Ethical Context Research Articles

Expose Level, Morality, and Sexual Attraction from A Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Comprehensive Analysis of Individual Differences and Cultural Influences

Exposure level, morality, and sexual attraction are essential themes involving interaction between individuals and cultures. Whether in the context of globalization or the prevalence of gender equality movements today, exploring these three factors remains an integral part of moral discussions. This study investigates the relationship between exposure level, moral standards, and sexual attraction across different cultural backgrounds. Using the experimental paradigm of implicit association tests, this paper designs a 2x2 within-subjects experimental study to measure people's reactions to different levels of exposure under various moral contexts. By analyzing the differences in response time, data conclusions are drawn. Furthermore, based on the perspectives of moral relativism, and social constructivism, possible outcomes of the study are explained and described. Two potential models of variable relationships are established. In both models, sexual attraction mediates moral standards and exposure level. Still, the difference lies in the presence of demographic variables as either influencing the relationship between sexual attraction and moral standards or moderating the relationship between moral standards and exposure level.

Moral Foundations of Spirituality and Religion Through Natural Language Processing

To explore the similarities/differences between the moral contexts in which scholars use the terms religion and spirituality, we use Moral Foundations Dictionary for Linguistic Analyses 2.0 (MFD), a dictionary developed to assess the moral content of text, and a Natural Language Processing algorithm (Word2Vec) that learns the semantic relationships in a corpus. The findings suggest that, except in the virtue words category of the Care foundation dictionary, religion semantically overlaps with a greater percentage of MFD words than does spirituality. Both religion and spirituality have greater semantic overlaps with virtue words than vice words; compared to religion, spirituality's semantic overlaps with vice words are smaller. Spirituality has greater overlaps only with the MFD words for Care and Sanctity; religion has greater semantic overlaps with words for all foundations, particularly the "binding" foundations: Loyalty, Authority, and Sanctity. Similarities notwithstanding, the moral contexts of religion and spirituality feature different aspects of morality.

Deprogramming Implicit Bias: The Case for Public Interest Technology

Abstract New technologies have fundamentally transformed the systems that govern modern life, from criminal justice to health care, housing, and beyond. Algorithmic advancements promise greater efficiency and purported objectivity, but they risk perpetuating dangerous biases. In response, the field of public interest technology has emerged to offer an interdisciplinary, human-centered, and equity-focused approach to technological innovation. This essay argues for the widespread adoption of public interest technology principles, including thinking critically about how and when technological solutions are deployed, adopting rigorous training to educate technologists on ethical and social context, and prioritizing the knowledge and experiences of communities facing the disproportionate harms or uneven benefits of technology. Tools being designed and deployed today will shape our collective future, and collaboration between philanthropy, government, storytellers, activists, and private-sector technologists is essential in ensuring that these new systems are as just as they are innovative.

U.S. Healthcare Provider Views and Practices Regarding Planned Birth Setting.

We conducted 19 in-depth, semistructured, qualitative interviews of eight obstetricians, eight midwives, and three pediatricians from across the United States. Interviews explored healthcare providers' interpretation of the current evidence and their personal and professional experiences with childbirth within the existing medical, ethical, and legal context in the United States. Themes emerged concerning risks and benefits, decision-making, and patient-provider power dynamics. Collectively, the narratives illuminated fundamental ideological tensions between in- and out-of-hospital providers arising from divergent assignment of value to described risks and benefits. The majority of physicians focused on U.S.-specific data demonstrating increased neonatal morbidity and mortality associated with delayed access to hospital-based interventions, thereby justifying hospital birth as the standard of care. By contrast, midwives emphasized data demonstrating fewer interventions and superior maternal and neonatal outcomes in high-income European countries, where out-of-hospital birth is more common for low-risk birthing people. A key gap in counseling was revealed, as no interviewees offered anticipatory counseling regarding birth setting options. Providers directly and indirectly illustrated the propensity for asymmetric power relations between birth providers and pregnant people, especially in hospital settings. The narratives highlight the common goal of optimizing maternal and neonatal outcomes despite tensions arising from divergent prioritization of specific maternal and neonatal risks. Our findings suggest opportunities to foster collaboration and optimize outcomes via mutual respect and improved integration of care.

Формирование принципов научной этики у студентов при изучении иностранного языка

The paper is aimed at analyzing the scientific information security problems when learning a foreign language. It clarifies the definition of personal security, in general, and information security, in particular, in scientific ethics context. The paper considers the communicatively conditioned approaches to mastering the scientific ethics principles by the researchers from the viewpoint of using linguistic means for different citation types and special learning process organization with moral, cognitive and linguistic aspects having been taken to the account. The research emphasizes the information component importance in the process of mastering linguistic disciplines. It describes the scientific ethics development levels with the foreign language means being used in researchers. The paper compares the outcomes of developing the skills in the field of scientific ethics compliance for experimental and controlling students` groups in foreign language classes.

The Effects of an Ethics Education Program on Artificial Intelligence among Middle School Students: Analysis of Perception and Attitude Changes

Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has brought convenience to human lives, but its pervasive impact extends beyond individuals, affecting society as a whole. Consequently, the necessity for an AI ethics education program has become increasingly apparent. This study aims to investigate the influence of an experimental research study that developed and implemented an AI ethics education program for learners’ ethical awareness and attitude towards AI. The research methodology involved validating a model of the AI ethics education program by applying it to a group of 10 domain experts. Additionally, pre-test and post-test designs were employed with 17 middle school students as the experimental group. The same assessment was administered before and after the implementation of the AI ethics education program, and the data were analyzed using paired-sample t-tests. The findings of this study are as follows: Firstly, an AI ethics education program model was developed, incorporating key competencies such as AI literacy, critical thinking skills in AI, and AI problem-solving skills, all within the context of AI ethics. The implementation of this model was effective in the educational setting. Secondly, significant improvements were observed in the ethical awareness of middle school students across all domains after participating in the program. Thirdly, the attitudes of middle school students towards AI exhibited significant enhancements across all domains. These findings contribute to the broader field of AI ethics education by highlighting the importance of ethical awareness in AI and fostering favorable attitudes towards AI. The implications of this study are significant for the field of AI education.

The role of risk in nature sports

ABSTRACT In this article, I will examine the role of risk in the risky nature sports. Risky nature sports are identified as nature sports where participants may reckon with the possibility of severe injury or death if things go wrong. The first part of the article identifies some evolutionary, historical, and conceptual characteristics of nature sports and risk. In the second part of the article, I discuss the concept of risk and its meaning in risky nature sports. Additionally, I address questions concerning the moral tone and context of risk-taking. In most academic disciplines, risk is typically understood as something negative that should always be avoided. But risk also includes positive possibilities, which may, such as in risk sports, outweigh the negative or can even be inherently positive and a value in itself. In the third part, I discuss how important risk is in nature sports. Is it a defining core or more peripheral? This leads to the question of the value. Does the risk element add to the value of the sport? I finally discuss how risk sports can be meaningful parts of the participants’ lives.

The role of ethical leadership on employees’ behaviours and commitment to the organisation

Orientation: The rapid competition among companies puts pressure on managers to maintain their business’s competitive advantage. However, because of the massive competition and economic downturn during and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, financial scandals occurred at a much higher rate than in the past. This phenomenon has caused organisational leaders to shift their focus from material concerns to ethical leadership contexts in the workplace. It has a strong correlation with employee attitudes.Research purpose: This research examined the effects of ethical leadership on work engagement and knowledge sharing, which influence job performance and commitment among employees to the organisations.Motivation for the study: Investigating the relationship between ethical leadership, work engagement, and knowledge sharing among employees in Indonesia can provide insight on strategies to enhance employees’ job performance and commitment to the organisation. It plays an important role in significantly obtaining organisational outcomes and goals.Main findings: A survey was conducted with 670 Indonesian government employees, and structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to validate the research framework. The results showed that ethical leadership significantly affects employees’ work engagement and knowledge-sharing, which further enhances employees’ job performance and commitment to organisations. Furthermore, the mediator variables partially mediate the relationship between ethical leadership and outcome variables (e.g., employees’ job performance and organisational commitment).Practical/managerial implications: The leaders of public organisations should address moral and rational concerns to improve service quality in society. Additionally, it should be centred on purifying employees’ and organisation leaders’ ethical concerns and communication patterns to promote society’s service quality.Contribution: The research outcomes provide insight into the fact that leadership style plays an important role in employees’ attitudes and commitment. Hence, the organisation leaders should apply it to enhance employees’ commitment to organisations and performance.

Perilous and unaccountable: The positive relationship between dominance and moral hazard behaviors.

Moral hazard involves a context where decision-makers engage in behaviors that prioritize self-interest while allowing the associated risk to be primarily borne by others. Such decision making can lead to catastrophic consequences, as seen in the 2008 global financial crisis after hedge fund managers indiscriminately invested their clients' money in subprime mortgages. This research examines which decision-makers are most likely to engage in moral hazard decision making and the psychological mechanism driving this behavior. Drawing on the dual model of social influence, we posit that individuals associated with dominance, but not prestige, will engage in greater moral hazard behaviors. We further contend that these behaviors are driven by dominant decision-makers' enhanced focus on end goals (outcomes) rather than the means (process) that they use to pursue such goals. We find support for our hypotheses across 13 studies (NObservations = 26,880; of which eight were preregistered and six studies are reported in the Supplemental Materials), using both correlational and experimental designs. Additionally, we vary the moral hazard context (e.g., a financial setting, a health and safety issue, etc.) and capture both behavioral intentions and actual behaviors, while also ruling out several alternative explanations. These findings demonstrate that dominant decision-makers engage in moral hazard behaviors because of their tendency to prioritize outcomes over processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Challenges for Assessing the Influence of Spirituality on Moral Development – In Search of a Scale

This article aims to examine approaches to the assessment and measurement of spirituality, to establish correlations with moral development and ethical education. The methodology employed consisted of a literature review conducted in the databases of CAPES, SCIELO, BDTD, and Google Scholar. The results of this research revealed the existence of 50 measures intended for the assessment of spirituality and religiosity. Among these measures, the stages of Fowler's Faith and the PCBS stand out, both selected for detailed analysis due to their proximity to the assessment and measurement of spirituality, as well as their relevance in the moral and educational context. However, it is prudent to consider that the development of a more specific scale, focused on spirituality, moral development, and education, is still necessary to address the nuances and particularities of the Brazilian reality.

New ethical frontier: exploring the nexus of techno-ethical orientation and corporate ethical values moderated by digital citizenship behaviour

PurposeIn the information and technology age, where the “physical” world is merged with the “digital” world, the nature of social conditions, relations, citizenship and the flow of information has shifted from a moral and legal approach to a digital approach. Nowadays, the functioning, dissemination, conduct and governance of organisations and their members are regulated by techno-ethical and digital principles. Drawing on social cognitive theory, the study hypothesises that techno-ethical orientation predicts corporate ethical values (CEV) through the moderation of digital citizenship behaviour (DC). The study further proposes that each dimension of DC: online respect (OR) and online civic engagement (OCE), moderates the hypothesised relationship.Design/methodology/approach546 respondents from India participated in the study. The responses were captured using structured and well-established questionnaires. The analysis was performed using robust measures of correlation, regression, reliability (Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability) and validity (convergent and discriminant validity). The moderation influence of DC was tested and analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM) Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS).FindingsThe regression findings of the study revealed that the techno-ethical orientation positively predicts the CEV. R-square values showed a 24.1% variation in corporate ethical value was explained by techno-ethical orientation. It indicates that a positive techno-ethical orientation establishes the ethical context and corporate values. Besides, the moderation analysis using SEM AMOS indicates that at both low and high levels of OR and OCE, the relationship between techno-ethical orientation and CEV is positive and significant.Originality/valueThis study demonstrates a new facet of technology ethics that promotes the institutionalisation of CEV through DC. This study is the first to explore the interaction between techno-ethical orientation and CEV. Even though various former factors concerning ethical conduct have been examined, the results of the techno-ethical conduct of employees within the scope of an organisation have not been explored so far.

Emotions, norms, and consequences as the forces of good and evil: An investigation on sales professionals

AbstractTraditionally, the consequences of employees' behavior (teleology) and the norms attributed to the behavior (deontology) have been two familiar determinants of ethical decision making (EDM). More recently, emotions have also gained considerable attention for their ability to affect EDM. Marketing ethics literature overlooks how emotions are related with norms and consequences. Hence, this study investigates how normative, consequentialist, and emotional factors interactively influence EDM in a sales ethics context. Using scenarios with a 2 × 2 between‐groups factorial design, we collected data online from 303 sales professionals. Then we used independent samples t tests and hierarchical regression models to analyze the hypothesized relationships. Results indicate that violation of and obedience to deontological norms stimulate negative and positive anticipated emotions, respectively, leading to stronger EDM. However, to a lesser extent, when violation of and obedience to deontological norms do not stimulate anticipated emotions, those emotions lead to weaker EDM. Moreover, consequences do not stimulate any anticipated emotions. Instead, consequences moderate the relationship between anticipated emotions and EDM. In addition, deontological and teleological evaluations mediate the relationship between anticipated emotions and EDM. These findings highlight the importance of considering the interplay between normative, consequentialist, and emotional factors in the formation of ethical judgments and intentions. The article discusses the implications of these results for sales professionals and organizations and suggests future research directions.

Examining the Ethical and Geopolitical Context of Global Food Security Policy

The aim of this review (written in the summer 2023) is to stimulate the critical reflection of policy experts, academics, and civic activists in the field of food security and focus our attention to broader ethical and geopolitical aspects of food security debate. The critical comments of the review particularly refer to the final version of the report _Collective Action for Ending a Collective Problem: A Multi-stakeholder Project on Global Food Security_ published on 23rd July 2023 by the team of the Dublin City University led by Prof Phillip McDonagh. https://www.dcu.ie/sites/default/files/inline-files/Report%20-%20final%20%283%29.pdf One of the reasons for publishing this review at Queios is that this review was taken out of team discussion by the editors of the Report during its final stage, which seriously reduced the critical debate about its content and about some political-ethical aspects of food security in the current tense historical context, especially with regards to open wounds of the disastrously inhumane Putin´s war against Ukraine. The author of this review welcomes any feedback from both members of the Report team and general public, policy experts, academics or anybody involved in the area of food security theory and practice.

Holding and rupture: Describing post-traumatic stress among former UK Army and Royal Marine personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan.

Former UK military personnel who were previously deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan in combat roles have exhibited elevated levels of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) compared to other groups. The present qualitative analyses used semi-structured interviews and a framework analysis to compare the experiences of symptomatic (N=10) and asymptomatic (N=7) former Army and Royal Marine personnel who were exposed to combat. Participants were drawn from a large UK military health and wellbeing cohort study and were sampled based upon probable PTSD status using scores from the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C). All symptomatic participants attributed the development of post-traumatic stress to deployment events, with one additionally ascribing symptoms to childhood events. Among the participants, post-traumatic stress was temporarily buffered, and held at bay, by the holding function of various military structures, including the military collective; cultural and ethical frameworks that helped to organise traumatic experiences; an operational necessity for psychological compartmentalisation and even the distraction of deployment itself. Leaving the military appeared to elicit a global rupture of these supports. As a result, the military-to-civilian transition led to an intensification of post-traumatic stress, including deployment-related memories, among the symptomatic participants. In contrast, asymptomatic participants tended to report continuity of their holding structures across the lifespan, especially across the military-to-civilian transition. The onset and maintenance of post-traumatic stress may thus be explained by an interplay between the capacity of holding structures and the magnitude of lifetime rupture. Overall, findings might provide an explanation for the widening discrepancies between those with enduring post-traumatic stress and those without and further research is required to determine the fit of our findings for other groups and contexts. This approach further illustrates the need to situate individual experiences of post-traumatic stress in wider structural, ecological, cultural and ethical contexts.

Інноваціонно-екологічні аспекти розвитку вітчизняного підприємництва

The aim of the article is to provide a theoretical substantiation of the formation of innovative and ecological aspects of the development of domestic entrepreneurship in conditions of turbulence. The main motives for the introduction of ecological innovations at domestic enterprises are considered, the possibility of creating a new management system on the basis of innovation policy and synergetic space is considered. The ways and mechanisms of increasing innovation and ecological activities are described and methods of implementation are proposed. It is analyzed that the improvement of the innovation management system and the development of the internal business environment involves changes in the sphere of planning, employment of the population of the region, promotion of products, interaction of the authorities, domestic entrepreneurship, as well as knowledge management. Innovations in the field of business management will provide a long-term competitive advantage to specific areas and contribute to their development, taking into account and combining scientific and technological solutions with administration and innovation management. Particular attention is paid to domestic enterprises in the ecological aspect – for the implementation of innovative and ecological activities, business strategies and the search for a balance between profit, ecological protection and social justice. On the basis of the carried out analysis of the ecological aspects of innovation activity, important characteristics of innovative development of domestic enterprises have been allocated and an understanding of this economic category has been provided. Based on the results of the analysis of scientific papers, the main directions of innovative development of enterprise are determined, as well as the main motivational principles in this area are considered. Today, in order to overcome the innovation and ecological crisis, it is important to develop and implement ecologically friendly and cost-effective innovations. Ecological innovations, like other types of innovation, are aimed at making a profit and reducing costs, but their specificity is manifested in social, cultural and ethical contexts.

Impact of repeated two-syllable brand names on consumer ethical responses in different moral contexts: A mind perception theory perspective

Impact of repeated two-syllable brand names on consumer ethical responses in different moral contexts: A mind perception theory perspective

Applications to augment patient care for Internal Medicine specialists: a position paper from the EFIM working group on telemedicine, innovative technologies & digital health.

Telemedicine applications present virtually limitless prospects for innovating and enhancing established and new models of patient care in the field of Internal Medicine. Although there is a wide range of innovative technological solutions in Europe, there are overarching elements associated with such technologies when applied to the practices of Internal Medicine specialists. The European Federation of Internal Medicine (EFIM) strongly advocates for active leadership and influence from the Internal Medicine societies and specialist physicians across Europe in the development and application of telemedicine and digital technologies in healthcare. This position paper's conclusions were drawn via Delphi method, which was developed collaboratively from July 2021 to December 2023. The panel, consisting of experts in clinical medicine, public health, health economics and statistics, assessed various aspects related to telemedicine. Participants assigned scores on a Likert scale reflecting perceived value and potential risks. The findings were consolidated in a comprehensive checklist aligning with relevant literature and a SWOT analysis. Specifically, key issues that need to be addressed include promoting the professional development of e-health competencies in the healthcare and medical workforce, using educational campaigns to promote digital literacy among patients and caregivers, designing and implementing telemedicine applications tailored to local conditions and needs and considering the ethical and legal contexts under which these applications are employed. Importantly, there is currently no consensus on care models or standardized protocols among European Internal Medicine specialists regarding the utilization of telemedicine. This position paper aims to outline the opportunities and challenges associated with the application of telemedicine in Internal Medical practice in Europe.

Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Surgery.

Pediatric surgeons need to learn to give as much importance to the ethical approach as they have been giving to the systemic methodology in their clinical approach all along. The law of the land and the governmental rules also need to be kept in mind before deciding the final solution. They need to always put medical problems in the background of ethical context, reach a few solutions keeping in mind the available resources, and apply the best solution in the interest of their pediatric patients.

Exploring context for implementation of inclusive education for children with developmental disabilities in mainstream primary schools in Ethiopia.

A large gap in provision of services for children with developmental disabilities (DD) has been identified in Ethiopia, especially in the education system. Including children with disabilities in mainstream schools is encouraged by policies, but progress in this direction has been limited. This study aimed to explore stakeholders' perspectives on contextual factors relevant for inclusive education for children with DD in mainstream schools in Ethiopia, with a focus on Adis Ababa. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 39 local stakeholders, comprising caregivers of children with DD, school teachers and principals/managers, non-governmental organisation representatives, government officials, clinicians and academics/consultants. We used template analysis to code the data and map them onto domains of the Context and Setting dimensions of the Context and Implementation of Complex Interventions framework. Stakeholders discussed frameworks in the Legal and Ethical context endorsing the right of all children to education. However, they reported multiple reasons why children with DD in Ethiopia have limited access to education, either in special or mainstream schools. First, individual features, such as gender and support needs, discussed in the Epidemiological context, may affect the likelihood of a child with DD to be accepted in school. Transportation challenges are a key barrier in the Geographical context. Socio-economic and Socio-cultural contexts present barriers at the levels of the nation, school and family, mostly related to limited services and material and financial resources and limited awareness of DD. Stakeholders believe the currently limited but growing commitment in the Political context can support progress towards the removal of these barriers. Our findings can form the basis for development of an implementation plan that addresses such barriers and capitalises on existing facilitators.

The Effects of Social Distance and Gender on Moral Decisions and Judgments

Abstract: In morality, social distance should influence judgments and decisions. Singer et al.’s (2019) Everyday Moral Conflict Situations scale was created to assess altruistic versus egoistic choices in everyday moral contexts depending on social distance manipulated at the item level. Via a reanalysis of their data, we found an unreported interaction effect between social distance and gender on behavioral choices. We conducted a conceptual replication (Part 1) and extended previous research by empirically assessing the link between altruism and morality (Part 2). This pre-registered study ( N = 299) confirmed the gender-by-social distance interaction, with a stronger social distance effect for males and for egoistic behaviors. Furthermore, behavioral choices were linked to moral judgments of wrongness. Limitations and future directions are discussed.