Morality Research Articles

Illegal treatment for immoral sex: abortion among single women in 1940s Shanghai

ABSTRACT Existing research on abortion in China has predominantly focused on its relationship with state intervention and reproductive control, framing abortion as a component of China’s evolving demographic and birth control policies. This article, however, argues that in the context of trials concerning single women’s abortion, issues of morality and sexuality were the central concerns for the parties involved. Young women, their lovers, and families often sought abortions to conceal instances of premarital sex, crafting narratives in court to safeguard familial reputation. Meanwhile, police and judges treated adultery as a basis for criminal conviction and imposing penalties. Drawing on case files from 1940s Shanghai, including police reports and trial records, this article examines single women’s experiences of abortion and the subsequent legal proceedings. Although the criminalisation of abortion in 1911 redefined the legal relationship between mother and foetus, participants in abortion trials continued to frame the practice through the lens of morally acceptable sexuality. In a period when the emerging nation-state was profoundly reshaping gender roles and moral codes, the heteronormative family persisted as the sole socially acceptable context for women’s sexual activity.

The Analysis of Virtual Reality Involving a Range of Ethical Issues

In recent years, virtual reality technology has experienced rapid development, conferring substantial convenience upon people and unlocking additional prospects for scientific and technological advancement. Nevertheless, the ethical ramifications of its immersive experience have emerged as a pressing concern that demands immediate attention. This paper delves into the ethical quandaries engendered by the utilization and progression of virtual reality technology. Employing a literature review method, interdisciplinary research, and a synthesis of theoretical and practical approaches, the study scrutinizes the backdrop of virtual reality. It undertakes a meticulous dissection of the implicated ethical issues, proffers corresponding solutions, and assesses the influence of ethical matters on the prospective development of virtual reality. The research concludes that while virtual reality technology holds great promise, unregulated ethical issues could lead to user psychological disorders, privacy infringements, and moral value distortions. By addressing these ethical concerns, the study aims to provide a theoretical framework for the sustainable and healthy development of virtual reality technology, guiding policymakers, developers, and users to make more informed and responsible decisions.

An Analysis of Women Suffering Sexual Harassment in the Workplace

The concept of gender equality helped bring the issue of sexual harassment into public discourse, shifting it from a private concern to a matter requiring societal attention. As society moved away from viewing sexual harassment as a private matter, increasing numbers of women sought legal recourse, bringing workplace harassment issues to the forefront of public concern. This article examines the prevalence of workplace sexual harassment across various social groups and the consequences that victims must endure as a result. The article also considers possible explanations for the occurrence of this phenomenon. This article aims to draw peoples attention toward the severity and universality of sexual harassment by providing profound theories and studies. By challenging traditional beliefs that women are expected to serve others, this article emphasizes the importance of recognizing sexual harassment as a human rights issue that requires awareness and action from both women and men. Recognizing sexual harassment as an issue that must be eradicated reflects the development and maturation of womens rights ideology. Raising awareness about the universality and severity of sexual harassment encourages the establishment of widely recognized moral standards.

Ethnoscience of Educative Values of Margondang Custom of South Tapanuli Community in Gunung Malintang Village, Barumun Tengah Subdistrict, Padang Lawas Regency

This research has two objectives, first, to analyse the process of implementing margondang custom, and second, to analyse the educational values in margondang custom performed by the community in Gunung Malintang Village, Central Barumun District, Padang Lawas Regency. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. The informants in this research are the customary king (traditional leader), the village head, village officials, and the people of Gunung Malintang Village. The data collection techniques in this research are observation, interview, and documentation. Data analysis used the Miles and Huberman analysis method, which consists of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The research shows that the implementation of the Mandailing community margondang custom includes the stages of martahi, mangalap boru, marsattan boru, pataru itak godang, to horja godang. This procession begins with a traditional session, giving the title of king to the bridegroom, slaughtering buffalo, manortor according to customary status, patuaekkon or riding nacar, mangupa, and ends with a meal together. The margondang tradition that used to last 1-3 days is now generally only done in 1 day due to changes in people's habits. Apart from being a cultural heritage, margondang also contains educational values, namely religious, social, responsibility and moral values that are important for community life.

Value Plurality and Multifunctional Commensuration in Organisation: A Systems‐Theoretical Approach

ABSTRACTThis article aims to challenge the prevailing economic bias in studies of organised valuation and commensuration by exploring the broader plurality of values that organisations must manage. The article draws on social systems theory in the tradition of German sociologist Niklas Luhmann to conceptualise organisations as multifunctional systems of decisions that pertain to and commensurate a plurality values associated with a diverse set of value domains, also known as ‘function systems’. The utility of the proposed framework is demonstrated through cases related to carbon rationing and legal issues during the coronavirus crisis. A key finding is that commensuration is not limited to processes dominated by financial metrics, as political and educational metrics, among others, can also serve as primary drivers of commensuration processes, effectively guiding organisational decision‐making. The paper demonstrates how organisations can effectively commensurate diverse value systems without relying solely on financial metrics and concludes that future research in non‐/financial of valuation and commensuration will be crucial for developing more nuanced and multifaceted strategies and concepts, including multifunctional approaches to the formation, justification, and management of moral judgements and values.

From corporate social responsibility to customer satisfaction: A study of repurchase intention in Malaysian petroleum industry

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an important concept of modern economic theory. In the last few decades, it has become an increasingly popular marketing tool used by companies. Consumers too want to see more CSR activities, especially those focused on environmental protection. The petroleum industry produces both toxic and non-toxic waste at almost all stages of production. While petroleum companies satisfy market demand, they also want to meet consumers’ moral and ethical demands. In this light, CSR has become vital for the development of industry. This paper looks at CSR in the petroleum industry, and its effect on customer satisfaction and subsequently toward the customer repurchase intention in Malaysia. The starting point of this paper is the Stakeholder Theory. It then examines CSR endeavors within the oil and gas sector and its link to customer repurchase intentions. It also looks at the established hypotheses between the activities of CSR (Economic Responsibility, Legal Responsibility, Ethical Responsibility, Philanthropic Responsibility), customer satisfaction and repurchase intention. This paper aims to learn about the customer’s sense of fulfilment with the CSR activities, and what could be the reaction base on the customer’s expectation.

The challenges of consent in a decentralised metaverse: exploring ethically informed protections and standards to safeguard humans

Throughout the history of Web2.0 there is a large body of evidence of data being used for something other than what it was consented to be used for. What were 2D webpages are becoming 3D worlds, collectively forming a Metaverse of virtual and mixed reality domains which should help to create new interactive learning, social and economic opportunities. In this paper we reflect on how the physical world will itself become a networked interface, making reality even more machine-readable, click-able, and searchable. We begin with a review of the Metaverse and some of the consent challenges that arise and urgently need to be addressed whilst exploring its potential. There is a core need for creators of Metaverse environments to make them safe spaces for everyone to use. We explore and review the knowledge gap of consent needed to ensure a fair and just use of data within the Metaverse. We explore the challenges of consent including examples such as unauthorised surveillance and the need for ethical and moral standards in large platforms such as VRChat. This need is then further elaborated using experiences gathered during the XPRIZE Rapid Re-skilling Competition. The main contributions of this paper are the five stage Shared Consent Framework which was developed in response to understanding the limitations of existing consent frameworks and the extended definition of the Metaverse.

Law and Black Agency in Memories of Abolition: Human Rights and Slavery Films

ABSTRACT Abolitionism holds a privileged place in human rights historiography. In scholarship and the wider social world, the abolition of slavery has frequently been celebrated as a foundational human rights moment. This celebratory discourse has also impinged on the medium of cinema: slavery films frequently propagate the view that abolition was a “gift” codified in law. In this reductionist discourse, law is configured as the guarantor of freedom and Black resistance to slavery is marginalised. By this strategy, the history of slavery is transfigured into a platform for the celebration of white moral indignation via attention to a canonised set of white patriarchs conceived of as philanthropic, moral crusaders, who are recognisably the forerunners of today’s white saviour “human rights heroes”. However, as we know, Black agency was also a decisive force in bringing Atlantic slavery to an end – most spectacularly in Haiti. Gillo Pontecorvo’s undervalued 1969 film Burn! offers an ideological critique of abolitionism and holds untapped potential for the radicalisation of human rights discourse today. Refusing the debilitating narrative that abolition was a legally encoded humanitarian gift, Burn! insists upon Black agency as a central historical force in the story of an as yet incomplete struggle for liberation.

REPRESENTASI NILAI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DALAM FILM BUYA HAMKA & SITI RAHAM VOL. 2

This research analyses the character education values in Buya Hamka & Siti Raham Vol. 2 using Kohlberg moral development theory. The focus is on the values of religiosity, honesty, cooperation, responsibility, and patriotism. This descriptive qualitative research uses primary data from dialogue and actions in the film, as well as secondary data from related articles and journals, which are collected through observation, recording, and document analysis. Descriptive analysis techniques were used to analyse the collected data. The steps of data analysis consisted of categorisation, interpretation, and presentation of findings. The results showed that Buya Hamka reflected post-conventional morals with universal ethical principles, while Siti Raham reflected moral standards through social compliance. The film is effective as an educational medium for moral values for the younger generation in the digital era.

How Can Religion Shape Pro‐Environmental Behavior in a Materialistic World? Contrasting Idealism With Realism Religious Epics

ABSTRACTDespite extensive research on the influence of religion on pro‐environmental behavior, little attention has been paid to the role of religious epics—that is, narratives that embody the core beliefs and moral values of religious traditions—as a mechanism for promoting such behavior. Using Hinduism as a case, this research seeks to bridge this gap by contrasting the orientations of idealism in the Ramayana with realism in the Mahabharata, offering a better understanding of how these distinct orientations in religious epics can shape pro‐environmental behavior. Utilizing belief congruence theory as a theoretical framework, this four‐study research examines altruism as a mediator and materialism as a moderator in understanding the role of religious epics in shaping pro‐environmental behavior. The findings suggest that the idealistic orientation of the Ramayana fosters stronger pro‐environmental behavior through heightened altruistic values, whereas the realistic orientation of the Mahabharata shows a less pronounced effect, which is further attenuated by materialism. These insights not only contribute to the theoretical discourse on consumer behavior, ethics, religion, and sustainability, but also offer practical implications for leveraging religious epics in fostering pro‐environmental behavior in a materialistic world.

Penerapan Permainan Engklek dalam Menstimulasi Kemampuan Motorik Kasar Anak Kelas B TK Mekar Mentari Gemilang

The importance of traditional games in providing character education and positive moral values for children's growth, especially in developing gross motor skills. Initial observations showed that children's gross motor skills were still low due to a lack of interest in traditional games and teachers had not found the right method. This study aims to describe the description of children's gross motor skills before and after being given the game engklek. Using a quantitative approach with a pre-experimental method and pretest-posttest design, the research was conducted on 9 children aged 5-6 years at Mekar Mentari Gemilang Kindergarten. Data was collected through observation, interviews, and checklists. The results showed a significant increase in children's gross motor skills after being given the cranklek game Treatment, with an average pre-test score of 4.33 increasing to 8.00 in the post-test. The findings imply that traditional cricket games are effective in stimulating children's gross motor development.

Pengaruh Pendidikan Karakter terhadap Prestasi Akademik Setingkat Menengah Pertama

This study aims to explore the influence of character education on the academic achievement of junior high school students. Through literature analysis and empirical data from previous research, it was found that character education has a significant impact on improving academic performance. The effective implementation of character education is carried out through collaboration between parents and teachers, creating an environment that supports students' character development. A strong character, shaped by internal motivation and external support, influences students' attitudes and behavior in the learning process. The study results indicate that with well-managed character education, junior high school students become more engaged, enthusiastic, and productive in achieving their educational goals. Engaging teaching methods, emotional support, and recognition of students' efforts play a crucial role in creating a positive learning atmosphere. Thus, this study highlights the importance of character education in supporting academic achievement and the overall development of junior high school students, helping shape individuals who are not only academically intelligent but also possess strong moral values.

THE RESULTS OF A SOCIAL RESEARCH AMONG TEACHERS OF SCHOOLS IN THE ALMATY REGION REGARDING THE REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR OF ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG PEOPLE

Background. Most young people have a complete understanding of the norms of moral and cultural values accepted in society; they, as a rule, know what adults want from them. However, personal requests and role models often come first. Schools are where students spend most of their active time. Therefore, it was decided to study the opinion of teachers on the reproductive behavior of adolescents and young people. Materials and methods. Materials: Own research – a sociological study of teachers of the Almaty region. The research methods are a cross-sectional study. School teachers were selected as the target group by random sampling. The study was conducted through a voluntary anonymous questionnaire. Results. The opinion of teachers of the Almaty region regarding the place of teachers in the moral, sexual and sexual education of students, the need to involve parents, who are a serious tool to convince adolescents to safer behavior, using family values and national and cultural characteristics of each cell of society, is determined. Teachers are confident that they should be important participants in the process of forming children’s responsible attitude to all issues of their health. At the same time, almost one in ten teachers believe that this is not a task for every teacher, but only for those whose subject is related to health issues. Most teachers avoid asking questions about sexual development, safe sexual behavior, and contraception. The prevailing opinion among teachers is that it is necessary to consider these issues in a special lesson on a healthy lifestyle. There is no consensus among teachers regarding their actions to ensure that children do not have a distorted idea of the relationship between the sexes, and they practice safe sexual behavior. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of the sociological research data and the conclusions obtained, recommendations in the field of early pregnancy and abortion prevention among the younger generation can contribute to the formation and strengthening of constructive and trusting relationships at school between key groups: teachers, parents, students.

Membangun Manajemen Pendidikan Islam yang Adaptif: Integrasi Nilai Moral dalam Pembentukan Karakter Siswa

This study analyzes the gap between academic achievement and moral character development in Islamic education, focusing on the integration of life values as the foundation for developing theories and practices in Islamic education management. The research employed a library research method, utilizing data sources such as journal articles, books, and relevant research reports. Data collection techniques involved selecting literature based on topic relevance, source credibility, and validity. Data analysis was conducted using analytical and synthetic methods to identify patterns, concepts, and research gaps. The findings reveal significant challenges in Islamic education, including insufficient teacher training, limited value-based curricula, and the impact of globalization and social media, which have contributed to a decline in students' moral values. Although value-based approaches have proven conceptually effective in building students' character, practical implementation continues to face systemic barriers. This study emphasizes the importance of curriculum reform and the development of value-based educational management models that are adaptive to modern needs while maintaining Islamic identity. It provides a robust conceptual foundation for further comprehensive research to create relevant, holistic, and morally-oriented Islamic education systems

Emotional assertiveness: China's coercive diplomacy against non-state actors

Abstract While the economic, political and military instruments of China's coercive diplomacy have been intensely studied in recent years, its emotional dimension has largely been overlooked. This article investigates China's ‘emotional assertiveness’ as a distinct discursive practice of coercion in which state representatives publicly express moral indignation and urge offenders to apologise for violating China's red lines. It examines several western non-state actors targeted by China in this way, as these unexplored cases provide a unique perspective on the role played by emotions in state coercive diplomacy. Specifically, they demonstrate how identity-related emotionalized concerns, rather than instrumental and strategic considerations, may sometimes constitute the underlying motivational driver of China's assertiveness. Apart from carving out new space for a non-rationalist approach to coercive diplomacy within the International Relations discipline, the article develops the key components of China's emotional assertiveness, arguing that it is fuelled by moral indignation, rather than anger; is triggered by a perceived wrong; is nurtured by identity-related concerns; and is manifested in repeated demands for repentance. To illustrate China's practice of emotional assertiveness, the article analyses two specific cases: Intel's instruction in 2021 to its suppliers to avoid products from Xinjiang and an opinion piece that appeared in the Wall Street Journal in early 2020, titled ‘China is the real sick man of Asia’.

The Relevance of the Kuttab Learning Model in Building a Generation of Noble Character

This study aims to explore the effectiveness of the Kuttab-based learning model in shaping students' character and academic performance, as well as identify challenges and opportunities for its implementation in modern education. The method used is a literature review by collecting data from books, articles, and other relevant sources. The collected data were grouped into key themes, such as the history of Kuttab, principles of religion-based education, and the challenges and advantages of this model. Analysis was conducted to identify relevant patterns and synthesize information to support the research objectives. The results show that Kuttab education is vital in integrating religious knowledge and science, creating intellectual and spiritual balance. This model effectively shapes a generation that is intelligent and morally upright. Despite challenges like limited infrastructure and globalization, Kuttab holds significant potential for character education. The use of technology and the integration of religious curriculum with general sciences offer opportunities for developing a morally and intellectually excellent generation. Thus, Kuttab-based education can serve as a modern solution emphasizing the balance between moral values and knowledge. Keywords: Kuttab Education, integration of religion and science, character development, educational challenges, technology in education.

The Use of Humanitarian Technologies for the Shaping of Public Consciousness in the Foreign Practice

The article presents the results of evaluating of using humanitarian technologies to shape public opinion using Western countries as an example. It is concluded that Western countries today are aimed at maintaining technical and economic leadership, which requires the formation of a type of public consciousness corresponding to this goal through the active use of modern technologies. As a result, the public consciousness of the population of Western countries is changing, digital television and the Internet have become a tool of enslavement, people are experiencing information overload and psychological shock due to rapid changes. Technologies of economic warfare are used as tools for influencing public consciousness, actively replenished with high humanitarian technologies, including cognitive distortions of consciousness and information technologies of influence affecting elements of worldview, consciousness and subconsciousness. Further advanced development of Western civilization seems doubtful due to the prevalence of deformation of moral and family values, egoism and satiety with comfort in the mass consciousness of the population of Western civilization.

Failing to express emotion on 911 calls triggers suspicion through violating expectations and moral typecasting.

Coming to suspect that someone has engaged in wrongdoing based on their unexpected behavior is a common phenomenon-yet, little is known about what triggers initial suspicion. We investigated how violating expectations for high emotionality during a traumatic event can trigger suspicion that one has engaged in immoral-or even criminal-activity through moral typecasting. Five studies demonstrate this theory in a criminal context with dire real-world consequences: 911 callers reporting violent crimes generating suspicion by exhibiting unexpected behavior, which could trigger confirmation bias in investigations leading to wrongful convictions. Using both real and tightly controlled simulated 911 calls, we demonstrated that failing to express the expected level of emotion on a 911 call reporting a violent crime led laypeople and police to morally typecast the caller as more of a moral agent capable of perpetrating immoral acts and less of a moral patient capable of being the victim of immoral acts-ultimately increasing suspicion that they were involved in the crime and support for treating them as a suspect. We advance moral psychological theory by demonstrating that failing to express expected levels of emotion about a moral violation can shape moral inferences about someone's capacity to commit versus be the victim of moral wrongs, thereby generating suspicion that they might have engaged in wrongdoing. We demonstrated this theory in criminal settings to explain how one tragedy can become two: altruistic witnesses calling 911 to plead for help on behalf of another person becoming suspects of the crime they reported because they failed to exhibit the expected emotional demeanor. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

KAJIAN LITERATUR: PERAN ETIKA BISNIS TERHADAP KEPUASAN KONSUMEN

This study uses a literature review method with data sources taken from scientific journals to gain a deeper understanding of the role of business ethics in consumer satisfaction. This study aims to examine the role of business ethics on consumer satisfaction through a review of relevant literature. Business ethics include moral principles applied in company activities such as fairness, honesty, responsibility and transparency. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of good business ethics can increase consumer trust, loyalty and create a positive perception of the company. In addition, consistent implementation of business ethics has the potential to reduce conflict with consumers and improve the company's reputation in the market. Literature analysis indicates a positive relationship between business ethics and consumer satisfaction; consumers tend to feel more satisfied when companies demonstrate a commitment to ethical values ​​in their business practices. This study provides valuable insights for companies to strengthen sustainable business strategies based on ethical values, with the aim of improving consumer experience and competitiveness in the market.

The Role of Cambridge Curriculum in Shaping Academic Achievement in Sekolah Putri Darul Istiqamah

Education plays a pivotal role in shaping the intellectual, emotional, and social development of students. In the era of globalization, where critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills are highly valued, curriculum selection significantly influences academic performance. This study investigates the impact of the Cambridge curriculum on students' academic achievement at Sekolah Putri Darul Istiqamah, a school committed to nurturing excellence among young women by combining high-quality education with Islamic values. The Cambridge curriculum, developed by Cambridge Assessment International Education, is recognized globally for its rigorous academic standards, emphasis on analytical thinking, and holistic approach to education. At Sekolah Putri Darul Istiqamah, its implementation has enhanced academic performance, developed essential skills, and aligned seamlessly with the institution’s mission of integrating global academic excellence with Islamic teachings. This study employs qualitative descriptive-exploratory methods, including interviews, focus group discussions, and classroom observations, to analyze the curriculum’s effectiveness. The findings highlight significant improvements in students’ academic performance, critical thinking, and communication skills while ensuring alignment with moral and cultural values. Challenges such as resource allocation and initial adaptation were also identified but were mitigated through collaborative efforts. The study concludes that the Cambridge curriculum provides a balanced approach, enabling students to achieve global competency while staying connected to their cultural and religious identity.