Moral Point Of View Research Articles

The ethical dilemma of citizenship by investment

The article reveals socio-philosophical basis for judging the phenomenon of the citizenship by investment in the creative society from the ethical perspective. Different ways of assessing the development of forms and content of the citizenship by investment as social and moral progress or regress are demonstrated. The paradoxical nature of the creative class choice between a sound possibility to invest into the beneficial citizenship and a necessity of its limitation from the moral point of European community view, expressed in public space and the EU official political discourse, is explicated.

STEM education practices and moral character education: McSTEM?

The paper deals with the problems of the relationship between the practice of STEM education, which focuses only on scientific disciplines, knowledge, skills and abilities, and opposing views according to which educational practices consisting of scientific or academic disciplines such as STEM and educational practice focus on morality, values and virtues, ie directly considers the possibilities of these differences in attitudes and approaches to education to can be considered together. This paper aims to discuss whether STEM can be considered on the basis of moral character with the support of a compilation piece. In this direction, the discussion in question has been processed and expanded separately from the standpoint of each STEM discipline - science, technology, engineering and mathematics. The paper uses methods of analysis and discourse as a theoretical analysis to investigate the mentioned issue, which examined whether approaches such as STEM-E, STEM-C and STEM-A have a moral point of view. As a result of the literature review, it was concluded that STEM applications can be resolved on a moral basis. Accordingly, suggestions were given to teachers on how to maintain STEM practices within an ethical framework.

Aesthetic Reasons and Aesthetic Shoulds

Some questions about normative structure are global. We can ask how we should live, or what we ought to do all things considered, or whether there are any categorical oughts. But we can also examine local normative structure. We might ask ourselves about what we should do from the moral point of view rather than the prudential one, or discuss promissory obligation in contrast with what friendship demands. How should we understand such localized forms of normativity? We argue that a plausible sounding treatment of the distinction cannot account for what we call the “interrelatedness” of reasons from different domains.

Content of socio-moral qualities of children through TV shows

This article deals with issues relating to the social and moral education and development of preschool children. The theoretical understanding of the current state of this field is reflected in the modern normative documents “On education in the Uzbekistan”, the state educational standards. The analysis of theoretical and practice-oriented research in this area shows that the phrase “moral education” today is gradually being replaced by “social and moral education” and “social and moral development preschool children that many relevant diagnostic methods are aimed at: to explain the actions of children and their relationships with each other and adults and to assess these actions (i.e., to correlate the situation with the moral norm). The analysis of the results showed that children of senior preschool age willingly include themselves in the retelling of the actions described in situations but find it difficult to assess what is happening from a moral point of view. It is obvious that psychological and pedagogical work is necessary in this direction, taking into account the age characteristics of the children, as well as the social and moral guidelines relevant to the current situation in regard to the development of society.

Тень добродетели. Кант о неисповедимой глубине сердца

Among the most peculiar traits of Kant’s critical philosophy is the contention that, while we can know our moral maxims and can thus reflect on our actions from a moral point of view, we cannot really know whether in a given situation our actions are actually motivated by those maxims. This means that, although we have a firm sense of our moral duties, we can never be certain whether some particular action of ours is done from duty or simply in accordance with it. This view is voiced in several of Kant’s writings. Most prominent is its appearance in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, but we also find it in Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason and in The Metaphysics of Morals, and it is even present in smaller writings such as “On a Miscarriage of all Philosophical Trials in Theodicy” or “On the Common Saying: That may be correct in theory, but is of no use in practice”. It is against this background that I revisit Kant’s remarks on the lack of self-knowledge regarding the motives of our proper actions. I suggest a reading of Kant’s views on this issue in the light of a tradition reaching back to Plato, in which man’s (moral) self-relation is shaped in an irreducible way by both self-consciousness and self-ignorance.

Knapp , Liza Leo Tolstoy: A Very Short Introduction Zorin , Andrei Leo Tolstoy (review)

SEER, 99, 1, JANUARY 2021 160 The lack of dialogue between the essays in this volume, given the closeness of their concerns, is a pity, not least because this would be one way not just of bridging philosophy and literature, as the book successfully does, but also of bridging the language of philosophers and literary scholars. Fortunately, we end with a chapter from Caryl Emerson, writing in all her guises as literary specialist, intellectual historian and music scholar. Her essay not only extends and refines her career-long exploration of both Bakhtin and Dostoevskii, but may also help readers draw critical connections between the essays for themselves, not least in its extended analysis of the novel’s Epilogue, which hovers in the background of several other chapters. Moreover, the complete absence of Bakhtin in other chapters where he would seem so pertinent (Hagberg’s, above all), is compensated for here by sober reflection on Bakhtin’s all-conquering yet also much-criticized monograph on Dostoevskii’s poetics. As might be inferred from her title, ‘Bakhtin’s Radiant Polyphonic Novel, Raskolnikov’s Perverse Dialogic World’, Emerson seeks to mediate between the ‘uncanny’ frequency of Bakhtin’s transmutation of Dostoevskii’s novels into ‘metaphysical hope’ (p. 177) and the pathological destructiveness and selfhatred so central to the internal dialogues that often structure those texts. Via Einsteinian relativity and sacred polyphony in music, she finds the answer in the need to decouple two key concepts that the canonizing of Bakhtin has servedtofuse:dialogismandpolyphony.‘Dialoguebelongsbelow,inthenovel’s profane prisons, garrets, and city streets. […] Polyphonic design, in contrast, is the upper tier: stable, true, eternal, hierarchical, the realm of harmonious joyful reconciliation. There are voices here, but not mouths’ (p. 199). This world of voices without mouths is the world of the Epilogue, where singing carries over to the protagonists from the other bank. But Emerson’s two tiers, with Bakhtin pulling the strings, might also remind us of the Ukrainian puppettheatre (vertep) that so inspired Dostoevskii’s precursor, Nikolai Gogol´. St Antony’s College Oliver Ready University of Oxford Knapp, Liza. Leo Tolstoy: A Very Short Introduction. Very Short Introductions, 604. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 2019. xxi + 146 pp. Illustrations. Chronology. References. Further reading. Index. £8.99: $11.95 (paperback). Zorin, Andrei. Leo Tolstoy. Critical Lives. Reaktion Books, London, 2020. 223 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Select bibliography. £11.99 (paperback). Count Leo Tolstoi’s life was documented perhaps more than that of any Russian writer before and since. In addition to letters (from but not to him) REVIEWS 161 that take up over thirty volumes of the ninety-volume Jubilee Tolstoi (1928–58; see vols 59–89), there are over twelve volumes of diaries (46–58, 89), which he started writing in 1847 at the age of nineteen and continued with breaks for his whole life. People around him, his wife first and foremost, also kept diaries, and wrote letters and memoirs. Some readers treat Tolstoi’s writings, fictional and not, as autobiography as well. Though that is a step too far, there is no doubt that Tolstoi mined his life to create his fiction. Two recently published excellent short biographies take different approaches to the task of linking Tolstoi’s life and works. Liza Knapp’s Leo Tolstoy: A Very Short Introduction is organized thematically, with chapters covering war and peace, love, death, and Tolstoi’s beliefs and his recommendations for how they should be implemented in society. Knapp shows how these topics are woven into the author’s fiction as well his life and his actions as one of the most important public intellectuals of his time. The book does not neglect Tolstoi’s poetics, devoting chapter seven to it, and making and illustrating the very important point that this poetics informs his tracts as well as his fiction. Knapp argues for consistency in Tolstoi’s moral point of view over time. It begins, as she presents it in chapter one, with the idea of love for all expressed in a childhood game about the ‘ant brotherhood’ played by the Tolstoi siblings. This kind of love is then illustrated in the figure of Platon Karataev in War and Peace and...

An Appraisal of Zimbabwe’s response to COVID-19, with a Special Focus on the Heritage Sector

The outbreak of Coronavirus also popularly known as COVID-19 ushered in a new era of uncertainties to all institutions. Firstly, the pandemic has been around for nearly two years now. To describe this environment and era of uncertainty as the ‘New Normal’ might be a diplomatic way of encouraging people to brace up for prolonged endurance. From a moral point of view it might seem to be a mockery. The pandemic started late 2019, becoming more pronounced in Africa in early 2020. Heritage institutions in Sub-Saharan African countries faced several challenges in addressing the COVID-19 outbreak. The pandemic has further complicated the tasks of preserving and giving physical access to heritage, and has put further strain on resources available to these institutions.

Negative und positive Pflichten. Über eine wichtige Unterscheidung für eine ethische Politik gegen Pandemien

The legal and ethical justifiability of the measures taken to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 has so far been discussed under the aspects of balancing goods and proportionality. The important distinction between negative and positive moral duties is hardly taken into account. This leads to the fact that in order to protect life and health, even such measures seem permissible that do not only insignificantly violate the goods to be protected. This makes little sense in itself, but is unacceptable from a moral philosophical point of view, as long as one adheres to the postulate of human dignity.

Virtue Ethics and the Trilemma Facing Sentiocentrism

This article aims to question the value of impartiality in environmental ethics by highlighting a problem internal to the bioethics approach known as sentiocentrism. The principle that all beings with the same degree of consciousness should receive the same moral treatment would lead to a trilemma, i.e., the need to choose among three morally unacceptable choices. I argue those problems are related to the premise, shared by Utilitarianism and rights-centered theories, that impartiality is the constitutive feature of the moral point of view. In the last part of my article, I discuss how this problem points to some advantages of a virtue ethics approach to environmental ethics.

Sweatshops, Harm and Exploitation: A Proposal to Operationalise the Model of Structural Injustice

In this article, I firstly discuss the person-affecting view of harm, distinguishing between the liability and the structural models of responsibility, and also explaining why it is unsatisfactory, from a moral point of view, to interpret a given harm as a loss with respect to a diachronic baseline. Then, I take sweatshops as an example and I entertain two further issues that are related to the assessment of harm and that are necessary for operationalising a comprehensive model of responsibility, that takes into account both liability and structural injustice. The first one is how to interpret harm when it is coexistent with a diachronic benefit and/or the parties involved in the social structures leading to harm seek to unload their responsibility by hiding behind a cooperative deadlock. The second one is how far along the chain of actions leading to harm can structural responsibility be extended.

Il diritto del lavoro e il "problema" della subordinazione

The author considers that working 'for others' must constitute the basis of the protections ensured by labour law. The “labour” that deserves social protection cannot be limited to the narrow sphere of technical and legal subordination, but it is necessary to identify a new reference type that goes “beyond” subordination. More specifically, the labour law system must be reconstructed on two interrelated levels: a first civil contractual level in which the regulation takes place on the basis of types and cases; a second “labour law level”, in which the distribution of protections, according to the value of labour, takes also place on the basis of new criteria for expressing the social vulnerability. The interpretative adaptation of the notion of subordination, while feasible, would not lead to satisfactory results. The meaning of the normative statement in Article 2094 of the Italian Civil Code does not seem so uncertain as to justify a “purposive” interpretation and to attribute a different and broader normative content to the concept of subordination. It seems preferable to adopt a universalistic approach in which protections can be selectively extended to the whole world of labour, starting from subordination but going beyond subordination, and declined according to the specific needs of social protection expressed and the material conditions in which the work (without adjectives) is performed. In conclusion, it is necessary that the labour law continues to protect dependent work possibly more than before, but at the same time, it is necessary a movement beyond subordination, using the techniques of selective universalism. Notions such as economic dependence, personal labour relations, hetero-organisation are not alternative criteria to subordination, but criteria that help labour law to recover its strength and justification, from a legal and moral point of view.

El concepto de derecho como concepto funcional

In her book Positivismo jurídico "interno" Cristina Redondo claims that legal theory can be neutral from a moral point of view. An essential part of her argumentation is based on the criticism of an anti-positivist conception of law developed by Fernando Atria, according to which, since law is a functional concept, no descriptive or morally neutral theory of law can be provided. The essay claims that while Atria's conception of law encounters some difficulties, Redondo's criticism is not conclusive. More importantly, there are two types of natural law theories which also claim that law is a functional concept but which do not face Atria's difficulties. One holds that law is a functional kind and the other claims that the concept of law is a normative-functional concept. The latter type of theory seems particularly suitable for avoiding not only Redondo's criticism but also standard objections from the positivist camp. If this type of theory is correct, a theory cannot be morally neutral.

Internethasználati szokások feltérképezése a Rogers-féle elmélet szerint a magyarországi idősödők körében

A fejlett társadalmakban egyre nagyobb arányt képviselő idős generáció innovációs magatartásának kutatása – az információtechnológia rohamos fejlődését figyelembe véve – üzleti, társadalmi és erkölcsi szempontból nézve sem megkerülhető feladat. Az idős korosztálynál a szükséges tudás és képességek hiánya az online aktivitásnak jellemzően korlátokat szab, ugyanakkor a használati előnyök is egyre inkább kirajzolódnak számukra, sőt, ez a fajta felkészültség akár megkerülhetetlenné válik. Mindez ráirányítja a figyelmet az idősek innovációs magatartásának minél többoldalúbb feltérképezésére. Figyelembe kell venni, hogy az idős korosztály is erősen tagozódik, az egészségi állapot, az életkörülmények, az életstílus, az értékek és más tényezők innovációs elfogadás szempontjából is eltérő magatartásmintákat rajzolnak ki. De különbségek vannak az idősek két generációja, az érettek (veteránok) és a baby boomerek (Ratkó-korszak szülöttei) között is, hiszen más életszakaszban érte el őket az internet berobbanása. Primer kutatásukban a szerzők ennek a két időskori generációnak az információtechnológia használatára vonatkozó magatartását vizsgálják hazai viszonylatban, a Rogers-féle innovációelfogadási modellt elméleti alapul véve.

The Phenomenon of Conscience in Social Work

The Phenomenon of Conscience in Social Work

Ethical Concepts ‘in Search of a Meaning’: G.H. von Wright’s Broad Framework for (Contextual) Ethics

Abstract This article revisits G.H. von Wright’s 1963 proposal of a ‘broad approach to ethics’ and his idea that moral goodness is a non-autonomous form of goodness ‘in search of a meaning’. In von Wright’s view, moral notions are to be examined in a broad framework consisting of various groups of ethically relevant concepts. This framework is described and some connections to Elizabeth Anscombe’s work in the late 1950s are identified. It is argued that von Wright’s broadly construed ethics provides tools for understanding contextual and temporal variation of ‘moral points of view’ and puts traditional ideas concerning the nature of moral philosophy in a new light. However, von Wright failed to draw all the consequences of his own suggestions: accordingly, it is suggested that we have to abandon his view of a philosopher as a ‘moulder’ of concepts for a more context-oriented and elucidative conception of moral philosophy.

Ginásios e Health Clubs em Portugal: Estaremos perante uma República das Bananas?

The professional practice of agents related to national gyms and health clubs has been showing several weaknesses, limitations, and concerns that lack concrete actions for reflection and action. This letter aims to highlight some of the problems identified by the authors during their professional course and practice. An attempt to underline points of reflection, to indicate concrete gaps, to emphasize problems of moral and deontological nature will be stated. Moreover, some of the mentioned arguments intend to reflect on structured steps searching for the elevation of professional quality in these practices, as well as the dignification of an entire professional class that is increasingly necessary for Portuguese society. Throughout this work, concrete situations of reflection are exposed, associated with the need to define an appropriate professional profile to these practices, the deregulation of the quality of the product presented to society, the behavioral inconsistencies of the exercise professional and technical director in the face of the postulate and accepted from a moral, deontological and legislative point of view. Finally, the current study will address the pressing need for additional regulation in certified actions promoted by national training entities.

Galdós en Murcia y el estreno de Mairucha (1903)

Con motivo del estreno de Mariucha, Benito Pérez Galdós estuvo en Murcia en octubre de 1903. Esta visita hay que entenderla en el marco de la amistad que mantenía Galdós con el matrimonio de actores, el aristócrata murciano Fernando Díaz de Mendoza y María Guerrero, que representaron en Murcia Mariucha. La comedia representa la posición de Galdós ante la realidad de España cuando la sociedad tanto desde el punto de vista moral como económico estaba sufriendo una notable degradación después del Desastre de 1898, y cuando las clases acomodadas y desde luego las aristocráticas experimentaban sonados episodios de ruina social. On the occasion of the premiere of Mariucha, Benito Pérez Galdós came to Murcia in October 1903. This visit must be understood within the framework of the friendship that Galdós maintained with the marriage of actors, the Murcian aristocrat Fernando Díaz de Mendoza and María Guerrero, who represented Mariucha in Murcia. The comedy reflects Galdo's attitudes towars reality of Spain when society from both moral andeconomic point of view was suffering a remarkable degradation after the Disaster of 1898 reality of Spain when society from both moral and economic point of view was suffering a remarkable degradation after the Disaster of 1898, and when the well-off classes and of course the aristocrats experienced great episodes of social ruin.

How do moral theories stand to each other?

Moral theories, such as the variations on virtue ethics, deontological ethics, contractualism, and consequentialism, are expected – inter alia – to explain the basic orientation of morality, give us principles and directives, justify those, and thereby (if all goes well) guide our actions. I examine some functions and characteristics of the extant moral theories from a moral metatheoretical point of view, in order to clarify the generally assumed rivalry between them. By thinking of moral theories in analogy to languages it is argued that different moral theories are neither simply competing nor simply complementary; their respective orientations justify using them, in virtue of the problems they help to solve. But even if considerations about the functionality of a theory and the context in which it is created play an important role, they can neither be sufficient to determine these theories’ relations to one other nor for choosing between them. The challenge is to set criteria for the quality of a moral theory on a moral metatheoretical level and, in particular, to make room for future views on morality.

ANTHONY NEİLSON’UN SANSÜRCÜ İSİMLİ OYUNUNUN ZYGMUNT BAUMAN’IN AHLAK SOSYOLOJİSİ IŞIĞINDA YENİ BİR OKUMASI

New writing, In-Yer-Face theatre, rising masculinity, grunge, the rave scene, and hip-hop dominated the world of music, literature, and drama in the nineties. The nineties also displayed that one could reach sexual affairs not only in the political world and on TVs, but also on theatre stages. Anthony Neilson whose works are associated in criticism with the phenomenon variously described as In-Yer-Face Theatre put The Censor on the stage in 1997. The Censor is not the playwright and director Anthony Neilson’s first experiential play; however, it was his most sensational and taboo-breaking one thanks to its infamous pornographic scene and a theme around sexual trauma, affection, loss, and death. It is a fact that there is a limitation of studies that focus on the relationship between Anthony Neilson’s dramaturgy and postmodernism. Therefore, this work aims to explore Neilson's Censor from a new perspective that will enable the postmodern elements and features of Neilson's work to be viewed from a moral point of view, which envisages analysing the postmodern situation through Zygmunt Bauman's views. To do this, firstly, this work limits its analysis to the discovery of the playwright’s in-yer-face drama via The Censor. Secondly, after presenting the Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman’s views over morality, it analyses morality behind the notion of fluid in The Censor through the focus on ordinary postmodern man and his/her moral and ethical condition by following the postmodernist zeitgeist around Zygmunt Bauman’s moral sociology.

The notion of dyadic morality explains the logic of Zande witchcraft

ABSTRACT The Zande witchcraft doctrine described by Evans-Pritchard is analyzed from the viewpoint of dyadic morality. Recent experimental surveys conducted in social psychology have posited a two-factor structure of mind perception in folk psychology consisting of agency and experience. The complementarity of the roles of moral agents and patients explains the automatic tendency to complete moral situations dyadically by finding agents whenever a moral patient is identified and vice versa. According to Zande customs, a person who has experienced a negative event regards oneself as a moral patient who subsequently completes the template by finding an agent. The mutual exclusivity of the perceptions of moral agency and patiency explains why Azande believe that witchcraft cannot make people break moral rules—to lie, to steal, to commit adultery, and to break taboos. The close association of witchcraft with harm perception and morality explains why people who behave immorally are more often accused of witchcraft. The Azande perceive children and animals as incapable of witchcraft because of their limited agency. Dyadic morality further explains why all male members of a clan cannot be witches. The moral typecasting theory elucidates why witches are conceived as having enhanced agency while being less vulnerable to harm.