Moral Example Research Articles

CƏLALƏDDİN RUMİ YARADICILIĞINDA TƏRBİYƏ PROSESİNİN VASİTƏ VƏ ÜSULLARINA BİR NƏZƏR

For the first time the essence, components, means and methods of upbringing - the main base of creativity of Mevlana Jalaladdin Rumi became the object of analysis and research in the article . It is noted that Mevlana skillfully used in educational work such methods as moral conversations, examples, recommendations, advice, praise, applause, instructions, persuasion and training, encouragement and punishment, which are widely used in educational work. He protudes from a unified position, considering it is necessary to adhere to unity in terms of eliminating the contradictions that appear in this process. It also emphasizes that the exemplary life path of the prophets, imams and Sufis had such a great influence on Mevlana's personal life that he became an example for his students and the Turkic peoples in general and had a great positive impact on their upbringing. It is an indisputable fact that Mevlana not only expressed his thoughts, instructing those who were around him (his sons Sultan Veled, Alaaddin, Amir Alim Chelebi and daughters Maliku, Kimya and others), but he also served as an example with his behavior and life style. Key words: Mevlana Jalaladdin Rumi; educational methods used in the works of Mevlana Jalaladdin Rumi; means and methods, Word and the power of the word; rules of etiquette.

First and Second Thessalonians

Nathan Eubank’s commentary on 1 and 2 Thessalonians is a welcome contribution to the Catholic Commentary on Sacred Scripture series. It ably meets the series goals of a scholarly work based on a historical literary method that is informed by prayerful theological reflection. Its clarity of expression ensures that its target readership (those engaged in or training for pastoral ministry, and others interested in studying Scripture) will benefit from Eubank’s thoughtful exegesis. It represents a conservative Catholic position that seeks to explain the text 1 and 2 Thessalonians in the context of both the rest of Scripture and also the tradition of the church. In particular, the use of the “Biblical Background” and “Living Tradition” sidebars locates Eubank’s exegetical decision within this wider framework in a way that enables even the lay person to understand his reasoning.The commentary proceeds in the usual manner: an introduction to the letters (pp. 16–28), an outline of the structure (pp. 29–30), and then more detailed exegetical notes on 1 Thessalonians (pp. 31–137) and 2 Thessalonians (pp. 138–94), before ending with a list of suggested resources (pp. 195–96), a glossary (p. 197) and two indexes—pastoral topics (p. 198) and sidebars (p. 199).In the introduction, Eubank outlines the cases for and against Pauline authorship of 2 Thessalonians before concluding that Pauline authorship is more likely. Further, he favors the traditional ordering of the epistles (1 Thessalonians precedes 2 Thessalonians), briefly explains the genre of first-century letters in order to enable understanding of Paul’s modification of the genre to meet his purposes, and outlines how the letters have been accepted and understood in the history of the church.Eubank’s exegesis is based on the New American Bible Revised Edition (NABRE) but he is not afraid to discuss the underlying Greek when necessary. This is done via transliteration so that the reader who has no Greek can still grasp the discussion. The exegesis focuses on units rather than verses (although verses are indicated in the margins), and each exegetical section is followed with comments on how to apply the text. The units under consideration are keyed to significant OT, NT, and Catholic writings so readers can locate the exegesis in the broader themes of the Scriptures and the church. In order best to cater to the intended audience, footnotes and technical discussion are kept to a minimum. This in no way indicates Eubank’s disinterest in the issues but rather demonstrates his ability to make difficult things simple for the reader by cutting to the heart of the matter. In this regard, he understands Paul’s description of himself in 1 Thess 2:1–12 as a moral example to follow rather than a defense of his apostolicity, 1 Thess 2:13–16 as original and not a post-Pauline interpolation, and 1 Thess 4:3–8 to be talking about husbands, wives, and sex within marriage. In 2 Thess 2:6–7, Eubank argues that the restrained is most probably a supernatural power like an angel.The strengths of this commentary are many: it is clearly written so even the engaged layperson could read it while not being so simple that it loses its value for the seminarian or pastor. It represents a conservative Catholic understanding of 1 and 2 Thessalonians, but this does not impede its fair discussion and assessment of others’ views. However, these strengths also form part of its weaknesses. It is not a technical commentary, so researchers will not be drawn to its discussion—they will prefer Malherbe, with whom Eubank sides on most things of note. In particular, its interaction with the Greek text does not venture much beyond semantic choice so there is little discussion of syntactical decisions and their contribution to meaning. While it may be unfair to criticize Eubank on not achieving something that was never his intention, it needs to be observed in order to clarify who will use this commentary.Overall, this commentary is an excellent representation of a conservative Catholic view of 1 and 2 Thessalonians that suits an undergraduate readership. It will not find much reading in postgraduate courses or research.

Орта мектепте М.Қашқари және Ж.Баласағұн шығармаларын оқытудың тәрбиелік мәні

At the present time, the content of literary reading programs has a considerable educational potential. Its implementation depends on the purposeful selection of the content of the educational material, which presents students with a true example of morality, patriotism, spirituality, citizenship and humanity. However, content can be a means of education only if it is transmitted to the consciousness of students through a holistic perception based on narrative, solid knowledge. A secondary school student should be encouraged to understand the artistic specifics of the literature of the Islamic era, along with the ideological and content aspect of the work. When realizing that the main feature of the literature of the Islamic era is the promotion of human values, call for good and appeal to the weal, the student freely assimilates the work and deeply understands its meaning. In this context, it is necessary for secondary school students to study widely the literary and historical heritage, to use it in educational work. To date, effective ways and approaches to teaching Kazakh literature in secondary schools are being methodologically studied. In particular, the teaching of Islamic literature in secondary schools is of great importance. This article examines in detail the issues of what is the main purpose of studying the literature of the Islamic era in secondary school and what is the impact of the works of literature of the Islamic era in general on the worldview of students. The article describes the educational significance of the pedagogical works of the medieval Turkologist, scientist M. Kashgari and Zh. Balasagun.

Toward a multifaith view of atonement

The meaning of the death of Jesus on the cross has been interpreted differently from the first century until today. Of the many theories proposed throughout Christian history, the dominant understanding, especially among evangelical Protestants since the Reformation and perhaps dating from Anselm of Canterbury in the eleventh century, has been the penal-substitutionary view of atonement. Christ died to pay the penalty for human sin, so humanity can receive forgiveness by trusting in the efficacy of Jesus’s death on its behalf. This explanation is an objective theory that is “Godward focused,” understanding the work of Christ as a divine plan to satisfy what God requires: expiation for human sin. Other competing theories, however, reject this idea and propose more subjective views that are “humanward focused.” This article considers the reality of different, imperfect perspectives about matters as complex as the interpretation of God. It connects the writer’s affirmation of the plurality of religious experience with his having lived a quarter century in the multifaith milieu of Java. It touches on specific opposing theories of atonement, endorsing as more useful in our interreligious world the subjective approaches to understanding the cross. It advocates an intriguing argument for the plurality of end goals, or “salvations,” among the world’s religions. Finally, it uses the less dominant models of martyr motif and the moral example theory to investigate how the concept of atonement might be understood in the context of four major world religions other than Christianity, suggesting that acknowledgment of the legitimacy of different approaches to the Divine is a distinctly “Christian” way to live in a diverse world.

“The morning star of Wittenberg”: Katharina von Bora’s image in the historical memory of Germany in 19th century

The article explores various ways Katharina von Bora Martin Luther’s wife was perceived by the German intellectuals in the 19th century. The author intends not only to reveal the reasons of turning to this person in a certain historical period but also to define the key differences in her image’s interpretation compared to the previous centuries. To achieve this goal the author explores the biographical works, which were dedicated to the wife of the founder of the Reformation tradition and their married life. Such similar genre of works gives the most complete representation of the dynamical transformation of Katharina’s image, which was conditioned by social processes in Germany during the whole of the 19th century: starting with the private life development during the Biedermeier period and ending with high industrialization and the rise of the national feelings. Another important role plays the growth of the German women’s movement. Therefore, it is possible to see the construction of a “new” Katharina von Bora in every period, and with it a new ideal of women’s identity, a moral example for the lady of the house self-identification.

Практический идеал во плоти. Этикотеология Канта и Богочеловечество

The metaphysical layer of what can be called philosophical Christology in Kant’s treatise on religion reflects his idea of the embodiment of the archetype of moral perfection. Kant raises the problem of the ontology of the ideal in the shape of the question about the conditions that make actual experience possible: the ideal of holiness resides in reason, i. e. in the human being, but the dominance of radical evil over the human will puts it out of human reach either in thought or in practice. For rational thought it is more natural to imagine the practical reality of the archetype as the embodiment of the authentic man proceeding from God. Using the Gospel narrative about Jesus, Kant interprets the human nature of the archetype in the light of his general notions about the properties of this nature. It is widely believed that Kant’s ethical theology eliminates the divine nature of the archetype by stating that an entirely holy will cannot be a moral example for the infirm human will. Kant however says, merely as a critical philosopher, that there are not enough rational grounds for thinking divine nature. Rational philosophy can think the archetype of perfection only as its pure and whole moral attitude through all the maxims and acts. Philosophy would transcend its boundaries if it claimed more and expected recognition of the prototypical theology of the ideal as the content of church faith. But it is not by chance that Kant sets forth the philosophical theory of the archetype as the content of faith in the subjunctive mood. According to Kant, the preaching of the divine character of the archetype as extra-philosophical supplement of the paradoxes and symbols of philosophical theology is only possible on condition that this statutory preaching does not obstruct the overall aspiration toward the actualisation of the pure moral attitude. If these conditions are observed the philosopher and the biblical theologian remain each with their theologies and within their rights.

The Evolution and Reinforcement of Lei Feng Image in Chinese Moral Education Textbooks

Against the background of the Centennial of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party, Lei Feng is a role model to follow. In Chinese moral education textbooks, Lei Feng is an indispensable moral example. Studying the image of Lei Feng in moral education textbooks helps to promote the moral development of students and strengthen the study of party history. The textual analysis on Lei Feng image in the 5 sets of primary school-oriented moral education textbooks by People’s Education Press suggests the following findings. In terms of the external form, the trends include the gradually decreasing class hours to portray Lei Feng image, the increasingly simple way of presentation, and gradually simplified descriptive words. In terms of the internal connotation, Lei Feng image has transited from the political field to the educational field, from the political attributes to the life attributes, from a screen hero to a citizen in daily life, and from the ideal and belief to the self-cultivation example with good deeds. Therefore, while keeping pace with the time, the compilation of Chinese moral education textbooks should continuously promote the inclusion of Lei Feng spirit, and adopt a graphics-text combination mode to depict Lei Feng image truly on the basis of substantial literatures, so as to strengthen Lei Feng image in the textbooks and highlight the value of Lei Feng spirit in contemporary moral education.

Review

Review

Education in the Context of European Culture: Rationalism, Pragmatism, and the Outlines of Future Ethics

The article discusses education as a phenomenon of European culture. The author argues that education (having emerged as a product of the Western civilization and representing the deep foundations of the European style of thinking) becomes inalienable component of European culture and largely determines its development trends. Thus, education traditionally was an important component of religious culture, despite that the methodological rationalism of scholasticism came into conflict with the postulation of the fundamental non-objectivity of God. Teaching theology as an academic discipline considered as a form of the comprehension of God. Since education turns out to be one of the basic elements of European culture, that form of education, which dominates in a particular period of history, plays a determinative role in the development of various cultural phenomena. This is demonstrated by the example of ethics and morality. Thus, the interpretation of education as studying leads to the formation of deductive thinking, which, when applied to the sphere of morality, presupposes the submission of specific situations under the learned universal rules of standardized moral code. In contrast, modern moral consciousness understands moral choice as creative modeling of behavior in specific situations, idiographically understood as unique. This is possible only on the basis of the reception of deep general human values, which means the connection between the modern type of morality and education. Therefore, education should include not only studying (which is now understood as training of technologies for obtaining knowledge rather than the accumulation of knowledge itself) but also cultivation of personality, and the latter should be in focus.

Introduction

What drives leaders to inspire, orientate and motivate members in organisations such as schools, congregations, and parachurch organisations, and to transform social life forms? We need leaders who transform organisations and society at large; who are authentic and a moral example; who know how to discern in view of the interest of the people they serve; who are transformed themselves from the cultural and power-related forces of history as, for example, in South Africa that struggles with issues of injustice and reconciliation. Transformative, authentic or servant leadership is highly valued, but there is a lack of knowledge as to how to develop or educate leaders in this way. The question of theory development centres around the concept of spirituality. Different disciplines such as management sciences, psychology, education, and business ethics study the concept of spirituality in relation to leadership. This special issue aims to contribute to this theory-building from the perspective of practical theology and religious studies.

Exemplary of Limang: The Life Story of Rakoetta Sembiring Brahmana as “Bupati Pejuang” 1914-1964

Rakoetta S. Brahmana is a name that is still unfamiliar to some of the ears of North Sumatra people, especially for Indonesians in general. Rakoetta, as her comrade and family called her, was a Karo son who was born in the village of Limang, Tanah Karo on August 4, 1914. Rakoetta means glue in the Karo language. By giving that name, his parents hoped that Rakoetta would truly become the glue (unity) for the family and the wider community. This article is intended to re-record the struggle and dedication of Rakoetta as an exemplary figure for what is now known a “fighting” in the Indonesian politics, the Simultaneous Local Election. Rakoetta understood his sociological conditions and Karo culture well because of the influence of his parents. His knowledge of Karo culture became a strong capital in pursuing his political career during the independence struggle in North Sumatra, in addition to his formal education experience at HIS Kabanjahe and Medan Taman Siswa School between 1924 and 1930s. When in Medan, Rakoetta began to come into contact with ideas of nationalism. In Medan political organizations such as Budi Utomo, Sarekat Islam, the Indonesian Communist Party and the Indonesian National Party flourished. During the revolutionary period of independence he was actively involved as a member of Partindo, PNI, Boempa, BPI, BKR until he became regent of the revolutionary period. Rakoetta continued to serve as a Regent of Karo for two periods from 1946 to 1954, and again a Regent of Asahan concurrently Mayor of Tanjung Balai 1954-1960 and Mayor of Siantar 1960-1964. Rakoetta passed away in 1964. The story of Rakoetta’s life saves a bitter and full of ethos of struggle; consistent, resilient, tough, creative, clean and anti-corruption. There are many moral examples that should be emulated from a Rakoetta. The story of his struggle has never been written by anyone.

Justin Clarke-Doane* Morality and Mathematics.

This excellent book compares and contrasts morality and mathematics. Their similarities and differences are not what one might naïvely suppose, as the author demonstrates. The book is highly recommended to philosophers interested in both subjects, and to anyone who seeks a global understanding of how morality and mathematics fit into our belief system. In Chapter 1 the reader is introduced to the author’s understanding of two key terms: realism and objectivity. One overarching opinion presented in this book is that these notions are in tension, and here the motivation for this view is put forward. First, a general recipe for a ‘realist’ view of some subject matter F is devised, with candidate ingredients being examined one by one before being either included or rejected. In the end, the author advocates an understanding of ‘F-realism’ as the view that F-sentences should be interpreted at face-value, that they are commonly used to express beliefs and typically have truth values, that some atomic F-sentences (not merely tautologous compounds) are true, and finally that the F-truths hold independently of mind and language. Surprisingly, among the ingredients rejected by Clarke-Doane is objectivity. Though he denies that the term is being used here in a revisionary or technical sense, he also wishes to deny that ‘objectivity’ should be taken to mean the same as either intersubjectivity or mind-independence. Rather, objectivity here just means a kind of anti-pluralism: we can call the answer to a question an objective one just in case that answer is uniquely correct. Now the idea of treating a matter as objective just in cases where there is only ‘one right answer’ seems, at first blush, to accord with common usage. It is only when the author begins to push on this line that it shows itself to be rather more radical. To use his own example: it is not an objective matter whether the parallel postulate holds (as a pure mathematical conjecture), even if robust platonism is true, since it is true in Euclidean space but not in hyperbolic space (or rather, true of Euclidean lines, but not of hyperbolic lines). There is thus not a unique right answer to the question ‘Is the parallel postulate true?’ To go in for an illustrative moral example, error theorists about morality could plausibly be called moral objectivists (though importantly, not realists) in Clarke-Doane’s sense, given that they give one and only one answer — namely, ‘no’ — to any question at all of whether something is right, wrong, good, bad, etc. The idea of separating the notions of realism and objectivity, if cogent, is clearly one with a great deal of potential, ripe for application to more diverse areas of philosophical dispute. In one light, the present monograph might be seen as a proof-of-concept for a more general metaphilosophical project, the broader horizons of which are sketched in the Conclusion.

NARASI VISUAL CERITA FABEL DALAM KARYA SENI LUKIS

Bandung is one of the creative cities in Java, especially West Java. Proven Bandung has a lot of local wisdom dug up from legendary stories, animal fable stories, culinary riches, and many more which later became interesting ideas into the concept of creating art. This local wealth is an important claim by artists who actively work. This research will reveal the expression of artists in paintings. They express their expression by bringing up the fable story of the archipelago. Archipelago fable story is processed, dug up and used as a source of inspiration to create works of art. The problems in this study are (1) What is the concept of a painting that was conceived from the fable story of the archipelago. (2) What is the visualization of the archipelago fable painting created by female artists ?. This research method is descriptive qualitative by examining the aesthetic aspects which include elements of the object, composition, color, harmonization. The media used in this painting is fabric. Samples of paintings, taken from works created by women from an exhibition held in Bandung. The coloring process with the colet technique. The color used is the dye for the fabric. The findings in the research are the concept of the work carried by artists visualizing animal stories that can be used as good moral examples. This exhibition is important because in addition to visual narration there is also a message delivered to the public. Whereas visually, many female artists use realistic objects, center composition, contrasting and attractive colors. The results of this study the concept of fable stories are brought back into an attractive visual narrative with colors that are presented in contrast with many techniques in coloring.

NARASI VISUAL CERITA FABEL DALAM KARYA SENI LUKIS

Bandung is one of the creative cities in Java, especially West Java. Proven Bandung has a lot of local wisdom dug up from legendary stories, animal fable stories, culinary riches, and many more which later became interesting ideas into the concept of creating art. This local wealth is an important claim by artists who actively work. This research will reveal the expression of artists in paintings. They express their expression by bringing up the fable story of the archipelago. Archipelago fable story is processed, dug up and used as a source of inspiration to create works of art. The problems in this study are (1) What is the concept of a painting that was conceived from the fable story of the archipelago. (2) What is the visualization of the archipelago fable painting created by female artists ?. This research method is descriptive qualitative by examining the aesthetic aspects which include elements of the object, composition, color, harmonization. The media used in this painting is fabric. Samples of paintings, taken from works created by women from an exhibition held in Bandung. The coloring process with the colet technique. The color used is the dye for the fabric. The findings in the research are the concept of the work carried by artists visualizing animal stories that can be used as good moral examples. This exhibition is important because in addition to visual narration there is also a message delivered to the public. Whereas visually, many female artists use realistic objects, center composition, contrasting and attractive colors. The results of this study the concept of fable stories are brought back into an attractive visual narrative with colors that are presented in contrast with many techniques in coloring.

The Animals Awareness and Literary Imagery of the Seol(說)

The Seol explains the subject through various subject matters. Therefore, examining the awareness and literary imagery of subject matters in the work reveals the purpose and literary value of the Seol. In this paper, in 122 works, we examined the types of animals and aspects of the works in the Seol. As a result, three aspects were revealed. First, animals are given social roles. Second, it is the case that the animal sets the example of morality. Third, empathy for animals is emphasized. The Seol has the following characteristics. The Seol has taken livestock, worms, and insects as subject matters, which are common in the real world. Only 3% of all Seols were made with imaginary animals as subject matters. The Seol is about realizing the truth of life using everyday materials. Thus, there is no need to stimulate our imagination or to use mysterious animals as subject matters. In addition, in the Seol, animals are set as literary symbols, but in some cases, the author’s experiences and insights about animals are revealed.

The Cuban Revolution, Che and Lotta Continua

The article analyses the influence of the Cuban Revolution and of Che on Lotta Continua (LC) – the main organisation of the Italian extra-parliamentary Left – from 1969 until 1974, through the pages of the newspaper Lotta continua. Che was a political and moral example for LC, which by 1974 went beyond myth and reached a balanced view on him. The issue of Che’s relevance in present-day Italy is also assessed.

МЕТОДИКА ПІДГОТОВКИ ПУБЛІЧНОГО ВИСТУПУ

Introduction. Сontemporary informational society requires from a person, and especially a specialist, whose activity runs in the chain of interaction “person-person”, ability of comprehension, process and transfer of the large volumes of information, skills of effective communication, to express his or her thoughts, to bring them to the audience, to convince one, dozens or hundreds of interlocutors, skills of speaking on the public. A teacher during a class not only represents the contents of the manuals to the listeners, but creates interesting and breathtaking voyage to the ocean of knowledge, discloses them new horizons, leads them to the world of the professional development and self-improvement. Military head, officer, which speaks to the personnel at the meeting, reads out an order, transfers information, tasks, gives interview – performs on public. I.e., public speeches follow a lecturer, military head, officer on the daily basis. Do they need preliminary training? Training is a guarantee of the effectiveness of a public speech.Purpose – to ground and disclose the content of the methods of preparation of a public speech.Methods: analysis, synthesis, comparison and systematization of the academic sources, projecting.Results. It was grounded and disclosed the content of the methods of preparation of a public speech. There were outlined the main aspects of preparation of a speech in the works of the local and foreign researchers. The public speech was represented as an opportunity of self-representation, transferring to the wide audience of ideas, thoughts, views and intentions. Were defined and characterized thirteen stages of preparation of a public speech: determining of a theme of a speech, characterization of an audience (“sketching” its portrait), formulating the aim of a speech, gathering the analytical data, preparation of a text of a speech, visualization of a speech, preparation Q&A, training of a public speech, preparation of an appearance and a “magic suitcase of an orator”, psychological self-adjusting, self-checking – checklist “Phoenix”, self-analysis of a public speech, self-praising.Originality. It was grounded and disclosed authoring methods of preparation of a public speech which contains thirteen stages – steps which have to be done by an orator before successful public presentation.Conclusion. A lecturer, a military head is a person capable to change life of a listeners, who is an example for imitation, leader for an audience, example of morality, success and personal effectiveness. Making a presentation orator has an opportunity to represent his- or herself, to change mind of other person, to defend honor of his or her regiment, to shine out the way for a listener, to motivate him or her for changes and new victories in life and professional activity. Preparation of a public speech is the guarantee of its effectiveness. Orator independently chooses the way to a successful speech or to a failure. The proposed methods of a public speech, which will bring a positive result both to orator and audience, contains thirteen stages, aimed to achieving the successful result.

Moral exemplarism and atonement

AbstractIn recent work on the doctrine of atonement there has been little positive said about the view that Christ's work is principally a moral example. This article addresses that lacuna. It sets out two versions of the moral example doctrine, which are often conflated in the literature. According to the first, Christ ismerelya moral example. Such a view does not amount to a doctrine of atonement. According to the second, Christ's moral example brings about reconciliation with God through a transformative experience. This does amount to a doctrine of atonement. I raise some traditional objections to the moral example view and show that it has resources with which to withstand them. However, moral exemplarism still has difficulties dealing with a cluster of biblical motifs about atonement. In the final analysis, it is a partial but not complete account of the saving work of Christ.

El concepto de infancia en la Baja Edad Media en Castilla a través de los «Espejos de Príncipes» (siglos XIII-XV)

Durante la Baja Edad Media, Castilla vive un resurgir de la literatura sapiencial en lo tocante a la formación moral e intelectual de los príncipes. Es este un fenómeno novedoso al calor del resurgir de la cultura clásica y la revisión de los textos latinos bajo una nueva dimensión en esta época. Los reinos bajomedievales hispanos adoptaron una nueva visión de los textos clásicos no solo desde el punto de vista moralizante cristiano, sino desde una óptica laica y más práctica. La literatura sapiencial o los «Espejos de Príncipes» constituyen un ejemplo del afán por formar al buen príncipe o monarca ante un contexto político cambiante y novedoso, pero también, como un recurso habitual en la Edad Media, se hace mirando al pasado clásico como referente inicial.

Can China Change the International System? The Role of Moral Leadership

Abstract Yan Xuetong’s Leadership and the Rise of Great Powers argues that China should follow moral values in its foreign policy in order to attain international leadership. Drawing on ancient Chinese thought, Yan makes the case that China should strive for humane authority, influencing other states by leading through moral example and attracting supporters through providing benefits rather than using coercion. This essay evaluates the feasibility of China’s attainment of humane authority, which is related to status. Humane authority follows norms consistently toward rivals as well as friendly states whereas a hegemon uses a double standard. But double standards may not be so easily avoided because they derive from inherent psychological bias. The option of acquiring followers by providing them with security guarantees is not available to China in East Asia because of the prior existence of the US alliance system. Yan predicts that China’s growth will lead to a bipolar structure but points out that the conditions for a Cold War are absent. Nevertheless, technological competition between the US and China could lead to a ‘new Cold War’, which would hamper China’s efforts to widen its circle of followers. To be a humane authority, China should also avoid a war with the USA. There is a risk that naval competition could lead to local conflicts as a result of security dilemma dynamics. The two states should control status rivalry through a division of labour, by accepting the other’s pre-eminence in different areas through social cooperation.