Interest In Ethics Research Articles

Ethical design and digital society: reflection of human activity in the modern world

The article deals with the actual problem of the development of ethical design in the digital society. The comprehension of the specifics of human existence in the modern world and the understanding of the prospects for the development of humanity led to a significant increase in attention to the ethical component in various types of social activity. In the digital society, in the phase of surveillance capitalism, the concept of ethical design came into existence, which teaches to set ethical goals on a par with the goals of business efficiency, and to make ethical design methods part of the everyday practice of creating products and services. The purpose of the study is to analyze the principles of ethical design in the context of the triad "human being – society – environment". The study is based on the analysis of the ethical design manifesto, scientific sources on the outlined issues, and the experience of leading design practices. It is determined that design ethics, in a broad sense, refers to moral behavior and responsible choices in design. Design ethics is concerned with establishing the relationship between the product and the user in such a way that it supports responsible and moral choice. Ethical design is the identification and development of the "goodness" factor in product design aimed at benefiting the individual users, their ecosystem, and society at large. Ethical design is based on respect: for human rights, human effort and human experience. Basic principles of ethical design include usability, accessibility, privacy, transparency, respect for people's moral autonomy, user participation, and sustainability. The new design priority is to take into account the ethical component in the process of creating products and services, rethinking their social, cultural, psychological, and environmental impact. During the development of the design, it is necessary to evaluate the ethical risks and benefits of the project, to create a design that takes into account cultural differences, inclusiveness and accessibility, to support the moral autonomy and interests of people, to observe confidentiality and transparency, to critically evaluate the results, to harmonize activities with the concept of sustainable development in order to establish a balance between satisfaction modern needs of humanity and protecting the interests of future generations, in particular their needs for a safe and healthy environment.

Hope, Pessimism, and the Shape of a Just Climate Future

AbstractThe urgency of climate change has never been greater, nor the moral case for responding to it more compelling. This review essay critically compares Darrel Moellendorf's Mobilizing Hope and Catriona McKinnon's Climate Change and Political Theory. Moellendorf's book defends the moral importance of poverty alleviation through sustainable economic growth and argues for a mass climate movement based on the promise of a more prosperous future. By contrast, McKinnon provides a political vocabulary to articulate the many faces of climate injustice, and to critically examine proposed policy solutions—notably including the indefinite pursuit of economic growth. While both find reasons to be hopeful, their wide-ranging accounts reflect different visions of what a just and sustainable future might look like. They reflect different understandings of sustainable development and the significance of environmental values; the scope of permissible climate activism; and the ethics of geoengineering. Building upon them, I argue in favor of a more pluralistic vision of a just climate future, one that is capable of speaking to the range of moral interests bearing upon the climate and biodiversity crises, and that supports sustainable development that is inclusive of diverse human-nature relationships.

Psychological characteristics of cadets

It is important to have a clear idea of the general features of the moral and psychological profile of cadets of SPHEİ, as well as the characteristics of future officers of various specialty courses. The socio-psychological characteristics of cadets depend largely on the nature and content of their educational and service activities, which include life experience, family situation, upbringing, development, education, etc., can be attributed. All this finds its manifestation in the moral character, behavior, needs and interests, emotional drum, and daily activities of the future officers. Character is a unique expression of mental cognitive processes, feelings, will orientation, temperament and abilities. Orientation of the personality, his occupations, interests, needs, motives of action determine the content of his character, its stability or contradiction. Which action motives will be the main, leading one depends on the character. In the article, the importance of taking into account belonging to this or other types of temperament is also justified in increasing the effectiveness of teacher-student relations.

Employer branding: Confirmation of a measurement model and its implication for managing the workforce

Employer branding is becoming increasingly important for organizations to attract and retain top talent. While practitioners use a range of tactics to build and promote employer branding, it is still unclear as to what exactly constitutes effective employer branding. This gap in the literature formed the motivation of this study, which aims to develop, validate and apply a multi-dimensional measurement model of employer branding. First, a comprehensive measurement model of employer branding comprising eight constructs (brand value, development value, economic value, ethical and moral value, functional value, interest value, management value, and work-life balance) was developed through an extensive literature review. Next, using data collected through a structured survey, the validity of the proposed model, including the relevance/appropriateness of each construct and its unique contribution to employer branding, was assessed. The second-order confirmatory factor analysis results established the existence of a robust higher-order measurement model for employer branding, with each of the eight constructs contributing significantly and uniquely. The model was then applied to assess the hypothesized difference in employer branding across different demographic groups, namely gender and overall work experience. The results indicate a significant difference in the model across the various demographic groups. Overall, the study significantly contributes toward the theoretical advancement of employer branding. Future researchers could adopt the validated model and measurement items in different settings. For practitioners, the results indicate that employer branding requires an all-encompassing effort rather than being oriented towards few attributes. Also, the study findings highlight the need to customize employer brand strategies across different demographic groups.

Minty Fresh! Absolving Dieters of their Consumption Sins

This research contributes to the emerging interest in food morality by exploring the preference for and the effects of a particular food flavor (mint) on consumption behavior. More specifically, we examine how the refreshing oronasal properties of a specific food flavor (i.e., mint) systematically influence consumer preferences and food choice behavior. Across a pilot and two studies, we show that the refreshing properties of mint that can help dieters wash away the guilt associated with the consumption of “taboo” foods. We found that dieters tended to prefer “taboo” foods such as chocolate cookies (study 1) when they were mint-flavored. Further, after having consumed taboo food such as chocolate, dieters were more likely to prefer a mint- (vs. berry- or cinnamon-) flavored oral freshener (study 2). We also provide food marketers and public policy makers with new insights into how certain consumers (i.e., dieters) evaluate mint-flavored food products.

MCCLESKEY ACCUSED Justice Powell and The Moral Price of Institutional Pride

<i>MCCLESKEY</i> ACCUSED Justice Powell and The Moral Price of Institutional Pride

Empowering Permanent Minorities: Foot Voting and Positive Freedom for Radicals

Foot voting—that is, an individual’s choice of a government, or of a governance regime such as that offered by a corporation or a homeowner’s association--has been advocated by libertarian law professor Ilya Somin in two recent books (2016, 2021) that emphasize the relative thoughtfulness of foot voters who are making important personal choices compared to the relative ignorance of ballot box voters whose individual votes are hardly ever outcome-determinative. This paper adopts Somin’s case for foot voting and suggests an additional ground for supporting it: giving radical minorities opportunities to exercise self-determination in a way that they are unable to do in majoritarian democratic and business systems in which public policies and corporate governance are targeted to the median voter, shareholder, employee, and consumer. Relying centrally on Mill (1859), Rawls (1999, 2005), and mechanism design theory (Maskin, 1999), it argues that it is in the practical and moral interest of non-radicals and radicals alike that there should be more support in business ethics and elsewhere than there is now for voluntary, partly self-governing, radical local political communities—“codominia”--and to serve and link these communities with small and large radical businesses—“coenterprises.” Although the paper is primarily conceptual, it also includes a qualitative empirical component, in the forms of introductory discussions of a survey on interest in joining radical communities that was administered to students in Southeast Asia, and of how the reforms proposed have a precedent in the long-standing Dutch and Belgian systems of pillarized community self-determination.

Konstytucyjne prawa osobiste i majątkowe twórców nauki de lege lata i de lege ferenda. Zagadnienia konstrukcyjne w kontekście uniwersalnego systemu ochrony praw człowieka

This paper focuses on analysing the relationship between intellectual property law and human rights in point of view protecting the moral and material interests of the creators of intangible goods. The paper aims to determine whether the catalogue of human rights includes the subjective right of the creators of intangible goods to protect their personal and material rights to the fruits of their intellectual work and reconstruct the content of this right. The considerations are carried out from the background of the Polish and universal system of protecting human rights and the legal requirement to provide adequate protection to the creators of Science. The paper concludes that the catalogue of human rights includes the subjective right of the creators of intangible goods to protect their moral and material interests and reconstruct the content of that right.

Self‐deceptionand moral interests

AbstractAdult persons normally are taken as prima facie authorities regarding their own avowed interests, so that an accusation of self‐deception with respect to such interests troubles our default presumptions. Furthermore, the difficulty, in practice, of knowing when such accusations are warranted presents a peculiar obstacle to moral justification, inasmuch as knowing how the interests of various persons really are likely to be affected by some act or norm is an accepted preliminary to moral justification across a wide range of theoretical approaches and is, in some cases—such as in contractualist accounts—decisive. I argue that a careful examination of the pragmatics of coherent allegations of self‐deception shows them to rely on a form of ‘proleptic’ argument, and that the truth‐ or validity‐conditions for such utterances lie in the transformative appropriation of the one so accused.

REMARKS ON TRADE UNIONS’ ENTITLEMENTS IN THE FIELD OF COUNTERACTING BULLYING (MOBBING) AT WORK

In Poland the obligation to counteract bullying (mobbing) is imposed on employers by Article 943 of the Labour Code. The method of fulfilling this obligation is not indicated. The regulation is limited to precising the employer’s liability. Also the Act on Trade Unions does not deal with the trade unions’ competences in the field of bullying (mobbing). Yet, it proclaims the protection of dignity and moral interests of persons performing work, both individual and collective ones, as one of the tasks of trade unions. Thus, it is sometimes suggested that trade union’s representatives should take active part in activities and possible bodies aiming to counteract bullying (mobbing). However, admitting a trade union’s representative to employer’s activities aiming to counteract bullying might lead to infringement of the negative freedom of trade unions, personal rights and data of those people involved who are not trade union’s members.

‘We are Sorry This Video Is Not Available in Your Country’: An Ethical Analysis of Geo-blocking Audio-Visual Online Content

ABSTRACT This article provides an ethical analysis of the moral conflict over access to premium audio-visual online content, which is currently regulated by geo-blocking in the domain of digital film distribution. We first identify the stakeholders of this conflict, which are the rights holders on the one hand – that is, creators, producers and distributors of audio-visual content – and the consumers of audio-visual content on the other. We also identify their interests, moral rights and moral intuitions based on interviews with representatives of the interested parties and by conducting an analysis of their position papers on the Digital Single Market strategy initiatives presented by the European Commission in the years 2015 to 2018. The moral rights and legitimate interests of stakeholders are then balanced and specified. We propose four ethical principles that set out the conditions under which the geo-blocking of audio-visual content is either ethically justified or unjustified.

Kawung: Landraces, management, uses, and conservation based on moral versus economic interest among Outer Baduy community, South Banten, Indonesia

Abstract. Iskandar BS, Iskandar J. 2021. Kawung: Landraces, management, uses, and conservation based on moral versus economic interest among Outer Baduy community, South Banten, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 5572-5584. The sugar palm or kawung (Arenga pinnata (Wurm) Merr.) has naturally or semi naturally grown in many rural areas of Banten and West Java. The sugar palm has social, economic, cultural, and ecological benefits for rural communities, but its population has dramatically decreased. This study aimed to access the knowledge, traditional management, uses and traditional conservation of sugar palm. This research used a qualitative method with an ethnoecological approach. The results showed that the Outer Baduy community has a rich knowledge of sugar palm. Two landraces of sugar palm are recognized by Outer Baduy mainly kawung gedé and kawung salompét. They have not intensively cultivated the sugar palm, but managed the kawung seedlings which grow naturally or assisted by civet or careuh in traditional agroforestry systems, including huma, reuma, leuweung lembur, and leuweung kolot. The weeds growing surrounding the seedlings are cleared, and then the seedlings will grow naturally and finally develop to mature trees. The sugar palm has been traditionally used for ecological, socio-economic, and cultural functions. The Outer Baduy community has traditionally conserved the sugar palm which grows in traditional agroforestry systems. The sugar palm trees, fruits, and the stems have never been cut, used as the sweetmeats, and made into sago flour, respectively, while the civets which have assisted distribution and regeneration of the sugar palm have never been hunted, and their habitat has never been destroyed.

Fragmented Pragmatism: On Sungmoon Kim’s Pragmatic Confucian Democracy

Fragmented Pragmatism: On Sungmoon Kim’s Pragmatic Confucian Democracy

WAR AND CONFLICT IN THE AFRICAN SAHEL FRUIT OF HISTORIC AND PERMANENT WAR BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: the Arab-Islamic empire and the Western empire.

This reflection concerns the armed conflicts of the African Sahel and aims to historically analyze the role of Arab-Islamic colonization, Western colonization and the rivalries between the two. It is based on the hypothesis that the confrontation between jihadist and internal and external interventionists in the region constitutes a historical struggle motivated by humanitarian and non moral geoeconomic interests. Methodologically, a historical and comparative analysis is chosen to conclude that the main causes of conflicts should be located in the colonial maps and the historical rivalry between empires and not in ethnic, tribal and religious deferences or the borders created by Western colonization.

Legal Regulation of Spreading Opinions and Beliefs through TV Broadcasting

The research is focused on the problems of legal regulation of spreading opinions and beliefs through TV broadcasting. The scientific novelty of the research consists of the provisions on the need to amend the legislation on establishing the procedure for inspection and monitoring of television organizations by the National Council on Television and Radio Broadcasting. The author has studied legislative acts regulating the activity of mass media and works of scholars, where the peculiarities of the legal status of television organizations are covered. It has been stated that the constitutional right to free expression of one’s opinions and beliefs can be exercised through TV broadcasting. The legal basis for the activities of television organizations has been determined. The legal principles for the activities of journalists of television organizations have been clarified. Forms of disseminating one’s own views through television have been established. It has been emphasized that the creation of one’s own television organization by a citizen or a legal entity is the first way to spread opinions and beliefs. The participation of well-known politicians or public figures in television programs has been recognized as a separate form of disseminating the relevant concepts to a wide audience. At the same time, broadcasting an interview given by a well-known public or political figure to the TV channel’s journalists is an important method of disseminating the relevant information. Legal restrictions on the dissemination of certain information by television have been defined. It has been stated that the right to information may be limited by law in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public morality. The general characteristics of monitoring and supervisory powers of the National Council on Television and Radio Broadcasting have been provided. The author has formulated propositions for amending the current legislation regulating the activities of the National Council on Television and Radio Broadcasting.

What is love? The complex relation between values and practice in Vanuatu

AbstractThe past decade has seen a renewed anthropological interest in values, morality, and ethics. This article engages with this field by demonstrating how values can be strategies as well as ideals, prone to destabilize social order and divide people precisely because they are thought to be shared. The concept of ‘love’, referring to everyday practices of concern and care for others, is a core value for living on Ahamb Island in Vanuatu. However, adherence to the same core value does not necessarily create an ordered social world. Analysing three ethnographic cases, one of them a dispute with fatal consequences, I propose a model for studying values that accommodates ambiguity by uniting the notion of shared social values with individual experience and strategy. A methodological argument is that it is crucial for anthropological studies of values to assess the context for people's shifting interpretations and articulations of value in practice.

Open to Debate: Reducing Polarization by Approaching Political Argument as Negotiation

One of the most prominent features of political polarization is the decline in civility and quality of political discourse. Those with opposing political viewpoints often refuse to engage in dialogue, and their limited attempts often end in unproductive conflict. In this article, I examine the commonalities between political arguments and negotiations to consider how the principles of negotiation theory can usefully be applied to improve the quality of political discourse. I survey existing research on political and moral psychology to analyze the competitive dynamics and emotions underlying the use of reason in political contexts. I propose a model of political arguments in which stated positions function as proxies for personal, moral, and tribal interests, and offer specific examples of prescriptive strategies for how negotiation theory can foster constructive dialogue. My core contention is that most political arguments reflect a zero‐sum dynamic that inflames unproductive competitive instincts, whereas an interest‐based approach moves beyond political positioning to allow for more substantive reflection and mutual understanding. Effective argumentation requires parties to view rational dialogue as consistent with their mutual interests, using shared curiosity, trust in good faith, and other cooperative principles as procedural ground rules. It also requires parties to address the social and emotional dynamics influencing their shared use of reason, working to replace adversarial tension with a personal inclination toward fair‐mindedness and reciprocity.

Certain issues of the relationship between intellectual property rights and human rights in international legal aspects

The article discusses the relationship between intellectual property rights and human rights in the context of international treaties,in particular the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.Based on the relevant articles of these documents provided for the right of everyone to benefit from the protection of the moral andmaterial interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author as well as on the specific featuresof human rights, the nature of intellectual rights and their intersection with human rights are analysed.The article devotes considerable attention to various international bodies’ views on the question at hand. In one of the most importantdocuments on the issue, General Comment No. 17, the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights contrasts humanrights with intellectual property rights. It is noted that the former are fundamental, inalienable and universal entitlements belonging toindividuals, and the latter are generally of a temporary nature, and can be revoked, licensed or assigned to someone else. At the sametime, the UN Committee interpreted the author’s moral rights of attribution and integrity of his work to form part of the moral interestsreferred to in human rights law.The Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights Farida Shaheed generally concurred with the position of the Committee.However, she stressed the importance of looking beyond moral rights already recognized in copyright regimes to discern additional orstronger moral interests from a human rights standpoint so as to prevent the moral interests of authors from being under-protected. TheSpecial Rapporteur acknowledges that the moral rights of inventors and scientific discoverers are also protected as human rights.In respect to material interests, a limited number of property rights of authors can be recognized as human rights. As both the UNCommittee and the Special Rapporteur agreed, the material interests of authors are linked to an adequate standard of living which canbe achieved through one-time payments or by vesting an author, for a limited period of time, with the exclusive right to exploit his scientific,literary or artistic production.Hence, considering the provisions of Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights, the creator’s moral rights of attribution and integrity of his work as well as his resale right and right to remunerationcan be considered as human rights.

Coming Out to Play: Privacy, Data Protection, Children's Health, and COVID-19 Research.

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the need for new ways of thinking about data protection. This is especially so in the case of health research with children. The responsible use of children’s data plays a key role in promoting children’s well-being and securing their right to health and to privacy. In this article, we contend that a contextual approach that appropriately balances children’s legal and moral rights and interests is needed when thinking about data protection issues with children. We examine three issues in health research through a child-focused lens: consent to data processing, data retention, and data protection impact assessments. We show that these issues present distinctive concerns for children and that the General Data Protection Regulation provides few bright-line rules. We contend that there is an opportunity for creative approaches to children’s data protection when child-specific principles, such as the best interests of the child and the child’s right to be heard, are put into dialogue with the structure and logic of data protection law.

МОДЕЛЬ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ НРАВСТВЕННЫХ КАЧЕСТВ ЛИЧНОСТИ МЛАДШИХ ШКОЛЬНИКОВ СРЕДСТВАМИ ИНОЯЗЫЧНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

The current stage of development of the Russian education system is characterized by significant reforms, political and socio-economic reorganizations that fundamentally change the sociocultural situation in which the moral formation and development of a person's personality is proceeding. Unemployment and rising poverty inevitably lead to the loss of cultural, spiritual and moral values. The spiritual crisis in the country makes the task of modernization of Russian education be urgent, which, in turn, is impossible without moral education. Despite the existence of numerous state documents concerning the improvements of the process of moral education, the solution of this problem cannot be considered as a final. As the educational process is based on interpersonal communication, foreign language teaching has certain advantages in terms of the formation of universal human values. It allows to influence the formation of moral attitudes of students. The analysis of the educational and methodological complexes for foreign language teaching in elementary school showed the fragmentary nature of moral-oriented tasks and the lack of a consistent educational strategy focused on the moral formation of the student’s personality. In this article, the possibility of the educational impact of foreign language education is presented by a theoretical model, the purpose of which is the formation of younger schoolchildren moral qualities. It is possible by using the functional transfer, which involves understanding and comparing the social and moral experience formed as a result of the native language studying with the acquired communicative experience in moral-oriented interaction at foreign language lessons. It is fundamentally important to involve a comparison of native and foreign cultures in language learning. As a result, the moral attitudes and interest to studying foreign language culture are formed.