Moral Commitment Research Articles

Civil Liability Arising from Health and Medical Research

Background: In, health in addition to promoting medical knowledge, it aims to diagnose or treat diseases. According to ethical and legal principles, the damage to the patient in the process of health research must be fully compensated.
 Methods: In this research, the issued verdicts and the existing judicial procedures in legal cases in judicial and quasi-judicial authorities were analyzed in order to formulate the necessary legal theories with regard to the jurisprudential and legal basis of civil liability of researchers and scientific centers. To achieve results, it has been tried to avoid any violation of human rights without hindering the process of scientific research.
 Results: The basis of this view is moral and legal commitment of society to compensate for injuries caused by research, because ultimately, it is society that benefits from the results of medical and scientific research. As a result, it is better to provide legal support for the need to insure patients in medical research and to allocate special funds for damages resulting from medical research.
 Conclusion: There are drawbacks to filing a civil liability lawsuit for injuries caused by medical research; this is because it either leads to incomplete compensation or is an obstacle to medical research and medical researchers. Assuming the sole responsibility of research centers to create such liability insurance, legislators should enact comprehensive laws to resolve the existing ambiguities regarding the claim for injuries.

Representations of Utopianism and Dystopia in Ecology: A Study of Subhi Fahmawi's Novels Akhenaten and Nefertiti al Canaanite and Alexandria 2050 through Eco-Criticism

Objectives: This study explores the relationship between environmental criticism and utopia and dystopia, revealing the connection between human relations and the environment. It emphasizes the author's environmental vision in the two novels, aiming to foster environmental awareness and moral commitment.
 Methods: The study's methodology aligns with the perspective of environmental criticism, as it is an interdisciplinary approach that intersects with various social, cultural, and interpretive contexts. It employs methods such as analysis and context to unveil the environmental implications in the novels.
 Results: The author uses environmental utopia and dystopia as narrative tools to critique environmental discourse and address environmental problems caused by human greed. They encourage readers to become aware of sustainable development and find solutions that consider nature as an integrated whole, all while promoting awareness of environmental issues and the preservation of a healthy, pollution-free environment.
 Conclusion: This study underscores that environmental criticism is a cultural discourse. The relationship between humans and their environment fundamentally represents a connection between culture and nature, with our perception of it being a cultural construct.

A stranger in a strange land: Promises and identity

One's social identity tends to favor those belonging to one's group. At the same time, communication has had beneficial social consequences in controlled laboratory experiments. Can communication improve trust and outcomes between out-group members by making them more familiar? We construct a simple weak mechanism of group favoritism (different assigned colors) that induces in-group favoritism. Communication increases cooperation but does not affect per se the social identity gap, i.e., people make more favorable choices for in-group members. However, mutual promises are more effective for out-groups than in-groups, reducing or eliminating the social-identity gap. So perhaps, in some sense, out-group members are seen as more like in-group members when they have experienced mutual promises. We also find evidence that the two groups’ decisions are driven by different motivations, one based on expectations in-groups and one based on moral commitment in the case of out-groups.

"Balancing the books"

Strongly emerging Indigenous methodologies have attracted researchers to employ diverse research paradigms within a moral commitment to conducting research based on ethical sensitivities and appropriate research protocols, as informed by research work with marginalized and unfamiliar groups including Indigenous Communities. However, adopting Indigenous methodological approaches may raise additional ethical considerations requiring a nuanced examination of what these may entail and competing ethical claims regarding research funding, research processes, outcomes and output. In this article, we draw sociological insights from Bourdieusian theory, as well as feminist epistemology, to explore the ethical implications arising from qualitative research the authors recently completed with Indigenous communities in equatorial Malaysia and Costa Rica, where Indigenous land rights and access issues form the contextualizing and comparative backdrop to the study, with reference to relevant international UN policies such as the Sustainable Development Goals.

The Potential of Informal Institutions in Promoting Green Enterpreneurship (Ge) and Sustainable Socio-Economic Development

Abstract The continuity of the green environment, economy, and entrepreneur-ship is essential for sustainable development. Therefore, this research aims to explored the potential of informal institutions in promoting Green Enterpreneurship (GE) and sustainable socio-economic development. The method employed used microeconomic data rooted in local wisdom, social norms, and localized moral commitments from various regions of Indonesia. Data collection comprised surveys and structured interviews relevant to the research objectives. Quantitative data material was obtained by conducting a field survey of 150 household samples of green entrepreneurship respondents taken representatively in various regions using simple random sampling techniques. The design employed a two-stage mixed-method approach, including exploratory and explanatory designs. The result showed the significance of Green Enterpreneurship (GE) in mitigating the impacts of global climate change and economic crises, thereby contributing to the attainment of sustainable development goals. However, the main results of the research confirm that the capacity of formal institutions has not been able to navigate the complexity of these problems isssues is limited. Conversely, informal institutions, though capable of mitigating global climate change and advancing sustainable development, remained localized and lacked national and global integration and collaboration. Green Enterpreneurship (GE), as a form of social innovation, gave rise to new models of socio-economic solidarity within unique local communities. The research also underscored the pivotal role of informal institutions in facilitating these endeavors, thereby filling a void in high-quality new institutional economic theory

أثر كوفيد -19 على الالتزام الأخلاقي ودور الفتاوى الإسلامية في نشر الأخلاق ، حالة قطر

The present study, which is the first study of its kind in Qatar, revolves around the role of Islamic fatwas at the state of Qatar on the moral commitment of a sample of Qatar university employees (faculty and staff) during the time of COVID-19. The study mainly tried to explore the community’s response to these fatwas and its impact on societal guidance. Therefore, it tried to answer the main question of the study which is what is the effect of the pandemic on people’s behavior and system of values? This study aims to assess the role of Islamic fatwas at the state of Qatar on the moral commitment of a sample of Qatar university employees (faculty and staff) during the time of COVID-19.To achieve this aim and answer the questions of the study, an e-questionnaire was developed, validated by a group of experts, and administered on a representative sample of the population of the study (n =244), from Qatar university employees (faculty and staff) during the academic year 2022-2023. For quantitative data, the descriptive approach was employed using SPSS-28, while content analysis was applied to the qualitative data collected in response to the open-ended question in the questionnaire. Results showed that COVID-19 pandemic affected the religious values as 60% of the participants sought spiritual support through worship, 64% had a positive attitude towards improving ties of kinship, and 49% increased the sense of social responsibility. The study also showed the importance of the role of religious scholars in society, especially in times of crisis when people refer to their fatwas and guidance for enlightenment. In conclusion, Fatwas played a vital role in reinforcing many moral values although other values were badly affected by the outbreak of the pandemic.

Undue Burden the Medical School Application Process Places on Low-Income Latinos

Undue Burden the Medical School Application Process Places on Low-Income Latinos

Derek Parfit on Personal Identity: Relation-R and Moral Commitments

Derek Parfit on Personal Identity: Relation-R and Moral Commitments

Should moral commitments be articulated? An introduction

ABSTRACT This Special Issue questions a basic assumption in thinking about morality: the idea that the explicit articulation of moral commitments that usually remain implicit is the basis par excellence for dialogue and rapprochement between people of opposing views. Nicholas Adams shows in the main article of this Special Issue that there is a paradox behind this assumption concerning ethics itself: articulating moral commitments may end up undermining them. It inherently stands in tension with forms of life as people actually inhabit them. Adams associates this basic paradox of ethics with the problem of forced articulation in particular discursive regimes, such as interreligious dialogue. The practice of Scriptural Reasoning is introduced as an alternative mode of dialogue that is less vulnerable to the distortions of articulation. The five response articles (by Petruschka Schaafsma, Ariën Voogt, Rob Compaijen, Dominique Gosewisch, and Sophia Höff) address aspects of Adams’ challenge to articulation in relation to morality, rather than the setting of interreligious engagement. They point out the value of articulation in spite of its inherent imperfection, or constructively elaborate on how to deal with the paradox of ethics as analyzed by Adams. Finally, Adams responds by addressing the concerns of these replies.

Perfect imperfection: articulation in moral formation

ABSTRACT In response to Adam’s concern that when one tries to articulate a moral commitment, the commitment is ‘falsified,’ I examine the importance of a particular articulation in the process of moral development and look for a way to engage in this articulation, while avoiding the pitfalls Adams identified. Via the example of moral formation, and more specifically, exemplarity, I show the role of articulation in moral growth. Moreover, I attempt to show that partial and imperfect articulation can lead to moral growth. For if this articulation is understood as inherently partial, it does not fall into the pitfall of ‘falsification,’ nor other well-known pitfalls in the process of moral formation through exemplarity.

Obstacles to moral articulation in interreligious engagement

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to confront a well-known problem in interreligious engagement in European institutions, namely the tendency to exclude contributions that do not conform to certain European expectations. It diagnoses problems produced not only by the problem but by certain solutions to it, and to propose in outline an alternative approach. Chief among these problems is the imperative that members of traditions articulate their deepest moral commitments, in order to secure a common moral ground. This imperative has the unintended but drastic effect of excluding important voices in dialogue. Drawing on the figures of Cordelia (in Shakespeare’s King Lear) and Antigone (in Sophocles’ Antigone) it is argued that forced articulation distorts its objects. The theoretical framework of discussion is drawn from Hegel, Schelling, and Adorno as in interpreted by Alasdair MacIntyre, Charles Taylor, and Andrew Bowie. The originality of the argument is the use of aesthetic theory in German philosophy to inform a critique of attempts to make morality central to interreligious engagement.

Kekuatan Pembuktian Keterangan Ahli Berdasarkan Hukum Acara Perdata Indonesia

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the validity of expert testimony based on Indonesian civil procedural law in Indonesian civil law. The method used is descriptive and qualitative. The data collection technique is a documentary study. The data used is secondary data in the form of documentation of the regulations used. The results of the study show that the position of an expert can be part of the witnesses who provide information in the context of evidence. Provisions regarding an expert witness are explained in Article 154 HIR. This makes the role of an expert important in explaining the problem under discussion. In terms of strength in the context of civil law, an expert has been screened through two commitments, namely a moral commitment (through an oath or promise) and also a professional commitment (which includes the expert's technical expertise through education or experience). In addition, the strength of an expert's statement is also higher because it is tested by the Public Prosecutor (Prosecutor) and also legal counsel.

The mobilization of emotions, moral commitment, and political commitment as dimensions of the movement for the constitution of the professional identity of prospective Mathematics teachers: the Supervised Teaching Practice

This paper analyzes the actions of prospective teachers (PT) associated with emotions, moral commitment, and political commitment that promoted the movement of the constitution of the professional identity (PI) of prospective mathematics teachers (PMT). This study focused on the nine PMTs’ reflections manifested in their final practicum reports and discussions, in the formative context, about the practicum. Given the information, we discuss the mobilization of emotions, moral commitment, and political commitment of the PMTs as dimensions of the movement for the constitution of the PIs of the nine PMTs: Performance during practicum; Practicum planning; Characteristics of students and class; Contextual characteristics that influenced the development of the practicum; Practicum supervision. The actions that promoted this movement were: Considering the role of mathematics in education; Sharing experiences, frustrations, and expectations; Realizing limitations; Reasoning about school routine and planning; Sharing information about nervousness and the desire to be well evaluated. Such actions reveal evidence of the promotion of the movement for the constitution of the PIs of the PMTs. Recognizing and analyzing the mobilization of emotions, moral commitment, and political commitment as dimensions of the PI constitution movement helps us understand the education of the PMTs in its complexity, specifically in the Brazilian scenario.

THE IMPACT OF PAY DISPERSION ON EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT: A STUDY OF SELECTED HOTELS IN PORT HARCOURT, NIGERIA

This study investigated the impact of pay dispersion on employee commitment in the context of selected hotels in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The primary objective was to examine how variations in pay among employees affect their levels of affective, continuance, and normative commitment. This study adopted a quasi-experimental research design to explore the impact of pay dispersion on employee commitment. A sample of 15 hotels in Port Harcourt was conveniently selected for the study, with a population of 500 employees. The Taro Yamen sampling size formula was employed to ensure a representative sample size of 222. Data analysis was conducted using 189 copies of duly completed questionnaire. The study revealed a significant relationship between pay dispersion and employee commitment. Specifically, pay dispersion was found to have a substantial impact on affective, continuance, and normative commitment among hotel employees in Port Harcourt. The findings underscore the importance of pay structure in shaping employee commitment within organizations, particularly in the hotel industry. Effective pay dispersion strategies can positively influence employees’ emotional, calculative, and moral commitment to their organizations. Based on the study’s results, it is recommended that hotel managers in Port Harcourt should consider designing more equitable pay structures to enhance employee motivation and commitment. Additionally, incentivizing employees for accomplishing important tasks can further strengthen their commitment levels. These strategies are likely to contribute to a more dedicated and engaged workforce, ultimately benefiting organizational performance and success.

ʻAbd al-Rahim Talebof’s Promotion of Nationality and National Sociopolitical Reform in Kitab-i Aḥmad (1890–1894)

Abstract Scholars of Persian literature approach ‘Abd al-Rahim Talebof’s Kitab-i Aḥmad (1890–1894) either as a pedagogical treatise exemplifying his stance on the importance of modern education for Iranian children or as an informative text presenting modern European-style scientific advances and discoveries to Iranians. Moreover, they look at contemporary European intellectuals and intellectual thought informing Talebof’s work, especially Jean Jacques Rousseau’s Émile, ou de L’Éducation (1763). In this way, they overlook the role of the contemporary Iranian intellectual discourse in forming Talebof’s work and thought. This article demonstrates that Talebof wrote his book in conversation with the works of both his eminent Iranian intellectuals and their European counterparts. Building upon the current scholarship, this article argues that in Kitab-i Aḥmad, Talebof, in addition to promoting his educational mission and informative goals, lays out his most developed social philosophy, in particular, his theorization of “nationality” (millīyat) or allegiance to an imagined nation. Talebof espouses the idea that Iranians need to own moral and religious commitment to a national community and posits “nationality” as the essential framework within which modern educational and sociopolitical reforms can be implemented.

“It’s Pretty Sad If You Get Used to It”: A Qualitative Study of First Responder Experiences with Opioid Overdose Emergencies

Background First responders play a vital role in the United States opioid drug overdose crisis, a public health emergency that has claimed many lives. Objective We sought to investigate first responders’ experiences and attitudes toward opioid overdose emergencies and the ongoing crisis, as well as emotional effects, coping strategies, and support systems. Methods A convenience sample of first responders (n = 18) at the Columbus Fire Division, with experience responding to opioid emergencies, participated in semi-structured telephone interviews between September 2018 and February 2019. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using content analysis for themes. Results While almost all participants described overdose emergencies as routine, they recalled some as memorable and emotionally impactful. Almost all respondents were frustrated by the high rates of overdose among their patients and the lack of sustainable improvements in outcomes, yet expressed a strong moral commitment to caring for patients and saving lives. Themes of burnout, compassion fatigue, and hopelessness emerged, as did themes of increased compassion and empathy. Support for personnel experiencing emotional difficulty was either lacking or underutilized. Further, many felt public policies should prioritize more permanent resources and improve access to care, and believed that people who use drugs should face greater accountability. Conclusion First responders perceive a moral and professional duty to treat patients who overdose, despite their frustrations. They may benefit from additional occupational support to cope with the resultant emotional effects of their role in the crisis. Addressing macro-level factors contributing to the overdose crisis and improving patient outcomes could also positively affect first responder wellbeing.

Ethics and Banking: Do Banks Divest Their Kind?

A growing group of institutional investors use divestment strategically to deter misconducts that are harmful for the climate and society. Based on Kantian ethics, we propose that divestment represents investors’ universal and absolute moral commitment to socially responsible investing (SRI). Following categorical and hypothetical imperatives and reciprocity as a norm, we hypothesize how institutional investors’ commit to SRI through a divestment strategy against ethically reprehensible behaviour of banks, especially when these investors represent banks themselves. Using a hand-collected database of the revelation dates of enforcement actions on banks, we find evidence that banks are less likely to divest equity holding on banks with misconduct (fined banks) than their non-bank institutional investors peers. Banks that commit to invest responsibly by signing for the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI) are not significantly more likely to divest on fined banks stocks than non-signatory banks. Moreover, divestment of fined banks whose own legitimacy to operate is in question is not significantly different from non-fined banks divestment. We find that European banks are more inclined to sell their holdings permanently on fined banks than their United States peers. Therefore, bank’s moral commitment to SRI via divestments is influenced more by cultural and reciprocity norms than their moral commitment to participate in the PRI.

"Marrying Her Husband's Son": Locke, the Politics of Sexual Morality, and the Case of Incest at the Church at Corinth

abstract: This paper explores the tension between the role the magistrate plays in Locke's letters on toleration and the theory of sexual morality he develops in his analysis of the case of incest at the church at Corinth in his "Paraphrases" on Paul's Epistles. A son had married his father's ex-wife, a practice decried as "heinous" by seventeenth-century commentators. Contrary to the political uses of this case by members of the Anglican Church, Locke argues that moral communities should police themselves through private censure. At first glance, this sits uncomfortably with the view that the magistrate should punish adulterers and those who engage in "heinous enormities." This paper seeks to reconcile these two visions by showing how the incentive structure of the civil law was meant to supplement the maximalist moral commitments of the religious communities that make up society.

Welcoming refugee children with a moral, rather than merely legal, right to education: Ideas for a cosmopolitan design of education

In this paper, we argue for the moral and not merely the legal right to education for refugee children. National education in many countries is challenged by refugee flows and influx of displaced people. However, there is a tendency to think of refugee flows as isolated events rather than parts of the dynamics of a world society that national education systems needs to respond responsibly to and build capacity for. Consequently, there is a gap between the legal right to education for refugee children and its practical realization, and granting refugee children access to national education systems is becoming part of the problem and not only a solution to the de-territorializing and cosmopolitan challenges of refugee flows and displaced people. We argue that education for children of refugees’ need to meet with a cosmopolitan design of education in order to respond responsibly to the right to education for refugee children. In the first part, we discuss the legal right to education for refugee children, and moral challenges with regard to its practical realization in nation-centred school systems and schools. In the second part, we discuss de-territorializing effects of refugees in education by reviewing research on refugee education, refugee children’s experiences of education and by discussing refugee education in Sweden as a case. In the final part, we discuss ideas for a cosmopolitan design of education. We argue for a moral commitment to the education of refugee children in order for us to respond responsibly to their legal and moral rights and situation, but also to the legal and moral rights, and situations of those affected in host countries. We also argue for the importance of critical cosmopolitan imagination in education that does not restrict education to norms of national loyalty and national integration, or to economic norms of competitiveness and effectiveness.

O-217 Balancing ‘the desires of individuals’ against ‘the situation of the world as a whole’: (Re)considering planetary responsibilities in the context of assisted reproduction

Abstract Study question How do the moral reasons for offering access to assisted reproductive technology (ART) relate to ethical responsibilities generated by sustainability and planetary health duties? Summary answer If one accepts that both governments and medical professionals should yield to environmental sustainability, it is ethically pertinent to balance this against respecting reproductive autonomy. What is known already Respecting autonomy is a central ethical value in the context of reproduction, which, in the context of ART, is considered to generate a prima facie obligation to help people conceive a child in line with their personal goals. Arguments in terms of population ethics, use of planetary resources and climate change are traditionally not considered to counter arguments for access to ART relying on the reproductive autonomy of individuals. This may come under tension due to adjusted encouragements to physicians for being committed to sustainability as part of professional role responsibilities. Study design, size, duration A literature study of academic literature and institutional codes of conduct was performed to inventory how professional duties of physicians are being directed to encompass not only responsibilities towards individual patients, but also towards environmental sustainability. Consideration of earlier documents has shown that, sporadic objections notwithstanding, such arguments have mostly been morally inconsequential in the regulation and praxis of ART. This was critically evaluated against the backdrop of bioethical literature and ethical principles. Participants/materials, setting, methods Literature study; conceptual analysis; normative analysis. Main results and the role of chance Climate change and its future impact is on the political agenda as a shared responsibility of governments, industry, and citizens. This is seeping through into communiqués of professional medical bodies and codes of conduct. In the particular context of ART, this has recently led to several calls to recognize the impact of climate change on fertility. This has not (yet) led to an institutionalization of the more provocative claim, sometimes voiced in popular media, that fighting climate change may require restraints in the area of procreation. Nonetheless, claims that physicians have a responsibility to contribute to a sustainable healthcare sector at least require ethical attention in this regard, especially in view of observed shifts compared to canonic positions. Likewise, if we expect governments to take efforts to attain sustainability goals, this may evoke moral questions about possible tensions with moral commitments to offering access to assisted procreation. This contribution addresses (i) the limited critical stance towards beliefs that procreation is problematic from a planetary health perspective, and (ii) the need to scrutinize the ethical balance for reproductive health professionals between accommodating (individual) procreative goals and more global responsibilities towards the world at large. Limitations, reasons for caution This is an agenda-setting analysis, and so it is not meant to serve as an exhaustive discussion of these moral concerns. While attention for future impacts of climate change is gaining momentum in healthcare, controversial suggestions to cap procreation is largely still limited to lay contexts. Wider implications of the findings This analysis is meant to propel ethical reflection about the balance between global elements that may restrain individuals’ reproductive options. This puts into focus that moral considerations about individual and societal (and planetary) interests in the context of ART require continued specification and careful ethical deliberation. Trial registration number n/a