Unethical Research Articles

Enfoque ético-lingüístico del término “ciudadano” en la redacción de Sucesos de Ciudad Guayana (Venezuela)

The aim of this study is to analyze the results of the use of the noun «citizen» in the crime stories in Ciudad Guayana, in the south of Venezuela. This research is founded on both moral philosophy and linguistics (Suárez Montoya, 2020a, 2021). It is evident that the grammatical questions go way beyond a statement. For this matter, semantic analysis and critical hermeneutics (Conill, 2010) were used to reflect on concepts such as the noun «citizen» (Cortina, 2001) in one of the most dangerous cities in the world. The corpus was comprised of 149 news stories from four newspapers; this interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary work depicts the incidences in a subcategory called improper meanings. The finding: in some of these journalistic texts, there is what has been called in this article «moral disinformation» because there is no semantic-moral correspondence: there are constructions -in two of the four newspapers analyzed- that tend to link the «citizenry» with «delinquency». May this textual analysis serve to nurture journalistic discussion about one of the pillars of democracy: the «citizen».

Was ist also Loben? Nietzsche on the Ethics of Praise

Abstract This paper explores the ethics of praise as discussed in the works of Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche’s occasional remarks on praise are shown to be mainly critical, with his remarks falling into three broad categories, namely: i) metaphysical, ii) psychological, and iii) ethical. During the course of the paper, Nietzsche’s approach is located in the wider theoretical context of contemporary work on the ethics of praise and moral philosophy more generally.

Beyond Anthropocentrism: The Moral and Strategic Philosophy behind Russell and Burch’s 3Rs in Animal Experimentation

The 3Rs framework in animal experimentation– “replace, reduce, refine” – has been alleged to be expressive of anthropocentrism, the view that only humans are directly morally relevant. After all, the 3Rs safeguard animal welfare only as far as given human research objectives permit, effectively prioritizing human use interests over animal interests. This article acknowledges this prioritization, but argues that the characterization as anthropocentric is inaccurate. In fact, the 3Rs prioritize research purposes even more strongly than an ethical anthropocentrist would. Drawing on the writings of Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) founder Charles W. Hume, who employed Russell and Burch, it is argued that the 3Rs originally arose from an animal-centered ethic which was however restricted by an organizational strategy aiming at the voluntary cooperation of animal researchers. Research purposes thus had to be accepted as given. While this explains why the 3Rs focus narrowly on humane method selection, not on encouraging animal-free question selection in the first place, it suggests that governments should (also) focus on the latter if they recognize animals as deserving protection for their own sake.

Being with Others and the Practice of Theodicy

In this article I aim to highlight one aspect of what it is like to address the problem of evil. The discussion aims to show that the suffering of others comes to matter, in part, because of the way in which we are with others, and they with us. Through a sustained discussion of the film 12 Years a Slave, and drawing on the idea of joint attention, I suggest that the possibility of sharing attitudes with others is central to our experience of the meaning of suffering. In dialogue with the moral philosophy of Stephen Darwall, I highlight the way in which—at least in some significant cases—being with others depends on mutual answerability. These points suggest that whilst moral critics of theodicy are right to emphasise the way that the practice of theodicy can involve a failure to recognise the seriousness of suffering, it is a mistake to think that the suffering of others is ‘hermeneutically off-limits’ to me: whilst we may often be concerned for others, we can also be concerned with them. This, it is claimed, is an intrinsic part of the difficulty of the problem of evil, as well as one reason for its moral significance.

A moral community of a realm of ends: Its (im)possibility in education?

When education only is affected by the instrumental principle and its substantiation vis-à-vis specific normative requirements as narratives, practices and traditions of certain kinds, education merely promotes and preserves such normative requirements rather than altering them. I therefore argue that education should not only be affected by the instrumental principle and its substantiation through certain narratives etc. Education should also embrace the value of moving beyond these so that new ways of thinking can be made possible. This it can do when it engages in the creation of a moral community of a realm of ends. However, even though such a creation is possible in principle, it is not necessarily the case that each and every one will engage in making such a moral community possible or that each and every one will be successful in such a pursuit. It is, nonetheless, a worthy quest, and when people engage in creating such a moral community, they strive to set and pursue morally permissible ends in systematic connection, rather than merely external ends valued in specific circumstances. By doing so, they respect each other as ends-in-themselves rather than as means to some further end, or so I argue.

Bridging Ethics and Education: Crafting Solutions to Address the Threads of Bullying in Indonesia

Bullying in educational settings has become a significant global issue, exacerbated by the rise of cyberbullying and juvenile delinquency, particularly in Indonesia. The study employs a qualitative approach and literature review to investigate the impact of the curriculum on shaping ethical values and character among students. By focusing on ethical education, particularly the principles of individualism and collectivism, and incorporating deontological and virtue ethics, this research proposes a holistic strategy for addressing bullying. It argues that understanding and integrating these ethical dimensions into school curricula can foster a supportive environment that mitigates bullying and promotes moral development. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of moral philosophy in healing the trauma caused by bullying. It advocates applying ethical principles such as justice, compassion, and empathy to support affected students, helping them overcome trauma and build resilience. The study advocates for applying moral philosophies to help students navigate complex social dynamics, thereby enhancing their emotional well-being and contributing to a more empathetic and just educational environment.

Enhancing Public Healthcare Security: Integrating Cutting-Edge Technologies into Social Medical Systems

To reduce the negative effects of digitization, normative advice in international human rights legislation incorporates digital health into ethical and human rights frameworks. The use of digital health technology for universal health coverage (UHC) is acknowledged to have benefits, but its implementation must be based on respect for human rights, equity, and ethics, as well as upholding norms of acceptable quality, safety, and morality. The WHA acknowledged the necessity to use digital health technologies in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, but stressed that in doing so, they must "pay particular attention to digital inclusion, patient empowerment, data privacy and security, legal and ethical issues, and the protection of personal data." This paper's goal is to critically assess the proposed legislative framework and policy that regulate digital health technologies in India, as well as the implementation of digital health.

Nilai - Nilai dalam Upacara Penti di Manggarai Ditinjau dari Perspektif Filsafat Moral Kant

Each culture has various traditional ceremonies. Traditional ceremonies become one of the entities that perpetuate a culture. Each traditional ceremony has values that want to be preserved and taught to the followers of that culture. The Penti Ceremony in the Manggarai Community, Flores, NTT is one of the pedagogical cultural activities. There are many values to be taught in the ceremony. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the important values contained in the Penti ceremony from the perspective of Immanuel Kant's moral philosophy. This research uses a qualitative approach with ethnographic methods. The results of this study show that the Penti ceremony contains philosophical values that can be interpreted from the perspective of Kant's moral philosophy, such as harmony with God and others. These positive things are important to be raised in order to become material that can be taught to the younger generation through formal and informal schools, such as local content programs.

The Non-Duality of the “Conditioned” and “Unconditioned”: Hongzhou Chan Buddhism on Reconciling the Morality/Prudence Distinction

This paper illustrates how Hongzhou Chan Buddhism provides valuable resources for dealing with issues in contemporary moral philosophy. In particular, when philosophers adopt the Hongzhou Chan Buddhist’s non-dualistic account of reality, we can see how their teachings provide us with important resources needed for resolving philosophical problems that were originally undertaken by philosophers like the American Pragmatists John Dewey and Richard Rorty. When the pragmatists hoped to extirpate traditional metaphysics from moral philosophy, one of their focuses was on providing an alternative to the morality/prudence distinction. As this study illustrates, by overcoming the metaphysical dualism between the “unconditioned” and the “conditioned”, the Hongzhou Chan Buddhist can provide an account of compassion that is unconditionally grounded. Their account of compassion can then be understood as bridging the divide between “morality” and “prudence”.

How Should the 3 R's Be Revised and Why?

The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique established what many know today as the "3 R's"-refinement, reduction, and replacement-when it was published in 1959. Since their formulation, these principles have guided decision-making for many about nonhuman animal subjects' uses in laboratory-based research. Discussion about how to amend or replace the 3 R's is ongoing, driven mainly by philosophical ethics approaches to nonhuman animal rights and by scientific advancement. This article explores merits and drawbacks of possible updates to and interpretations of the 3 R's.

Education Motto of President Ho Chi Minh - Theoretical Basis of the Orientation of Constructing Philosophy of College Education in Vietnam Nowadays

From the philosophy of life and human morality, Ho Chi Minh's epistemology was raised to a high general level of dialectical thinking on the basic issues of the Vietnamese revolution. The outstanding characteristic of him is to perceive thoroughly and thoughtfully the nature and movement trends of things, phenomena and life processes in relationships, and then, correctly and appropriately solve the development requirements of real life. He grasped the laws of history, creatively applied them and developed them to a new level. The legacies that he left behind have created a system of comprehensive, diverse and rich philosophies, such as: The philosophy of human life, educational philosophy, political philosophy, philosophy of great solidarity,... creating a Ho Chi Minh philosophy with the title of a sage, a philosopher, or a schoolman, brilliant thinker, practicing dialectician. Therefore, his educational philosophy and educational motto have profound theoretical and practical value in the direction of modern Vietnamese educational philosophy.

THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF A DUAL RELIGIOUS IDENTITY : CONFUCIAN CHRISTIAN IN JULIA CHINGS SPIRITUAL JOURNEY

This essay explores the spiritual journey of Julia Ching (1934-2001), a prominent sinologist who sought to reconcile her Catholic faith with Confucian philosophy. Raised in a Catholic tradition, Ching faced crises of faith that led her to abandon her nun identidy and engage deeply with Eastern spiritual practices. This essay examines the fundamental theological and philosophical differences between Confucianism and Christianity, highlighting the inherent contradictions in attempting to maintain a dual religious identity. While Confucianism emphasizes moral philosophy and social harmony without a central divine figure, Christianity is rooted in the worship of one God and adherence to the teachings of Jesus Christ. This essay argues that the exclusive doctrines of Christianity and the ritual practices of Confucianism are ultimately incompatible, making it impossible to fully integrate these two traditions into a single religious identity. Julia Chings experience thus illustrates the complexities and challenges of navigating multiple spiritual allegiances.

Exploring Ethical Theories Among Medical Residents in Clinical Situations: A Cross-Sectional Study

Human beings are faced with numerous behavioral options in different situations, but they can only choose a limited number of them. Ethical beliefs, values, and principles guide individuals in decision-makings. This study focuses on medical residents' perspectives towards four ethical principles (Deontology, Utilitarianism, Virtue, and Principlism) in various clinical situations. This descriptive-analytical study was performed cross-sectional basis among a population of medical residents of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Data were gathered by multi-stage cluster sampling method using a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic information and five different clinical scenarios. The data were analyzed using the Chi-square test and descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS22. The results of this study showed that there was no significant relationship between gender, specialty, year of study, and the four ethical principles mentioned in the participants. However, a significant correlation was observed between the types of scenarios and their alignment with a particular type of decision or ethical theory. The ethical philosophy of medical residents has been evolving gradually over time, even before entering the residency period. Therefore, focusing on practical ethics training and the commitment of residents to implementing the principles and values of professional ethics can shape the ethical philosophy of residents towards professional ethics and humanity.

A resolute reading of Iris Murdoch’s Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals

ABSTRACT It is often remarked that Iris Murdoch’s thought deeply influenced the landscape of twentieth-century moral philosophy. It is certainly true that she inspired a generation of Anglo-American philosophers who sought to critique the moral philosophy of their day. However, these philosophers drew almost exclusively from her early philosophical thought, most notably The Sovereignty of Good. When it came to Murdoch’s second book, Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals (MGM), moral philosophers and scholars alike found it hard to place within contemporary moral philosophy. Our aim in this paper is to offer a reading of MGM that is resolute in its commitment to do justice to the book’s resistance against domestication within standard moral philosophy, while taking Murdoch at her word when she writes that her “whole argument can be read as moral philosophy” (MGM, 740). This commitment allows us to read MGM as an integrated unity. More importantly, it allows us to reassess Murdoch’s place in twentieth-century philosophy and to propose MGM as one of the works seeking to transform it. Our hope is that our reading will interest any philosopher who feels that something essential is missing in current typical practices in the discipline.

Intertemporal empathy decline: Feeling less distress for future others' suffering.

The present actions of individuals and society at large can cause outsized consequences on future generations' quality of life. Moral philosophers have explored how people should value the well-being of future generations. Yet, the question of how people actually feel when considering the plight of others in the future compared to the present remains understudied. In four experiments (N = 4,698), we demonstrate evidence of an intertemporal empathy decline such that people feel less empathy toward another person's suffering in the future compared to the present (Studies 1-4) despite predicting that the same amount of pain would be felt (Studies 1-2). Despite this, imagining another person's suffering in the future leads to placing greater value on future generations' welfare (Study 2). We also show that this intertemporal empathy decline reduces the amount people donate to a future-oriented versus present-oriented charity of the same type (Study 3). Finally, we find that prompting people to more vividly imagine another person's future suffering attenuates the decline in intertemporal empathy (Study 4). Together, this research identifies empathy as a present-biased psychological obstacle impeding future-oriented prosocial behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

EXPLORING ETHICAL CONTINUITY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF APOLOGY AND LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL

This article examines the enduring relevance of Socrates' "Apology" and Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail," highlighting their shared commitment to justice and ethical integrity despite the vast differences in their historical and socio-political contexts. Both texts employ powerful rhetorical strategies to advocate for truth and moral righteousness, challenging deeply ingrained societal injustices. Socrates, through his dialectical method, exposes the inconsistencies in his accusers' arguments, encouraging critical self-examination, while King, through logical reasoning and emotional appeals, compels his audience to confront the moral failings of their society. The thematic connections between the two works, particularly their emphasis on truth, moral integrity, and the courage to challenge unjust laws, underscore their timeless significance in the discourse on moral philosophy and social justice. By situating their arguments within broader ethical and intellectual traditions, both Socrates and King provide timeless models of ethical leadership and moral courage. Their works continue to resonate, offering profound insights into the ongoing struggle for a more just and equitable world, making their messages relevant for contemporary movements against injustice and oppression.

How Americans Judge: A Topology of Moral Communities

How Americans Judge: A Topology of Moral Communities

Nature's value and biodiversity ethics in a changing world: Insights from a special issue and questions for the future

Motivated by philosophical quandaries arising from environmental ethics and the moral philosophy of biodiversity, we convened a special issue of Biological Conservation entitled “Ethics and practice of biodiversity science: how hidden moral assumptions impact conservation research and policy,” inviting a range of expert voices to examine these questions from a variety of perspectives, backgrounds, and traditions. We sought to discover how many of the founding value statements of conservation biology were still current, and if new any ones had supplemented or replaced them. Broad initial momentum from a wide range of contributors soon met with the headwinds of the COVID-19 pandemic, but we eventually emerged with 34 global contributors representing a diverse array of viewpoints. The contributed pieces range from philosophical investigations of value in Nature, applied conservation ethics for endangered species, the rights and roles of Indigenous peoples, macroevolutionary processes of mass extinction, human well-being and social justice, the history of colonialism in conservation, and subtle cultural differences between global powers with respect to Nature. All speak to often unstated values in conservation science. Finally, we offer some questions of our own stemming from these contributions that might provide new or expanded avenues for investigation.

Giudizio estetico, morale e cancel culture a partire dall'opera di Alessandro Ferrara

Alessandro Ferrara's moral philosophy is centered on the concept of “exemplarity”, that is conceived of as an aesthetic notion. I aim to use this kind of approach, that I interpret relying on the reference to the inductive inference, in order to deal with the issues of the “cancel culture”.

Interspecies Justice within a Normative Sustainable Development Framework–Animal-Friendly Energy Systems as a Test Case

This paper argues that existing human-animal relations contribute to the pressing socio-ecological crises of our time, and therefore, they should be discussed in the context of Sustainable Development. This holds true even from a purely anthropocentric perspective, as these crises are threats to humans. However, sentient nonhuman animals possess interests as well and should be included in the moral community. Therefore, ignoring their interests in Sustainable Development is falling short. Furthermore, the paper argues that the anthropocentric perspective of Sustainable Development is flawed because the normative foundations of Sustainable Development (intra- and intergenerational justice) can be convincingly applied to nonhuman animals. According to approaches of interspecies justice, the normative foundations of Sustainable Development not merely can but should be applied to nonhuman animals. The paper argues for including nonhuman animals into the scope of justice and, therefore, in a theory of Sustainable Development. What such inclusion means at the practical level is examined in the last section of the paper, which investigates a field of application important for transforming societies into more sustainable ones, namely energy systems. This last section discusses how more sustainable, more animal-friendly energy systems would look like.