Moral Obligation Research Articles

Moral Obligation as a Conclusive Reason: On Bernard Williams’ Critique of the Morality System

Moral Obligation as a Conclusive Reason: On Bernard Williams’ Critique of the Morality System

For the Good of the Globe: Moral Reasons for States to Mitigate Global Catastrophic Biological Risks.

Actions to prepare for and prevent pandemics are a common topic for bioethical analysis. However, little attention has been paid to global catastrophic biological risks more broadly, including pandemics with artificial origins, the creation of agents for biological warfare, and harmful outcomes of human genome editing. What's more, international policy discussions often focus on economic arguments for state action, ignoring a key potential set of reasons for states to mitigate global catastrophic biological risks: moral reasons. In this paper, I frame the mitigation of such risks as a global public good, and I explore three possible categories of moral reasons that might motivate states to provide this global public good: nationalism, cosmopolitanism, and interstate obligations. Whilst there are strong objections to moral nationalism as a reason for states to act, moral cosmopolitanism may provide a broad reason which is further supplemented for individual states through the elaboration of interstate moral obligations. The obligations I consider are moral leadership, fairness, and reciprocity. Moral reasons for individual states action may more effectively or more appropriately motivate states to mitigate global catastrophic biological risks.

Trust's Significance in Human-AI Communication and Decision-Making

With artificial intelligence (AI) continuing to pervade many aspects of society, it is critical to comprehend the dynamics of trust in AI decision-making and human-AI interaction. This study explores the many facets of trust and looks at how important it is in influencing user attitudes, actions, and the general effectiveness of AI systems. In order to understand the complex interactions between intelligent machines and people, the research incorporates multidisciplinary viewpoints from the fields of psychology, human-computer interaction, and ethics. The first area of inquiry is what influences the creation of first faith in AI. [1]We investigate how consumers' desire to trust AI-driven technology is influenced by system transparency, explain ability, and user experience through empirical study. The creation of design concepts intended to build a foundation of trust in AI systems is informed by insights gained at this stage. The second aspect of the study focuses on how trust changes over time in extended encounters between humans and artificial intelligence. We study the dynamics of trust-building and erosion by monitoring user experiences and system performance. This helps to clarify the critical points and factors that affect the trust's trajectory. This long-term viewpoint aids in the creation of adaptable artificial intelligence systems that can adapt to changing user demands and address issues with trust. The third line of investigation concerns the function of trust in AI-influenced decision-making processes. We evaluate the extent to which users depend on AI-generated insights and the influence of trust on decision outcomes using experimental scenarios and real-world case studies. This stage clarifies the fine balance needed to maximise the collaboration between AI and humans and emphasises the significance of matching AI suggestions with user values. The research concludes with an examination of the consequences of trust in AI for wider societal contexts, with a focus on ethical issues. We look at accountability frameworks, the potential fallout from blind trust, and the moral obligations of AI engineers in creating reliable systems. In order to foster a symbiotic relationship between humans and intelligent systems in a world increasingly driven by AI, this thorough investigation of the role of trust in human-AI interaction and decision-making ultimately aims to provide actionable insights for the design, implementation, and governance of AI technologies.

Ecology and Justice: From Environmental Justice to Integral Ecology of «Laudato si’»

Until recently, in the social teaching of the Church, the principle of social justice has been primarily related to issues of poverty, social inequalities, wealth distribution, and goods. Pope Francis extends this understanding to environmental issues. While diagnosing and describing the contemporary ecological crisis (our inability to resolve it in particular), he identifies the same mindset and mechanisms underlying both the social and ecological crises. Pope Francis's encyclical Laudato si’ is, therefore, a revolutionary text, which, based on integral ecology, reintroduces justice (similarly to Rerum Novarum over 130 years ago) as the key to addressing a new social issue – the contemporary ecological crisis. The comprehensive perspective on the contemporary global crisis as a socio-ecological crisis, in Laudato si’ finds its reference in the developed concept of Environmental Justice – an ecological justice as a new type of social justice. The viewpoint of a moral theologian allows us to perceive the duties associated with it not only as a legal obligation (debitum iuridicum) but also more deeply as a moral obligation (debitum morale).

Differences in sensitivity toward situations classified as sexual harassment in the workplace between men and women in Syria

PurposeSexual harassment is a pervasive and damaging issue that affects the physical and mental health and well-being of employees in the workplace. It is a serious public health concern that requires urgent attention and action and very dangerous problem in management. Our studies have shown that women are more likely to be the victims of sexual harassment and are more dissatisfied with the situation, organizations have a moral and legal obligation to take proactive measures to prevent and address sexual harassment, including implementing effective policies, providing employee training and fostering a culture of respect and accountability. By doing so, we can create safer, healthier and more productive work environments for all the employees.Design/methodology/approachThis study consisted of 344 individuals from the Syrian community who completed a questionnaire, that contained statements about harassment to gauge each gender’s perception and sensitivity toward it. The questionnaire was carefully designed to include 30 questions, including daily situations in the work environment that may occur and how they are classified by males and females. Is it harassment or not, and about the HR department have personal safety and security standards such as the code of conduct and the rules regulating these behaviors or not and our research project was a collaboration between the two nongovernmental organizations (NGOs): Stemosis and Institute of Human Resources Management (IHRM).FindingsOur research reveals a distinction between the thinking patterns and coping mechanisms of females and males when it comes to dealing with this phenomenon. We presented various scenarios to our respondents, depicting situations that an individual might face in their everyday life and asked them questions related to the definition of harassment, its root causes and strategies for addressing it. Research has shown that women are at a higher risk of experiencing feelings of fear and dissatisfaction when subjected to sexual harassment. This unfortunate reality highlights the need for greater awareness and action to combat such reprehensible behaviors. Save Women!Research limitations/implicationsThe study faced several limitations in collecting data due to the sensitive and shameful nature of the topic for both men and women in the Syrian Arab Republic. This caused embarrassment for some participants, leading to their unwillingness to participate in the research. Additionally, the study encountered difficulties in dealing with companies, as they did not accept exposure to such situations and failed to show any codes of conduct under the name of their company, and the participants did not consider certain factors as reasons for harassment. Specifically, 71.2% of participants did not consider inappropriate outfits as a reason for harassment. However, there was a significant difference between the opinions of men and women on this matter (p-value < 0.05). Additionally, political, social and psychological reactions were not considered a reason for harassment by 64.8% of participants.Practical implicationsIn our study, there was a situation that one of the respondents (male) was exposed to by the HR manager (female) who was pretending to be a professional, after he confronted her, she threatened him with expulsion from work and despite his annoyance, he ignored her because it was pointless to talk with her and during the study, (44.7%) of the participants had experienced sexual harassment.Social implicationsVictims of sexual harassment experience a similar condition to post-traumatic stress disorder, which can lead to many mental and psychological issues. The overall organizational environment plays a critical role in the well-being of employees. It is widely accepted that victims of violence suffer from a lack of well-being. Employee well-being is based on feelings of happiness and satisfaction that come from a sense of security. According to the Maslow’s theory of needs, security is fundamental to people and a toxic workplace environment can destroy an individual’s sense of security, negatively impacting their well-being In Syria.Originality/valueIn Syria, society is considered closed about sexual issues and considers it a sensitive issue despite its presence and spread in work environments, as the results showed, and this is one of the challenges we face. Therefore, our study is the first in Syria and the largest that sheds light on this phenomenon clearly, strongly, deeply and directly.

DIFFERENCES IN THE WORK ETHIC OF TEACHERS WHO TEACH IN STATE SCHOOLS AND TEACHERS IN PRIVATE SCHOOLS AT SMA N 2 LENGAYANG AND SMK TECHNOLOGY LENGAYANG

This study aims to see how the work ethic of teachers who teach in state schools differs from teachers in private schools at SMA N 2 Lengayang and SMK Technology Lengayang. This study uses quantitative methods with a comparative quantitative design. The population in this study is teachers in state schools and teachers in private schools. The sampling technique in this study used a purposive sampling technique. This study has a sample of 60 teachers with details of 30 samples coming from SMA N 2 Lengayang and 30 samples from SMK Technology Lengayang. The instrument used in this study is the work ethic scale developed by Ngalia (2011) with a total of 27 items. This instrument is based on aspects of the work ethic from Cherrington (1980) which has 3 aspects including: work as a moral obligation, high work discipline, and pride in the results of work. Analysis result using independent sample t-test. The results of the data analysis test show that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted with a significance value (2-tailed) of 0,048 < 0,05 which means that there is a difference in the work ethic of teachers who teach in state schools and teachers in private schools, where teachers in private schools have a higher work ethic.

DIFFERENCES IN THE WORK ETHIC OF TEACHERS WHO TEACH IN STATE SCHOOLS AND TEACHERS IN PRIVATE SCHOOLS AT SMA N 2 LENGAYANG AND SMK TECHNOLOGY LENGAYANG

This study aims to see how the work ethic of teachers who teach in state schools differs from teachers in private schools at SMA N 2 Lengayang and SMK Technology Lengayang. This study uses quantitative methods with a comparative quantitative design. The population in this study is teachers in state schools and teachers in private schools. The sampling technique in this study used a purposive sampling technique. This study has a sample of 60 teachers with details of 30 samples coming from SMA N 2 Lengayang and 30 samples from SMK Technology Lengayang. The instrument used in this study is the work ethic scale developed by Ngalia (2011) with a total of 27 items. This instrument is based on aspects of the work ethic from Cherrington (1980) which has 3 aspects including: work as a moral obligation, high work discipline, and pride in the results of work. Analysis result using independent sample t-test. The results of the data analysis test show that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted with a significance value (2-tailed) of 0,048 < 0,05 which means that there is a difference in the work ethic of teachers who teach in state schools and teachers in private schools, where teachers in private schools have a higher work ethic.

The ghost dead: ethical and medico legal analysis on the Mediterranean tragedies.

Cadaveric identification represents a legal, moral and medico-legal obligation and also fulfills the ethical function to allow the living to offer their dead a merciful burial. In the Mediterranean basin we have been witnessing for years a struggle for life where hundreds of migrants die in an attempt to reach Europe. For these people right to be recognized is not easy because of ante-death biological data are not always available for comparison, and DNA analysis is not always feasible cause for the absence of data with which to compare. In Italy a multidisciplinary protocol has been adopted that involves the acquisition of data provided by family members present in the countries of origin. Between August 2015 and December 2021, bodies of 879 migrants of various nationalities washed up on the shores of Sicily and Calabria. These men, women, and children, in various states of preservation, were examined. Each body underwent a multidisciplinary approach. External examination and autopsy aimed to determine the cause of death for judicial purposes and to facilitate individual identification. Whenever possible bodies underwent total body post-mortem computed tomography examination to identify fractures and prosthetic implants. including inspection of the third molar to provide an estimate of the age. The activity carried out in cooperation with Prefecture, Scientific Police, and National and International Red Cross highlighted the importance of employing multiple scientific skills to compensate for the lack of biological information. The importance of appropriate behaviors to avoid contamination and ensure proper preservation underlines the importance of the establishment of a dedicated database.

불교적 관점에서 본 분노조절 연구

The purpose of this paper is to find a way to control anger that becomes karma for a peaceful life of individuals rather than groups from the Buddhist perspective. This is not a sense of moral obligation, but an individual's free will which means loving oneself and liberating from oneself. Anger is a harmful mind. Anger belongs to anger among the three harmful minds from a Buddhist point of view. Anger is intended to be malicious. Malice stems from dissatisfaction. Therefore, the angry acts caused by the malice of dissatisfaction destroy both the life of an individual and the life of others. In a society that has to live in a group, the problem of anger is difficult to disappear in the past, present, and future. However, from a Buddhist point of view, I expect that if the suffering of anger is prevented and controlled in advance, I will be able to live an individual's peaceful life, which is the purpose of this paper. Therefore, in this study, we will first look at the mechanism of anger from a Buddhist perspective and then divide it into two ways to control it. The first is reflect on oneself from a preventive point of view, make a surrounding environment, and the other is to control it when anger occurs.

Should I speak up? How trust in leaders and leader-leader exchanges influence nurses' voice behaviour.

Discussing the nurses' voice behaviour could support the managers in making the right decisions and solve problems. This was a discursive paper. The discursive was based on reviewing the literature. Nurses play a critical role in offering useful constructive advice, which leads to management figuring out and solving problems immediately for the purpose of bettering the working environment. Therefore, we assert that trust in leadership and the leader-leader exchange system also plays a critical role in enforcing voice behaviour. Trust is a crucial aspect of voice behaviour, and integrated trust in leadership and leader-leader exchange as a possible practical suggestion for the fostering of voice behaviour are proposed. Nurse managers must maintain a sense of reciprocal moral obligation in order to nurture value-driven voice behaviour. It is important that open dialogue, active listening and trust in leadership exist. Nurse managers must consider ways to foster mutual trust, and support and enable nurses to use voice behaviour in everyday practice.

The Influence of Psychological, Spiritual Dimensions and Modernization of the Tax Administration System on Individual Taxpayer Compliance

This study aims to determine the effect of moral obligations, spirituality and modernization of the tax administration system on individual taxpayer compliance. The data used in this study are primary data. Primary data was obtained from questionnaires distributed to Individual Taxpayers in Bengkulu City. The number of questionnaires distributed was 100 questionnaires. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis using the SPSS program. The results showed that spirituality has a positive and significant influence on individual taxpayer compliance while moral obligations and modernization of the tax administration system do not significantly affect individual taxpayer compliance.

Etika Komunikasi Driver Gojek Online Dalam Pelayanan Publik di Lingkungan Kampus A Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Fatah Palembang

This research aims to find out the communication ethics of online Gojek drivers in public services within campus A of Raden Fatah State Islamic University, Palembang. Using interpersonal communication theory and qualitative research methods. Ethics is understood as a set of values, morals, principles or standards of behavior shared by a person, group or society and even a nation. So Ethics is a science that discusses what is good and what is bad and about moral rights and obligations (morals). When communicating with customers or consumers, there are several ways that need to be considered, communicating is not just conveying information. However, also sensitivity to consumer feelings through the art of correct communication, namely by giving a good impression to customers because the first impression is the first thing the customer notices. Meanwhile, public services are one part of achieving the government's targets which aim to create an independent and prosperous society. The results of this research show that the communication ethics of online Gojek drivers within campus A of Raden Fatah State Islamic University, Palembang, requires several things to be done by an online Gojek driver, namely using a real identity, providing the best service, increasing the trust of all parties by establishing good direct communication. or indirectly, Do not select incoming orders, Express polite objections to customers if the customer wants to stop or stop by other than their destination. Meanwhile, the communication ethics of online Gojek drivers, especially those on campus A, Raden Fatah State Islamic University, Palembang, is to provide good and polite etiquette and provide satisfaction to customers in accordance with the customer's wishes or desires. Success in excellent service cannot be separated from the ability to choose the concept of personal approach or interpersonal communication.

éghajlatvédelem poétikája és etikája felé. Ragadozók, bányászat, Szent Ágoston

Towards a Poetics and Ethics of Climate ProtectionThe study addresses the urgent need for a comprehensive approach to climate change, emphasising the role of individual responsibility and political action. It advocates for a shift in thinking, where each person acknowledges their responsibility for climate change, which is crucial for developing effective strategies to combat it. The author agrees with the consensus among climate scientists and scientific circles that human activity is the primary cause of global warming. However, argues that a democratic society lacks a single authoritative figure to dictate actions, placing the onus on individuals to act responsibly and ethically. Exploring the ethical dimensions, the text delves into the philosophical and ethical implications of our relationship with the Earth, drawing on Saint Augustine's reflections on time and the nature of the past. It discusses the concept of exploiting the Earth's resources, likening it to enslaving the past, and emphasises the need to treat these resources as partners in our survival rather than mere commodities. The author argues for a sustainable and ethical approach to resource management, advocating for a balance between taking from and giving back to the Earth. The text concludes by discussing the role of technology, ethics, and legislation in reversing climate change. It highlights the need for more excellent knowledge, responsibility, and collective action to understand and mitigate the adverse effects of climate change. János Boros calls for extending Kant's categorical imperative to include the Earth, emphasising the moral obligation to protect and sustain the planet for future generations. Overall, the study is a comprehensive and philosophical exploration of climate change's ethical and practical challenges, advocating for individual responsibility, strong legislative action, and reevaluating our relationship with the Earth.

Unveiling the key skills and characteristics for the selection of academic leaders in higher education institutions

ABSTRACT This study aimed to explore the essential attributes considered for the selection of academic leaders in higher education institutions in universities from Arabic countries. Through the administration of an open-ended online survey of experienced academic leaders, comprehensive data was collected. The findings of this study revealed that individual qualities and scientific background are the most highly regarded attributes for the selection of academic leaders in higher education institutions for universities in Arabic countries. These individual qualities include personal attributes such as a good reputation, moral obligation, and loyalty and skills and abilities such as excellent communication, specialized qualifications, efficient planning, and proficient time management. Drawing upon the research outcomes, the study concluded that the most significant attributes for selecting academics for leadership roles encompass personal attributes, skills and abilities, scientific background and knowledge, and extensive leadership experience. The implications of these findings contribute to the enhancement of leadership selection processes in higher education institutions.

Understanding the moral and ethical dimensions of the Bhagavad Gita

In Hinduism, there is a distinction made between dharma and karma. Both are essential for the purpose of reaching moksha. Dharma (moral) is the cosmic law or moral principle that governs an individual’s conduct and Karma is the result of past, present and future actions. To achieve good karma (ethical), it is important to live according to dharma. Therefore, in terms of morality in Hinduism, there is an obligation to fulfil one’s destiny as prescribed by the cosmic principle. Karma, on the other hand, serves as the ethical principle in achieving this moral obligation. This distinction is observed in the dilemma, which is played out in the story of Krishna and Arjuna as expressed in the Bhagavad Gita.Contribution: As a result, the contribution to understanding the morality of the Bhagavad Gita rests on Sri Krishna’s strong argument that an individual must set aside their own desires and aspire solely to perform actions that are aligned with the cosmic principle. This means that an individual has the moral obligation to perform those actions irrespective of whether they agree or disagree with the prescribed action. This article engages with the moral obligation and karmic actions, which seem to be at odds with each other, yet the moral obligation takes precedent.

Integrating moral norms and stewardship identity into the theory of planned behavior to understand altruistic conservation behavior among hunters in southwestern Utah (USA)

ABSTRACT We integrate moral norms and stewardship identity into the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to predict the use of non-lead ammunition in the California condor recovery zone of southwestern Utah. Data were collected from licensed hunters via an online survey. Structural equation models of the TPB without and with the moral norms and stewardship identity constructs were compared to evaluate the utility of integrating these constructs into the TPB. Moral norms did have a significant direct influence on hunters’ behavioral intentions. Both moral norms and stewardship identity had significant indirect influences on behavioral intentions via the core constructs of the TPB. The inclusion of moral norms and stewardship identity into the TPB marginally improved model fit and predictive power. Managers can emphasize a moral obligation to use non-lead ammunition and tap into hunters’ desire to steward the landscape and the hunting tradition in their communication and outreach efforts.

DYNAMICS OF ADVOCATES' IMMUNITY RIGHTS IN PROVIDING LEGAL AID IN THE INDONESIAN STATE SYSTEM

<p class="TableParagraph"><em>In the era of globalization and rapid legal development, the role of lawyers in the Indonesian justice system and the administration of justice becomes increasingly crucial. However, their immunity rights often become the subject of debate within dynamics that affect the legal process. The research aims to examine the dynamics of the relationship between lawyers' immunity rights and moral obligations in the context of providing legal assistance in Indonesia and to evaluate the impact of violations of lawyers' immunity rights on the quality of legal assistance services and public trust in the legal profession in Indonesia. This research will employ a normative legal method with a focus on analyzing legal texts governing lawyers' immunity rights within the Indonesian constitutional framework. Research materials will include legal documents such as laws and regulations, with data analysis techniques involving a deep understanding of the content of legal texts. The research findings indicate that in the practice of law in Indonesia, the relationship between lawyers' immunity rights and moral obligations is highly significant. Lawyers have immunity rights that protect them in providing legal advice without external pressure, but they also have a moral obligation to uphold honesty, integrity, and client confidentiality. The influence of the legal and social environment can also affect how lawyers fulfill their moral obligations. Violations of lawyers' immunity rights in Indonesia have serious implications for the quality of legal assistance provided by lawyers and also damage public trust in the profession. Therefore, it is important for the government, professional organizations, and society to work together to ensure the protection of lawyers' immunity rights so that lawyers can carry out their duties with integrity and high trust, and the public can have faith in a fair and effective legal system. Research recommendations include efforts to enhance lawyers' understanding of the relationship between immunity rights and moral obligations, educating the public about the role of lawyers, and enforcing the law rigorously against violations of lawyers' immunity rights.</em></p>

Using an extended model of the reasoned action approach to explore individual behavioral intentions regarding litter and plastic pollution prevention in a developing country.

Implementing litter and plastic pollution prevention strategies is essential for cities of developing countries, mainly due to the prevailing high incidence of littering and the urgent need to realize the adverse per capita environmental impact target of the sustainable development goals. In this article, we report the use of the prominent reasoned action approach-in its original state and an extended model with moral norms-for exploring the critical socio-cognitive determinants of individuals' litter prevention intentions in Ghana. By analyzing the valid answers of 447 participants to a structured questionnaire on litter prevention, we found attitudes (β = 0.35, SE = 0.014, p < 0.001) and moral norms (β = 0.57, SE = 0.099, p < 0.001) as the most influencing determinants to individual intentions in the original and the extended models, respectively. The analysis suggests that individuals will stop littering their environments if environmentally friendly interventions are implemented to elicit self-responsibility and moral obligation. Campaigns that demonstrate the effects of littering on drain blockage, flooding, and disease outbreaks may improve individual litter prevention attitudes. Installing waste receptacles in public spaces and communicating persuasive messages may facilitate personal antilittering intentions. Apart from contributing to the implementation of a litter management strategy to reduce the flood risk and enhance the resilience of the Greater Accra region of Ghana, this research helps to close the literature gaps in litter prevention behavior in developing countries, as well as support the implementation of the sustainable development goals and the global plastic action partnership.

Quality assurance in surgery—a moral obligation

Summary Background Quality assurance (QA) in surgery is crucial, ensuring patient safety, improving outcomes, and maintaining the highest standards of care. Structured medical documentation is a key component in generating valid data that can be used to achieve QA goals. Unfortunately, digital systems for surgical documentation that are simultaneously clinically oriented, appropriately comprehensive, and user friendly are currently lacking. Methods For this reason, the Department of Visceral, Transplant, and Thoracic Surgery at the Medical University of Innsbruck has established its medical documentation platform as a quality-controlled registry (qcRegistry). Results This paper gives an overview of quality assurance measures in medicine, especially in surgery. It describes the essential requirements for the data of a registry, the tools to achieve quality-controlled data, and its implementation in routine without significantly disturbing the daily clinical routine. Conclusion Despite complex conditions inherent to medical quality-controlled documentation, it has been shown that a quality-controlled, audit-capable registry (qcRegistry) can be successfully implemented across all aspects of surgical practice in a tertiary care surgery department.

The need for Hispanic cultural competency in drug abuse treatment training programs: An empirical and ethical evaluation of US universities

Ethical clinical practice requires cultural competency. In the United States, Hispanics report stronger attitudinal barriers to drug abuse treatment than any other racial/ethnic group. Hispanics report feeling that drug abuse treatment providers do not understand their unique cultural needs and are unfamiliar with their experiences of discrimination and immigration. Using this case study to explore broader ethical and policy issues, this study investigates the extent to which US universities train counselors to address the culturally specific needs of Hispanic patients and how this is reflected in practice in Los Angeles County. Based on a content analysis of the required courses, syllabi, and course descriptions at 30 universities related to culture/race/racism/ethnicity/diversity at the undergraduate and graduate levels on the addiction therapist track, and thematic analysis of eight in-depth interviews with counselors working in outpatient rehabilitation centers in Los Angeles, I argue that cultural competency education for drug abuse counselors is too surface level and infrequent to adequately prepare students for a career in addiction counseling for Hispanic clients. Significant changes must be made to how cultural diversity is valued and prioritized in the field of psychology to provide better care for Hispanic people with a substance use disorder and fulfill the moral obligation to eliminate this health disparity. Although this study focuses on counselors in Los Angeles, these findings are relevant for professionals and healthcare systems across the United States and beyond who seek to provide equitable and effective care for Hispanic patients.