Unethical Research Articles

The Role of the Green Economy in Economic Growth in Indonesia Based on an Islamic Economic Perspective

Over the past few years, the concept of a green economy has been recognized as a vital mechanism for achieving economic progress in both developed and emerging nations. This study aims to analyze the role of the green economy in Indonesia's economic expansion based on an Islamic economic perspective. The research methodology employs library analysis and content assessment. The data sources utilized in this study were gathered from previous research, articles, regulations, and reference literature pertaining to green economics, economic growth, and Islamic economics. The results denote that the green economy bears tremendous potential to support economic advancement in Indonesia under an Islamic economic lens. By applying key tenets such as the obligation to safeguard nature and the judicious utilization of resources, Indonesia can cultivate a development paradigm that is sustainable and beneficial across all societal strata. This research recommends that private and public sector entities continue endorsing and integrating green economy principles moving forward. Specifically, Islamic financial instruments can be directed toward eco-friendly investments like renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, green technologies, and environmentally-conscious infrastructure. Such participations from Islamic economics in "greening" the economy signify promising trajectories aligning ethical and sustainable finance. As the world grapples with urgent ecological crises, policy frameworks in Indonesia should incentivize collective societal and commercial transitions toward greener fiscal practices. Islamic finance with its underlying moral philosophy can potentially transform finance itself into an apparatus upholding both economic and environmental welfare.

The Rise of Particulars: AI and the Ethics of Care

Machine learning (ML) trains itself by discovering patterns of correlations that can be applied to new inputs. That is a very powerful form of generalization, but it is also very different from the sort of generalization that the west has valorized as the highest form of truth, such as universal laws in some of the sciences, or ethical principles and frameworks in moral reasoning. Machine learning’s generalizations synthesize the general and the particular in a new way, creating a multidimensional model that often retains more of the complex differentiating patterns it has uncovered in the training process than the human mind can grasp. Particulars speak louder in these models than they do in traditional generalizing frameworks. This creates an odd analogy with recent movements in moral philosophy, particularly the feminist ethics of care which rejects the application of general moral frameworks in favor of caring responses to the particular needs and interests of those affected by a moral decision. This paper suggests that our current wide-spread and justified worries about ML’s inexplicability—primarily arising from its reliance on staggeringly complex patterns of particulars—may be preparing our culture more broadly for a valorizing of particulars as at least as determinative as generalizations, and that this might help further advance the importance of particulars in ideas such as those put forward by the ethics of care.

Williams’s Integrity Objection as a Psychological Problem

Utilitarianism is the view that as far as morality goes, one ought to choose the option which will result in the most overall well-being—that is, that maximises the sum of whatever makes life worth living, with each person’s life equally weighted. The promise of utilitarianism is to reduce morality to one simple principle, easily incorporated into policy analysis, economics and decision theory. However, utilitarianism is not popular amongst moral philosophers today. This is in large part due to the influence of Williams’s ‘Integrity Objection’ (1973). Though the Integrity Objection has been influential in turning philosophers against utilitarianism, it is also difficult to make precise, evidenced by the myriad interpretations in the literature. In this paper I interpret the objection as holding that agents who accept utilitarianism cannot, as a matter of psychology, be committed to their projects. I explore other interpretations, finding some to be inconsistent with Williams’s approach, and others to be relatively easily answerable by the utilitarian. The psychological problem I identify is harder for utilitarians to avoid, though I have begun to offer a response in other work.

The Cautionary Account of Supererogation

Abstract The problem of supererogation has attracted significant attention from contemporary moral philosophers. In this paper, we show that this problem was outlined in different terms in the work of the 11th century Persian philosopher Abū Alī Miskawayh. As well as identifying this problem, Miskawayh also developed a unique solution cashed out in terms of virtue ethics that has not yet been considered in the contemporary literature. We will argue that this solution, which is in its general form independent of virtue ethics, provides a plausible explanation of what makes some acts supererogatory and faces two important advantages over the most popular response to the problem of supererogation, The Sacrifice View. Unlike The Sacrifice View, The Cautionary Account can class acts of benevolence that advance the agent's own interests as supererogatory and easily explain why certain acts of sacrifice are neither permissible nor praiseworthy.

The Market in the Kingdom of Ends

In the literature on the Moral Limits of the Markets, Kant’s moral philosophy is often employed to assess the amoral or immoral nature of the commercial sphere. Markets and morality are antipodes since the instrumentality of market transactions excludes or undermines moral values. The kingdom of ends, where everything has either a price or a dignity, closes the door to market logic. The present paper challenges this view, which is also endorsed by business ethics authors advocating for Moral Purism. I will show that Kant imagined a market within the Kingdom of Ends where everyone pursues their own aims while assisting others in pursuing theirs. This model, built on the universalization of the maxim of mutual assistance and the duty of honoring the spirit of mutually beneficial contracts, can be employed to judge the morality of real (empirical) market transactions.

Williams’ Relativism and the Moral Point of View: A Challenge by Cora Diamond

There are similarities between Bernard Williams and Cora Diamond as moral philosophers: both their moral philosophies are marked by an engagement with the question of what it is like to be a human being, and both are engaged with experience more than theory. Still, such similarities rest on very different philosophical grounds. In this article, I consider whether a Nietzschean (Williams) and a Wittgensteinian (Diamond) could ever converge on a characterization of the ‘moral point of view’ as this involves views on life, thought, and language. I argue that divergences between Williams and Diamond persist, a very important one concerning relativism: whereas Diamond adumbrates a Wittgensteinian way out of relativism, it remains a last word for Williams.

LOVE'S ARCHAEOLOGY: ETHICS AND METAPHYSICS BETWEEN IRIS MURDOCH AND WILLIAM DESMOND

AbstractCentring on human perception, attunement to others, and a transcendent conception of the good, Iris Murdoch's intervention in moral philosophy remains an insightful and evocative source for ethical theory. Discerning some pervasive dualisms that hamper its coherence and development, I suggest that her work finds a generative conversation partner in the contemporary metaphysician, William Desmond. Desmond's thought offers promising avenues to overcome these dualisms by repositioning the source and nature of value and by theorising an anti‐reductive, relational ontology. Staging a constructive encounter between these two thinkers that preserves Murdoch's distinct prioritisation of attention and individuality within a Desmond‐inspired metaphysics, I present a synthetic ethical approach that promotes the ideal of attending to an other—in the givenness of its particularity, manifold surplus, and constitutive relationality—as good in itself.

Eleanor Oliphant Is not that Fine: Exploring the Transformative Potential of Vulnerability in Gail Honeyman’s Debut (2017)

This article explores the notion of vulnerability as a condition of potential and openness towards personal transformation and connection with others. The current approach to the notion of vulnerability focuses on challenging and re-orienting its restrictively negative connotation, as the works by Jean-Michel Ganteau and Susana Onega (2017) or Erinn Gilson (2016), among many others, have shown. The notion has also proved useful in connection with political or social action (Butler 2020), as well as in the framework of ethical philosophy (Maillard 2011, Le Blanc 2011). However, analysing vulnerability in contemporary literary works can be problematic, as sometimes the complexity of the notion hinders the representation of the character’s journey through the good and bad. In this article, my aim is to peruse Gail Honeyman’s debut novel, Eleanor Oliphant Is Completely Fine (2017), which has received little critical attention in this area in spite of its popularity following its publication. Addressing the ideal of invulnerability, the connection between vulnerability and social isolation, its movement towards openness to the other, and its portrayal through formal choices, I argue that this text is an example of how contemporary literary works of British fiction contribute to portray the potential that can be found in experiences of vulnerability.

Ambiguous Selves: Examining Psychological Repercussions of Human Cloning in Mildred Ames's Anna to the Infinite Power

Artificially created human beings are speculated to grapple with psychological struggles, including identity crisis, existential angst, societal discrimination, and complicated family dynamics resulting from their unorthodox genealogy, which is portrayed in posthuman narratives that feature genetically diversified society that integrates artificially created human beings with sexually reproduced individuals. Apart from cloning humans for procreation, the concept of cloning a historical figure who could make tremendous contributions to the world has intrigued the proponents of cloning. In a hypothetical space where cloning achieves rampant societal acceptance, addressing the moral, ethical, and legal rights of the clones becomes paramount to preserving the sanctity of human life. This article conducts a bioethical analysis of the possible psychological repercussions of human cloning that culminate into complexities in identity formation, individuation and family dynamics among human clones in Mildred Ames's Anna to the Infinite Power.

Moral progress and grand narrative genealogy

ABSTRACT In this article, I explore the method of genealogy in moral philosophy, with a focus on evaluating the credibility of moral progress judgments. Despite genealogy becoming a new trend in this field, I critique three types of defective grand narrative genealogies represented by the works of Peter Railton, Michael Huemer, and Nicholas Smyth. I argue that their genealogies fail to be adequate for evaluating moral progress judgments’ credibility. Railton’s genealogy lacks specificity regarding the relatum of the causal story he presents, Huemer’s fails to withstand the scrutiny of historical evidence, and Smyth’s gives no clear verdict on the credibility of the moral progress judgments it explains. These failures, I argue, stem from grand narratives’ neglect of the particularities in each case of moral belief emergence. The disregard for details renders grand narratives generally inadequate for credibility evaluation. Instead, I propose a case study approach that takes into account four types of particulars in each case. I argue that this approach is more methodologically adequate in evaluating the credibility of moral progress judgments since these case-specific details are essential in determining the credibility of a moral belief.

On Survival

Abstract An expansion of my 2022 Charles Seeger Lecture, “On Survival” unfolds as a set of reflections on the moment in the history of ethnomusicology that has followed intense periods of response to the COVID-19 pandemic and of racial self-reckoning worldwide. While examining common concerns and practices for ethnomusicology as a field, I do not propose a new theory or method, but rather I argue for the unity of the field rather than the separation of approaches into subdisciplines. The common ground of the present ethnomusicological moment, like that of the past to which ethnomusicologists now return, lies in a fundamental concern for ethical practice and moral purpose. Throughout the article, I draw upon case studies, many from my own ethnographic and historical work, especially from my research in and performances of music of the Shoah, to claim affinity between the fields of ethnomusicology and moral philosophy. These affinities emerge from common engagement with the moral dimensions of survival: trauma, mourning, border crossing, goodness, cohabitation with others in the Anthropocene, transcendence. The video clips are available here: https://files.press.uillinois.edu/journals/supplemental/ethno/seeger_lecture/

Five Years Teaching Ethics and Computing

Deciding how best to teach ethics to computer science, data science, and engineering students remains a challenge. Broadly, two approaches are suggested: embedding ethics into courses throughout the curriculum or placing most of the ethics education into a free-standing course. Both approaches have strengths and weaknesses. In this article we describe our experience teaching a free-standing course that is placed in the university core curriculum and is a joint effort between the Philosophy and Computer Science departments. We suggest that material from Philosophy beyond moral theory has played a key role in making our course a success and that students are deeply interested in applying themes from moral theory and philosophy more generally to both life and career.

What Do We Teach to Engineering Students: Embedded Ethics, Morality, and Politics

In the past few years, calls for integrating ethics modules in engineering curricula have multiplied. Despite this positive trend, a number of issues with these ‘embedded’ programs remains. First, learning goals are underspecified. A second limitation is the conflation of different dimensions under the same banner, in particular confusion between ethics curricula geared towards addressing the ethics of individual conduct and curricula geared towards addressing ethics at the societal level. In this article, we propose a tripartite framework to overcome these difficulties. Our framework analytically decomposes an ethics module into three dimensions. First, there is the ethical dimension, which pertains to the learning goals. Second, there is the moral dimension, which addresses the moral relevance of engineers’ conduct. Finally, there is the political dimension, which scales up issues of moral relevance at the civic level. All in all, our framework has two advantages. First, it provides analytic clarity, i.e. it enables course instructors to locate ethical dilemmas in either the moral or political realm and to make use of the tools and resources from moral and/or political philosophy. Second, it depicts a comprehensive ethical training, which enables students to both reason about moral issues in the abstract, and to socially contextualize potential solutions.

Понятие «стыд» в «Теории нравственных чувств» Адама Смита

Adam Smith’s view of shame is generally in line with its understanding, which distin­guishes shame from other emotions of negative self-appraisal on the basis of the depen­dence of shame on the blame by others. In this respect, Smith belongs to the majority of Early Modern moral philosophers analyzing the phenomenon of shame. However, his view is specific in two respects: a) for him, any kind of moral self-appraisal has some connection with the judgment of an informed other, and b) images of the informed other used by him are diverse. They line up in the continuum from real other people to imag­ined other people with ordinary properties and from them to the imagined impartial and benevolent observer. The figure of the impartial and benevolent observer plays a crucial part in moral self-appraisal, but only as a normative compass. His judgments do not evoke shame. In The Theory of Moral Sentiments, there are many fragments that corre­spond to the scheme “shame is a consequence of external judgment”, but there are also fragments that problematize it. In some places, repentance and remorse, i.e., emotions considered by other Early Modern philosophers as the opposite of shame by virtue of their independence of the blame by others, arise under the influence of the external gaze. In some other places, the difference between shame and remorse is due to the fact that they respond to violations of different moral principles (shame is an appropriate re­sponse to self-degrading actions, remorse – to the infliction of harm). Sometimes shame even appears as a component of a complex sentiment labeled as remorse.

COULD PAUL TAYLOR’S BIOCENTRISM BE INTERPRETED AS A RAWLSIAN THEORY OF JUSTICE?

In his „A Theory of Justice” Rawls accepts that „a conception of justice is but one part of a moral view”, that „it is wrong to be cruel to animals and the destruction of a whole species can be a great evil”, and that there are moral duties regarding animals, species and nature, but „they are outside the scope of the theory of justice, and it does not seem possible to extend the contract doctrine so as to include them in a natural way”. However, Rawls mention a way to find an answer to this challange: „A correct conception of our relations to animals and to nature would seem to depend upon a theory of the natural order and our place in it. One of the tasks of metaphysics is to work out a view of the world which is suited for this purpose;it should identify and systematize the truths decisive for these questions.” (Rawls, „A Theory of Justice”, 1999, p. 512). My aim in this paper is to argue that Environmental Ethics tried to offer exactly this requested theory of natural order so that it become possible to talk in terms of justice about an extended moral community, the so-called biotic community or community of life. I claim that biocentrism is a theory which is able to fulfill this task. Paul W. Taylor, in his „The Ethics of Respect for Nature” (1981) develops a theory based on the concepts of respect for nature, good of a being and inherent worth. If Rawls (See his „Justice as Fairness”, Philosophical Review, 1958, 67, p. 183) describes the rules of the duties of human morality (fidelity, gratitude, honesty and fidelity) as „forms of conduct in which recognition of others as persons is manifested”, Taylor considers that „the rules of duty governing our treatment of the natural world and its inhabitants are forms of conduct in which the attitude of respect for nature is manifested.” (1981) I will argue that the extension of moral community is possible using Rawls’ conceptual framework. Therefore, a new theory of natural order can be derived step by step so as the contract doctrine will be extended without any prejudices to Rawlsian initial presuppositions. My aim is to offer a reconstruction of this extension. Then I shall return to Taylor and his biocentrism.

Mental Health Analysis Using Philosophical Tenets

Philosophical beliefs or principles can help healthcare providers establish effective approaches to mental health analysis. This article aims to demonstrate how modern philosophical tenets could improve mental health analysis from diagnosis to treatment. It describes the role and importance of philosophical approaches, including the Gadamer philosophical hermeneutics, in providing alternative approaches to mental illness treatments as an interdisciplinary field combining practical views and methods of the philosophies of mind, neuroscience, psychology, and moral philosophy. This is achieved by exploring the evolution of mental illnesses, the philosophical views on the manifestation of psychiatric disorders, scientific and philosophical viewpoints, and insights on applying Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics to mental illnesses. Gadamer’s viewpoints present essential philosophical foundations that could solve the crucial problems associated with the antecedent theories of mental illnesses. Overall, the philosophical viewpoint requires patient diagnosis and treatment approaches that holistically consider the use of language in all interpretive practices, cultural phenomena, patients' histories, and environmental factors that are critical sources of hermeneutic experiences.

Education as State Control on Second Space: Sharia Regulation and Millennial Desire on Urban Cafes in Contemporary Bireuen City, Aceh

This article aims to analyze the efforts to dominate thirdspace in urban millennial cafes in Bireuen City, Aceh, by state sharia. Thirdspace is a concrete space as the actuality of contestation in secondspace by each group. Because secondspace determines the domination of thirdspace, state sharia through authoritative institutions, namely Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja (Civil Service Police Unit) & Wilayatul Hisbah (Satpol PP&WH) is trying to take preventive action. This qualitative research uses an anthropological approach. Researchers collected data from observation, in-depth interviews, and literature studies related to research subjects. The theory used in this research is Thirdspace by Edward Soja about the process of forming thirdspace as a public place. The focus of this research is Bireuen City, as a strategic city from the point of view of rapid social change, advanced economy, strategic geographical location, and rapid development of public places for millennials. The research findings show that state sharia through Satpol PP&WH conducts Islamic religious education, especially theology and Islamic ethical philosophy education for millennials by visiting many high schools, as an effort to dominate thirdspace through secondspace, especially urban millennial cafes in Bireuen City.

Brentano and Husserl on Hume’s Moral Philosophy

ABSTRACT The article analyses the reception of Hume’s moral philosophy in the lectures and manuscripts of Edmund Husserl and in the published lectures of Franz Brentano, on which Husserl originally based his views. I first present the reasons that led Brentano to appreciate Hume’s sentimentalist background in moral philosophy and to criticize Hume’s relativism. I then show how Husserl, following the critique of psychologism in his Logical Investigations, builds on this starting point and attempts to show a possible contradictory nature of Hume’s moral relativism. Finally, I consider whether Hume’s doctrine contains phenomenological insights that Husserl overlooks.

Moralitas di Era Digital: Tinjauan Filsafat tentang Technoethics

The current era of digitalization allows humans to live side by side with technology. However, this technology has two sides that have positive and negative impacts depending on how we use it. The negative impact of technology use is often caused by a lack of awareness of applicable ethics and norms. This is related to the philosophy of technology, namely technoethics or technology ethics, which is a branch of ethics that deals with moral issues arising from the development and use of technology. The aim of this research is to find out how humans use technology. This research uses the literature study method, the subjects of this research are journals, articles, and books. Research data was taken from secondary data such as journals, articles, and books, then analyzed using descriptive analysis methods. From the results of the research carried out, it can be concluded that based on the literature review, Technoethics tries to handle ethical problems that arise from technological developments and ensures that technology is used responsibly and in accordance with ethical values

Access, autonomy, and affordability: ethical and human rights issues surrounding multigene panel testing for cancer in Japan and Switzerland.

Introduction: Advancements in precision medicine and genomics have led to prospects in a wide range of clinical fields, including oncology. In particular, developments in next-generation sequencing multigene panel tests have led to the possibility of tailoring treatment to the specific genomic markers of a patient's cancer. However, findings from current literature suggest that the path to implementation and uptake of genomic medicine is not without uncertainties and challenges. Methods: To better understand the current challenges to the implementation of genomic medicine services, we investigated the current state of patient access to genomic medicine in Japan and Switzerland. In this investigation, we focused on equal access, patient autonomy, and healthcare affordability. Results: Results have shown that although multigene panel testing is in principle covered by health insurance in both countries, barriers exist in terms of where the tests are available, comprehensive information for patients, and the affordability of not only the test itself but the overall process from diagnosis to treatment. Discussion: These results suggest a need to continue examining a more diverse range of clinical landscapes for genomic medicine to reveal more nuanced understandings of barriers to implementation and thus better identify best practices for overcoming them.