), and the dependent variable is entrepreneurship with its dimensions (creativity, initiative, risk-taking), and the researcher adopted on a scale through the statistical program (SMART PLS) analysis of these dimensions to analysis the sample of 7 commercial banks in Iraq. The research problem was represented by the following question: (Is their perception and awareness of the benefits of electronic human resources management in achieving entrepreneurship), too many results, the most important of which was the presence of a positive correlation with moral significance between the variable electronic human resources management and entrepreneurship. This indicates any integration between the variables. The study came out with a set of recommendations, the most important of which was that the company must keep pace with new and continuous developments and releases, and include these releases in its products more widely than they are now to face the changes. Which may occur in customer desires due to technological innovations in the product. The electronic human resources system must be applied in all organizations because it contributes to achieving entrepreneurship.

The contemporary significance of modernist design ethics

The contemporary significance of modernist design ethics