Moral Attitudes Research Articles

Primary physical education teachers as ethical and moral agents of the alpha generation students

Ethics is a set of rules and principles in human life, and schools are at the forefront of developing moral education through physical education subjects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of physical education teachers in instilling attitudes of universal values in sports. The method used was descriptive. Data collection was conducted through forum group discussions and the distribution of a questionnaire consisting of 18 questions. The participants in this study were 72 physical education teachers in elementary schools spread across the Malang-raya area. This study produces a description and description of the role of teachers in emphasizing ethical and moral attitudes including, respect for the rules, respect for others, fairplay, self-esteem, honesty, tolerance.

Proenvironmental self identity as a moderator of psychosocial predictors in the purchase of sustainable clothing

Previous research investigated the impact of psychosocial predictors (e.g. attitude, social and moral norm, perceived behavioral control, intention) on sustainable clothing purchasing. To date, no studies considered whether proenvironmental self-identity moderates the effects of these predictors on behavior. In this study, we adopted an intrapersonal approach and a longitudinal design to assess the moderating role of proenvironmental self-identity in predicting intentions and behaviors, considering gender differences. 250 participants completed an initial questionnaire on the predictors of three sustainable clothing purchasing. A month later, they filled out a second questionnaire to self-assess these behaviors. The results showed that social and internalized norms (moral norms) were notably influential of participants’ intentions. Affective attitude influenced behavior positively, while cognitive attitude had a negative influence. When considering the moderating role of proenvironmental self-identity, significant gender differences emerged. Women with a weak proenvironmental self-identity expressed a higher intention to purchase sustainable clothing when they had high affective attitudes and descriptive norm but low cognitive attitudes. Women with a strong proenvironmental self-identity intended to purchase sustainable clothing when they had high moral norms and cognitive attitudes but low descriptive norm. Man with a weak proenvironmental self-identity and high positive affective attitude increased their future SCP.

Legal provisions on medical aid in dying encode moral intuition.

In recent decades, many jurisdictions have moved toward legalizing euthanasia and assisted suicide, alongside a near-universal increase in public acceptance of medical aid in dying. Here, we draw on a comprehensive quantitative review of current laws on assisted dying, experimental survey evidence, and four decades of time-series data to explore the relationship between these legislative transitions and change in moral attitudes. Our analyses reveal that existing laws on medical aid in dying impose a common set of eligibility restrictions, based on the patient's age, decision-making capacity, prognosis, and the nature of their illness. Fulfillment of these eligibility criteria elevates public moral approval of physician-assisted death, equally in countries with (i.e., Spain) and without (i.e., the United Kingdom) assisted dying laws. Finally, historical records of public attitudes toward euthanasia across numerous countries uncovered anticipatory growth in moral approval leading up to legalization, but no accelerated growth thereafter. Taken together, our findings suggest that the enactment of medical aid in dying laws, and their specific provisions, crystallize patterns in moral intuition.

Disagreeing to Agree: Populism and Consensus Among Members of Parliaments and Their Voters

Populism is theoretically associated with an antagonistic interpretation of politics. Populists tend to morally delegitimize their adversaries, exhibit “bad manners” toward them, and sometimes even try to exclude them from “the people.” They are also more inclined to prioritize radical policy and institutional changes. Therefore, populism appears to be directly at odds with consensus politics. This research aims to empirically test this relationship. Using two original surveys focused on the Spanish context, we investigate the relationship between populist attitudes and the propensity to consensual political solutions, examining both citizens and their political representatives. Our results confirm that populist attitudes contribute to low support for consensual approaches toward politics among both members of parliament (MPs) and citizens, but this relationship depends on the individual’s specific dimensions of populism. Anti-systemic and moral Manichaean attitudes are associated with less consensual preferences both for MPs and citizens, whereas people-centrist and identitarian populist attitudes exhibit this negative effect only among citizens. These results provide new insights into the ramifications of populist attitudes and underscore the importance of empirically examining the concept of populism across its various dimensions.

Comparing the effects of movie-based versus case-based methods among bachelor nursing students: A quasi-experimental study

BackgroundIt is challenging for educators to select and apply the most effective educational strategies in teaching ethics to undergraduate nursing students. AimThe study aimed to compare the effect of movies-based and case-based methods, on moral sensitivity and moral courage of nursing students. MethodsThis was a quasi-experimental study conducted on 79 nursing students that divided into case-based and Movie-based groups. Data were collected using the standardized Persian versions of Lützén's moral sensitivity and Sekerka moral courage questionnaires and analysed using SPSS version 16. ResultsThe case-based and movie-based methods were significantly different only in promoting some subscales of moral sensitivity and moral courage (p < .05). However, no statistically significant difference was seen in improving the total score of moral sensitivity and courage (p > .05). ConclusionsThe case-based method may lead to the improvement of the application aspects of moral sensitivity, and the movie-based method, by engagement of emotions and visual, auditory senses, can improve some aspects of moral courage attitude. Therefore, the simultaneous use of these two methods in teaching ethics to nursing students is recommended.

Investigating the Relationship between Moral Intelligence and Attitude towards Patient Safety in Nurses Working at Shahid Sadoughi Teaching Hospital in Yazd in 2023

Background: Moral intelligence in nurses is of particular importance due to the human and moral nature of their job and profession. Moral intelligence can provide a rule for the correct functioning of humans and is considered a predictive factor of behavior. The moral intelligence of nurses refers to their ability to distinguish right from wrong and adhere to ethical principles. Nurses with higher moral intelligence show more commitment to patient safety and adherence to professional protocols and have a more positive attitude toward patient safety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between moral intelligence and attitude towards patient safety in nurses working at Shahid Sadoughi Teaching Hospital in Yazd in 2023. Methods: The present study was a descriptive-analytical one conducted cross-sectionally in 2023. The statistical population included 237 nurses working in Shahid Sadoughi Teaching Hospital, Yazd, who were selected by stratified random sampling. Two standard questionnaires with a 5-point Likert scale were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by SPSS24 using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The average moral intelligence of the studied nurses was 135.22 ± 22.30, and the average attitude of the nurses towards patient safety was 72.65 ± 17.32, indicating high moral intelligence and an average attitude towards patients safety in nurses in Shahid Sadoughi University. The results of Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between moral intelligence and nurses' attitude towards patient safety (r = 0.19, p = 0.003). Conclusion: Moral intelligence plays a role in predicting nurses' attitude towards patient safety; therefore, it seems that by strengthening the moral intelligence of nurses, their attitude towards patient safety can be influenced. To strengthen the moral intelligence of nurses and improve their attitude towards patient safety, professional ethics training, development of critical thinking skills and creation of ethical organizational culture can be used. Also, holding workshops to discuss ethical issues and support from ethical management can strengthen nurses in making ethical decisions and more responsible behavior in the field of patient safety.

Wartości i przekonania. Ile etyki jest w etykach stosowanych?

The measure of the usefulness and credibility of applied ethics is its ability to counteract conflicts dividing social and professional groups. To achieve this goal, representatives of applied ethics must meet a basic condition by providing an epistemological justification of the claim to the validity of the judgments they formulate. Yet it is here that they encounter obstacles recognized (earlier) by ethical philosophers and sociologists of knowledge. The problem is not only the variety of moral challenges that an individual faces, but also the way in which their moral attitude is influenced by the group to which they belong. This article attempts to resolve both of these difficulties in a way that is consistent with the goals of applied ethics.

O „deonotologicznych” i „utylitarnych” decyzjach w dylematach etycznych opartych na „dylemacie wagonika” (the Trolley Problem)

Ethical dilemmas facing respondents with a choice between sacrificing the lives of a smaller number of people to save a larger number, formulated in correspondence to the famous Trolley Problem, have been of enduring interest almost since the Philippa Foot’s presentation of the canonical version of this problem. In more recent literature, and especially in publications reporting the results of empirical research, decisions of answerers declaring abstention from taking action that would result in saving a larger group of potential victims at the cost of sacrificing the lives of fewer people have come to be referred to as “deontological” choices. On the other hand, declarations of readiness to take such actions are referred to as “utilitarian” or (less frequently) “consequentialist” choices. The aim of the article is to demonstrate the shortcomings of using the aforementioned labels. The argumentation is supported by empirical material collected in the years 2020–2022 among students of the University of Łódź (N = 302). The analysis of justifications explaining the motives behind both types of decisions left by the respondents shows that in numerous cases, “deontological” decisions, that is, passive decisions, actually stemmed from premises much closer to consequentialist ethics than deontological attitudes. Similarly, active behaviour was not always the outcome of utilitarian motives. The results of our research clearly indicate that the dominant, simplified perception of these choices in the literature leads to a distorted picture of the moral attitudes of respondents, thus posing the danger of drawing false conclusions. We claim that distinguishing between attitudes adopted by respondents in dilemmas based on the Trolley Problem should not refer to ethical doctrines. Instead, judging the moral attitudes of respondents requires an analysis of the motives behind the decisions they make at the very least.

Factors Influencing Nurses’ Intentions to Protect Patient Privacy: A Survey-Based Study Using the Theory of Planned Behavior

Background and Purpose:Patient privacy and confidentiality are fundamental ethical principles in healthcare. Protecting patient privacy, which is accepted as a patient’s right, is one of the responsibilities of nurses. Few studies on patient privacy among nurses have used social cognitive approaches. The purpose of this study is to examine nurses’ intentions to protect patient privacy using the theory of planned behavior (TPB).Methods:This is a cross-sectional and correlational design study. The study sample consisted of 202 nurses working in the emergency departments, operating rooms, inpatient wards, and intensive care units of the hospitals. Research data were collected using a face-to-face questionnaire that included TPB components on patient privacy. The proposed research model was tested using structural equation modeling.Results:Attitude (β= .238,p&lt; .05), subjective norm (β= .295,p&lt; .05), and moral norm (β= .337,p&lt; .05) toward patient privacy are positive predictors of intention. The moral norm is the most effective component of intention. Perceived behavioral control is not a significant predictor of intention (β= .049,p&gt; .05).Implications for Practice:Norms that create a sense of moral obligation in nurses are a significant determinant in increasing the intention to protect patient privacy. Interventions that improve moral norms, attitudes, and subjective norms will increase the intention to protect privacy. Nurse managers should provide nurses with adequate skills, resources, and an appropriate work environment to ensure perceived behavioral control regarding patient privacy.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS OF MORALITY FORMATION

Background. Перевод The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that in the conditions of economic and social crisis, the former moral values lose their significance. This is especially true for young people who, without sufficient life experience, can easily succumb to negative ideological influence. As a result, they develop certain moral and behavioral attitudes. Purpose – identification of psychological factors and conditions that directly affect the formation of an integral moral structure of a young person's personality. Materials and methods. The object of research in the article is the consciousness of the younger generation, the subject of research is the psychological factors of morality formation. The article uses a systematic approach. The main theoretical research methods are analysis, synthesis and deduction. Results. In this article, the author divides the factors influencing the formation of morality into psychological and social ones. Among the psychological factors, the author identifies the most important ones: the influence of family upbringing, the level of primary education, the opportunity to receive productive feedback. The importance of such a factor as the development of reflexive abilities is emphasized, which the author attributes to the responsibility of a higher educational institution. It seems that taking into account these psychological factors will eventually achieve the expected result – the formation of a citizen of the 21st century with a stable system of moral values and attitudes.

Moral attitudes towards effort and efficiency: a comparison between American and Chinese history

In some cultures, merely exerting effort is considered virtuous, even when the effort is inefficient. Our study examines how this moral attitude towards effort (relative to efficiency) has evolved historically across two distinct sociopolitical and linguistic contexts: the People’s Republic of China and the United States, using natural language processing techniques. Specifically, two formal political corpora were used—the People’s Daily (1950–2021) and the Congressional speeches for the U.S. (1873–2011). We developed dictionaries for each concept based on pre-trained word embedding models in both languages. Moral attitudes towards effort and efficiency were calculated on a year-by-year basis as the cosine similarity between the dictionaries of these concepts and an existing dictionary of morality. We benchmarked the fluctuations of moral attitude towards inefficient effort against critical historical events in the two countries. Additional time series analysis and Granger tests revealed the association and potential directionality between the evolution of moral attitude towards inefficient effort and critical socio-cultural variables such as collectivism and cultural looseness. Our research sheds light on the historical and socio-cultural roots of moralization of effort and has implications for historical psychology research on moral attitudes.

Translation, reliability, and validity of the Chinese version of the Moral Identity Scale in a sample of male offenders

ABSTRACT Moral identity is crucial in offenders’ moral rehabilitation, yet no validated measure exists for Chinese male offenders. The present study translated the Moral Identity Scale (MIS) and examined its construct validity and reliability in Chinese male offenders (n = 542). A confirmatory factor analysis showed an acceptable fit for the data. The convergent validity was demonstrated by its significant positive correlations with the Moral-self subscale of the Moral Identity Questionnaire. Furthermore, MIS displayed negative correlations with Amorality and Moral Disengagement, and positive correlations with Moral Attitude, Empathic Concern, and Moral Responsibility, indicating a good nomological validity. Regarding discriminant validity, the revised MIS exhibited nonsignificant or weak correlations with Social Desirability and Retributive Justice Expectations, while the two subscales exhibited distinct correlations with Imagination with Sympathy and Perceived Social Injustice. The test-retest reliability over 4 weeks was .68 (n=113). These findings underscore the reliability and validity of the revised MIS.

Anticipatory gaps challenge the public governance of heritable human genome editing

Considering public moral attitudes is a hallmark of the anticipatory governance of emerging biotechnologies, such as heritable human genome editing. However, such anticipatory governance often overlooks that future morality is...

Mary Warnock and ‘Public Philosophy’

ABSTRACTThis article responds to the familiar characterisation of Mary Warnock as someone whose major achievements as a public intellectual, such as the Report on human fertilisation and embryology, were at the expense of philosophical rigour and integrity. I explicate her lifelong commitment to practical morality, and her understanding of ethics and of the role of feelings in moral judgments, before analysing her important distinction between the private and public moral attitude. ‘Public philosophy’ is what she believes is necessary for those seeking to make a difference in the world of law and policy. I highlight the importance for her of securing ‘acceptable’ legal outcomes, especially on issues of bioscientific development which are the subject of irreconcilable moral disagreements. I compare her distinction with others and contrast its use with relevant writing by John Rawls and Thomas Nagel. Finally, I defend her against misjudged criticism from her philosophical contemporaries, most notably Richard Hare.

The participation of Red Army soldiers in the providing of complete collectivization in Podillia

The purpose of the article is, based on the analysis of archival sources, general and special literature, to shed light on the participation of Red Army soldiers in the providing of complete collectivization in Podillya. The research methodology is based on the principles of objectivity and historicism using both general scientific and special research methods: problem-chronological, historical-comparative, critical analysis method. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the disclosure of an insufficiently studied problem in Ukrainian historiography, designed to clarify the role and place of the Red Army in the establishment of the Bolshevik totalitarian regime in the Podilsk village. Conclusions. The Red Army, from the moment of its creation, was considered by the Bolsheviks as one of the institutions of the implementation of the communist regime. Being 2/3 peasant in terms of social composition, it was to become a school of political education and cultural enlightenment in the spirit of communist ideas for former peasant owners. The strengthening of such work is observed at the end of the 1920s, when the regime's attempt to resume the "military-communist assault" ran into desperate resistance from the peasantry and became a threat to the existence of the communist government. From that time, the Bolshevik leadership not only set specific tasks for the Red Army, but also tried to systematically control the political and moral attitudes of the Red Army. One of the important directions of the work of military units was to assist the authorities in the process of socialization of one-person peasant farms. In the conditions of complete collectivization, the army was entrusted with tasks not only of an educational and propaganda nature, but also of direct participation in the collectivization of the village. In particular, the military units stationed in Podilla were involved in: training personnel for collective farm construction; taking over the villages that were transitioning to complete collectivization; sending groups of Red Army soldiers to collective farms to perform specific tasks; admission to collectives by whole divisions; organization of special Red Army collective farms. By carrying out extensive educational and propaganda work, applying methods of ensuring military discipline and practicing selective repression among the commanding and rank-and-file staff, the Bolshevik authorities managed not only to overcome oppositional sentiments in the army, but also to turn it into an obedient tool of the communist dictatorship.

Peran Guru PAI dalam Membentuk Kecerdasan Spiritual Peserta Didik

An Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teacher is someone who teaches Islam by directing and educating students towards the process of physical and spiritual maturation. One of the roles of PAI teachers is to shape students' spiritual intelligence. Spiritual intelligence has an important role in shaping holistic individual well-being, especially in the context of education. This research will describe important aspects of spiritual intelligence that are often neglected in the formal education curriculum, especially amidst the complex challenges faced by today's young generation. This research is classified as qualitative descriptive research using in-depth interview methods with PAI teachers who have extensive experience in teaching and guiding students in aspects of spiritual intelligence. The research results show that the role of PAI teachers is very significant in shaping students' spiritual intelligence, such as teaching religious values, developing attitudes and mentality, guiding religious life, encouraging deep understanding, and providing role models. This aims to help students understand the spiritual values in Islam to be closer to Allah and form characters based on religious values. Meanwhile, the benchmarks for achieving spiritual intelligence development are development monitoring, participant observation, writing evaluation, discussions and interviews. PAI teachers themselves also have indicators that reflect the development of students in terms of spiritual awareness, understanding of religious values and the application of religion in daily life such as spiritual awareness, understanding of religious values, worship practices, moral attitudes and behavior, quality of relationships. interpersonal, self-development, and positive influence in society.

Orthodox Monasteries as Centers of Christian Civilization on the Eastern Borders of the Russian State

The study is devoted to the history and activities of monastic monasteries in Siberia, their importance in the context of the integration of Siberian territories into the Russian statehood, due to the duration of the processes of Christianization: from the creation of a church administrative unit in Siberia (1620) and completion at the beginning of the twentieth century. The research involved complex and communicative approaches, axiological aspects and methodology of local history, involving the reconstruction of a regional historical narrative. It is noted that the establishment of monastic monasteries has become an important factor in the spread of Russian statehood. The ways of creating monasteries related to both monastic and public initiatives, as well as by decision of the diocesan authorities, are considered. We pay attention to the scientific discourse of modern historical science on the issues of dating the establishment of monastic monasteries and an individual research approach. The contribution of monasteries to the economic development of territories is determined, the main directions of social and educational activities of monastics are indicated. We consider the role of the women’s Orthodox communities of Siberia in the second half of the XIX century, contributing to the strengthening of the ideological basis of the empire, influencing the formation of moral and value attitudes and improving the educational level of local ethnic groups. The special role of monasteries in the history of the region is justified, due to the territorial and climatic conditions, the multi-confessional and multilingual nature of Siberia, when a few monks performed various functions, engaged in missionary, socio-educational and educational activities. We draw a conclusion that Orthodox monasteries in Siberia were outposts of the spread and establishment of Christian civilization, monasteries provided communication with the non-ethnic population, involving them in the Orthodox mentality, forming a vector of the socio-cultural topos of the peoples of Siberia.

The university bundle: Unpacking the sources of undergraduate moral socialization

ABSTRACT Recent evidence suggests that higher education promotes moral attitudes typical of the progressive left. What aspects of the university experience contribute to this moral change? We conduct an exploratory analysis unpacking how curricular content and peer networks—two aspects of the ‘bundle’ of social influences that occur in university settings—might affect moral attitudes. Using two waves of data from students at a Canadian university (n = 232), we find some evidence that exposure to content related to social justice and involvement in left-leaning university peer circles can promote more individualistic forms of morality over ‘binding’ moral concerns for traditional social order, and heighten a more absolutist endorsement of social justice. Taken together, the university experience appears to be morally formative, but not uniformly so: moral change is shaped by a combination of factors implicating both formal and informal aspects of university life which students experience at varying rates.

INTEGRATION OF EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN THE PROCESS OF FORMING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF FUTURE TEACHERS

The effectiveness of forming the competitiveness of future teachers is ensured through the integration of educational and scientific research activities of students, embedded in the content of professional training. The article's purpose: to characterise the peculiarities of the integration of educational-scientific research activities in the process of forming the competitiveness of future teachers in higher education. Research methods: analysis and synthesis, comparison, systematization (to clarify key research concepts), and generalization (to form authors` conclusions). The concept of a teacher's competitiveness is considered as an integrative professionally significant quality of a specialist, which ensures the demand in the teaching labor market due to the realization of competitive advantages that reflect a high level of formation of general cultural and professional competencies and personal characteristics. The components of a teacher's competitiveness are: fundamental professional training, motivation for professional activity, positive value and moral attitudes of an individual, communication skills, organizational and leadership skills, the ability to work in a team, mobility, perseverance, initiative, responsibility, the presence of creative potential, innovative competence, purposefulness, the ability to plan a professional and life career, orientation towards self-development, self-improvement and self-realization, stress resistance, the ability to overcome difficulties, the desire for success, etc. The effectiveness of future teachers competitiveness formation is ensured through the integration of educational-scientific research activities, provided by the principles: unification and coordination of the efforts and interests of scientists and departments of the university with all interested persons and scientific structures; ensuring cathedral autonomy; formation of a connection between scientific and research activities with the future profession and requests of real practice; expansion of international cooperation.

Hospitality customer intentions to write fake online reviews: A cross-cultural approach

This paper examines the antecedents and consequences of customer intentions to write fake online reviews on Agoda.com as a case in the hospitality context. Brand nostalgia, brand strength, moral attitude, review-related skepticism, and perceived unfairness were represented as antecedents of customer intentions, while boycott behavior, willingness to pay a price premium, and customer satisfaction were represented as consequences of their intentions. Data was gathered using a structured survey from 373 Italian, 440 French, and 392 British customers. Findings present significant insights into customer intentions to write fake online reviews. In addition, multi-group analysis highlights the differences among nationalities. This paper provides valuable insights for industry professionals and policymakers in the hospitality industry.