Ship Mooring Research Articles

Development of a calculation power model of a vacuum automounting device

One of the ways to improve navigation safety during water transport operation is to develop automated devices and systems that reduce the number of tasks for workers. For example, the introduction of vessels with different levels of autonomy into production activities, capable of automatically monitoring the environment or delivering cargo, helps to reduce the size of the vessel due to the absence of a residential superstructure. On inland waterways, one of the limitations of the introduction of autonomous navigation is their safe passage through shipping passages — shipping locks. Mooring a vessel in a lock chamber is very labor-intensive and is usually performed by crew members of the vessel being locked for movable (floating hoops) or fixed (berthing bollards, bollards, hoops) mooring devices, the permissible loads of which are established in regulatory documents. Over the past 10 years, the authors have not found studies describing the results of measuring the loads on mooring devices and ropes arising from the movement of the vessel in the lock chamber. Another constraint to the implementation of autonomous shipping is the lack of requirements for auto-mooring devices that ensure the retention of vessels in the lock chamber. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to compare the standard and actual values of the load on mooring eyes and ropes for the theoretical calculation of the holding forces of the vacuum automooring device model, taking into account the operating conditions in the shipping lock chamber. The measurement results presented in the article were obtained in the course of the research work “Development of scientifically based recommendations for establishing hydraulic modes for filling and emptying the chambers of locks No. 1–8 of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Volga-Balt Administration” based on in-kind studies of the conditions of ship mooring in lock chambers” commissioned by the Federal Agency for Maritime and River Transport using a strain gauge installed in the mooring rope cut. As a result of the theoretical calculation of the holding force of the vacuum auto-mooring device, the holding forces of the vacuum gripper from the radius of one vacuum suction cup were obtained.

Numerical investigation on behaviour of mooring line system for container ship at berth

The constant growth of the world’s maritime industry has led to the need to increase the size of ships as wellas accelerate the trend of moving ports to open sea areas and outside estuaries. Increasing the size of ships,especially container ships, has the potential to cause unsafe ship anchoring in ports. Furthermore, the mooringof ships at the harbor also lacks international guidelines on the layout of the mooring system. Meanwhile, relocating seaports outside estuaries and open seas can create conditions for high winds, high tidal fluctuationsand strong currents to penetrate the port basin. This paper presents a study using the MIKE 21 MA numericalmodel to determine the most optimal mooring layout for a container ship as well as clarify the influence offactors (wind, current, water level and ship’s draft) on the tension force of the mooring lines. The most optimal mooring layout in the study scenarios was uncovered from the simulation results. In addition, wind wasidentified as the factor with the greatest influence on the tension force of the mooring system.

Analiza uticaja različitih vrsta goriva na potrošnju i izduvne emisije brodskog dvotaktnog dizel motora

Two-stroke diesel engines are a vital component of merchant ship propulsion, but their use of heavy fuel oil contributes significantly to environmental pollution. This paper explores the impact of different fuel types on the fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of a two-stroke diesel engine used in maritime transport. In an effort to reduce these negative impacts, alternatives in the form of high-quality diesel fuels and their blends with biodiesel have been investigated. An experimental method was applied to analyse the performance of the two-stroke diesel engine, commonly used in commercial maritime traffic. Pure Euro diesel and various blends of Euro diesel with biodiesel obtained from waste sunflower oil were used in different proportions (7%, 20%, 25%). Exhaust emissions, including CO, CO 2, NO x , SO 2, and O 2 , were monitored during four different engine operating regimes. The experiment was conducted on the training ship Jadran, part of the Navy of Montenegro, while the ship was docked in the homeport. The engine load during moored ship operations represents a specific propulsion characteristic known as the heavy propeller loading, as referred to in the literature. The results of this research provide insights into the efficiency of different fuel types on the performance and ecological aspects of the two-stroke diesel engine under real operational conditions in maritime traffic.

Bispectral analysis and simulation modeling of quadratic nonlinear system with specific turbulent-fluctuation-excitation-response types

There exists a kind of quadratic nonlinear system with specific type of turbulent fluctuation excitation in nature, which belongs to a special non-Gaussian input signal system. Its characteristic is that the input signal spectrum is generated by turbulent fluctuations, and the power spectrum distribution of this turbulence fluctuation signal is close to Gaussian distribution. Starting with the work of Choi et al. (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-460X(85)90370-0">1985 <i>J. Sound Vib</i><i>.</i> <b>99</b> 309</ext-link>) and Kim et al. [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1145286">1987 <i>IEEE J. Ocean. Eng.</i> <b>OE-12</b> 568</ext-link>), we extend the simulation of a specific turbulent fluctuation excited response-type quadratic nonlinear system represented by the wave excited mooring ship response, and fully develop the internal development of turbulence based on bispectral analysis technology. We also extend the simulation system and conduct systematic modeling analysis. The complete iterative method [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ab725f">2020 <i>Phys. Scr.</i> <b>95</b> 055202</ext-link>] is used to solve the model, and calculate the linear transfer function and quadratic nonlinear transfer function. The comparison of simulation and modeling results with the real systems and their models confirms the correctness of the results from system simulation, system modeling, and model solving. The results obtained are all in line with expectations. The coherence analysis shows that the quadratic coherence of the random wave-ship swaying system is much greater than the linear coherence, but the linear coherence of the fully developed turbulence is greater for the near Gaussian input type. The reverse computation verification or comparison with real systems indicates that the turbulence simulation and system modeling method in this work have good accuracy and high efficiency in solving algorithms, and the research results can be effectively applied to the model description and system analysis of the quadratic nonlinear systems related to specific turbulent fluctuation excitation response.

The Economic and Safety Improvement Feasibility of Urban Ocean Fishing Port Modernization – Study Case of Nizam Zachman

The Nizam Zachman Jakarta Ocean Fishing Port (PPSNZJ), the largest fishing port in Indonesia, is currently experiencing overcapacity. This results in ships being moored in rows parallel to berths, indicating the insufficient number of berths in the port. This configuration poses a safety hazard due to the proximity of the moored ships, making it challenging to evacuate them in the event of a fire or other natural disasters. This study was conducted to propose an alternative concept for facility development in urban ocean fishing ports, with PPSNZJ as a study case. The study included a site visit to understand the actual berthing configuration of ships, data collection from the port technical execution unit, and observation of existing fish cargo handling operations. The collected data was analyzed to determine berth capacity and storage productivity, which was used to calculate the number of additional berths required to accommodate loading, unloading, and mooring ships. Based on the design calculations, an alternative development layout is proposed, which fulfils the berth capacity and safety requirements. This study also revealed that the development cost is relatively competitive compared to similar projects.

One year of treating patients with open fractures of the lower extremity in a new military trauma center in Korea: a case series.

The Armed Forces Trauma Center of Korea was established in April 2022. This study was conducted to report our 1-year experience of treating soldiers with open fractures of the lower extremity. In this case series, we reviewed the medical records of 51 Korean soldiers with open fractures of the lower extremity between April 2022 and March 2023 at a trauma center. We analyzed patients with Gustilo-Anderson type II and III fractures and reported the duration of transportation, injury mechanisms, injured sites, and associated injuries. We also presented laboratory findings, surgery types, intensive care unit stays, hospital stays, rehabilitation results, and reasons for psychiatric consultation. Additionally, we described patients' mode of transport. This study enrolled nine male patients who were between 21 and 26 years old. Six patients had type II and three had type III fractures. Transport from the accident scene to the emergency room ranged from 75 to 455 minutes, and from the emergency room to the operating room ranged from 35 to 200 minutes. Injury mechanisms included gunshot wounds, landmine explosions, grenade explosions, and entrapment by ship mooring ropes. One case had serious associated injuries (inhalation burn, open facial bone fractures, and hemopneumothorax). No cases with serious blood loss or coagulopathies were found, but most cases had a significant elevation of creatinine kinase. Two patients underwent vascular reconstruction, whereas four patients received flap surgery. After rehabilitation, six patients could walk, one patient could move their joints actively, and two patients performed active assistive movement. Eight patients were referred to the psychiatry department due to suicidal attempts and posttraumatic stress disorder. This study provides insights into how to improve treatment for patients with military trauma, as well as medical services such as the transport system, by revising treatment protocols and systematizing treatment.

Reliability analysis of parted rope injuries during ship mooring operation under neutrosophic environments

At the national and international levels, many efforts have been made over recent decades to ensure the safety of ships at sea. In marine environments, crews face serious concerns during parted rope injuries during ship mooring operation. This problem can be tackled with the help of failure probability analysis which plays a vital role in detecting and eliminating the aforesaid threats in maritime transportation. Therefore, determining the fundamental causes of parted rope injuries during ship mooring operation is essential for maritime safety researchers. When the failure probability values of basic events are exact, conventional fault tree analysis has previously been successfully applied to determine the cause of failure of the top events. However, sometimes the failure information provided by different analysts for mooring operation may be uncertain and inconsistent. To properly address this important issue, the proposed research reflects a novel approach by extending crisp sets, fuzzy sets, and intuitionistic fuzzy sets into neutrosophic sets. The aforesaid approach is used to compute failure probabilities and reliability intervals for truth-membership, indeterminacy-membership and falsity-membership functions, along with a measure of how much each basic failure event contributes to the failure of the top event. The results obtained by incorporating the proposed approach are compared with those obtained using earlier approaches.

Numerical Investigation of Hydrodynamic Responses of a Moored Liquefied Natural Gas Ship under Multimodal Waves

Ocean waves typically consist of wind, sea, and swell trains. Conventionally, the treatment of multimodal waves has been to conceptualize them as a unified wave system and employ a single set of aggregate wave parameters for the representation of their collective characteristics. Nevertheless, a better understanding of multimodal waves is important when analyzing the interactions between waves and moored vessels, considering the pronounced sensitivity of a ship’s responses to wave periods and directions. Many spectral partitioning methodologies have been proposed to discern and segregate multimodal waves into two or more distinct wave systems, providing fundamental information for investigating moored ship responses to multimodal waves. Utilizing the wave spectra data acquired from a specific water region in South America, a comprehensive numerical study was undertaken by employing the specialized ocean engineering software ORCAFLEX 11.2e. The primary objective of this investigation is to analyze the dynamic response of a moored liquefied natural gas (LNG) vessel in ballast conditions subjected to waves defined by distinct wave identification methods (i.e., overall method and spectral partition method). Furthermore, the waves are categorized into two groups: beam waves and head waves. Results show that beam waves induce a substantial ship response, whereas head waves pose a comparatively lower risk to maritime vessels. Furthermore, the conventional overall wave approach tends to neglect the roll motion generated by multimodal waves when they propagate as head waves. Nevertheless, when the wave direction aligns with beam waves, the overall wave approach tends to produce the roll motion. These findings indicate the importance of considering multimodal waves in quay layout and mooring configuration design.

Desain Dermaga Apung Sebagai Sarana Penunjang Kegiatan Ekonomi Nelayan Di Desa Aeng Sareh

The dock is a ship mooring facility to support the sustainability of water transportation (Irwan, 2019). Current developments in many docks use floating docks, where the dock is like a pontoon made of steel or concrete boxes and can float according to changes in water level (Utomo, 2018). Many fishermen in the Sampang Regency area moor at docks made of bamboo on the shoulders of rivers and there are also boats moored around the coast. The condition of the bamboo pier on the river is not very suitable because if the river water recedes it will affect when fishermen are loading and unloading. This problem makes researchers want to make the main object to be able to create design training for young fishermen that is appropriate to the conditions of the river in Aeng Sareh Village, which is often used by fishermen to moor their boats. Researchers offer designs to fishermen in Aeng Sareh Village which will later be used for development.

Oceanographic studies as the basis for shipyard development at the Fish Landing Port of Sabang

Shipbuilding is one of the marine industries which in development needs to pay attention to various parameters from the sea and land. This research was conducted in March to May 2022 with the aim of identifying the influence of oceanographic factors and water quality on the development of the shipbuilding industry at the fishing port of Sabang City. The oceanographic data used includes tides, wind, bathymetry, and sediment composition observed at 12 station points. The depth and tide data are then processed using QGIS. Wind data was analyzed using the Wind Rose Plot and sediment using the Wentworth scale. Oceanographic factors in Sabang Bay have shown very satisfactory results for the development of fish landing bases. The wind in the waters of Sabang Bay blows northwest with high speeds ranging from ≥10.00 m/s. The depth of the waters indicates a potential location for ship mooring. Sandy sediment is the most common type of sediment found. The tides that occur in the bay of Sabang are relatively stable. Oceanographic factors in Sabang Bay have shown very satisfactory results for the development of fish landing bases.Keywords:OceanographyShipyardSabang Bay

Experimental study of multi-buoy-assisted moored ship motion at open berth

Cable breaking and fender failure are frequently reported for the traditional moored ship at open berths. An effective mooring system is necessary to optimize the distribution of cable tension and reduce the impact force acting on the fender. In this paper, a multi-buoy-assisted mooring system is proposed to improve the safety performance of the moored ship. Based on the traditional mooring system, two or four buoys are added in the offshore direction of the ship and connected to the ship with the additional mooring lines. Physical model tests of a 180,000-dwt bulk cargo ship are carried out with the different mooring conditions. The cable tensions, the fender reaction forces and the corresponding ship motions in six degrees of freedom are measured under the different mooring conditions. By adjusting the number of buoys and the pretension of the buoy-assisted mooring lines, an effective mooring system for the tested ship is developed. The experimental results indicate that the developed mooring system can effectively prevent the cable breakage and the fender damage under the present test conditions. In addition, although the motion amplitude of the multi-buoy-assisted moored ship increases slightly, the motion velocity of the ship is considerably small, and the influence is limited for the load and unload operations of the bulk cargo ship.

Implementation and Validation of SAFEPORT System at Sines Harbour

SAFEPORT safety system aims to daily reports to the Sines harbor administration, potential emergency situations regarding ships’ operation in port areas caused by extreme weather-oceanographic conditions, that may occur in the next three days. It consists of a set of numerical models and a qualitative risk assessment and forecasting. It uses forecasts provided offshore of the area under the study of sea agitation, wind and tide. The characterization of the response of the free and moored ships at a berth is performed using numerical models which deal with formulations in the frequency and time domain. The system issue alerts, through danger levels associated with risk levels of exceedance of recommended values for movements and forces imposed on ship mooring systems. SAFEPORT can be adapted to any port. So far, it has been developed and adapted to three terminals of the port of Sines, where three different ships were simulated. This paper presents the developments made to date of the safety system, in terms of its implementation and validation. The numerical models run every day, in real-time mode, in a computer cluster. The results are disseminated on a web page and a mobile application in a variety of formats.

Application of Organic Coating in Marine Anticorrosion

The development of navigation technology has increased maritime trade and the corrosion problem of ships has received more and more attention. Marine corrosions are mainly electrochemical, mechanical and biological corrosion. Normally, the countermeasures for marine corrosion include sacrificial anode protection, applied current cathodic protection and anti-corrosion coating. However, the first two still have great shortcomings. The sacrificial anode protection is limited by the potential difference between the metal electrodes, and the protection range is small. The applied current cathodic protection requires continuous external batteries, and the cost of detection and maintenance is high. The anticorrosive coating not only has excellent anticorrosive performance, but also has the advantages of simple operation process and low cost. Hence, anticorrosive coatings have been gradually applied to ship anticorrosion. Finally, this paper reviews the application of organic coating method in ship mooring corrosion protection, and introduces three kinds of epoxy anticorrosive coatings, polyurethane anticorrosive coatings and graphene anticorrosive coatings to meet the increasingly stringent development requirements of marine anticorrosive coatings.

Research on a Ship Mooring Motion Suppression Method Based on an Intelligent Active Anti-Roll Platform

Conventional ship mooring in ports has many shortcomings such as a high safety risk, low efficiency and high labor intensity. In order to explore and develop the theory and key technologies of intelligent automatic mooring systems, this paper takes an intelligent mooring system based on a parallel anti-rolling mechanism as the research and development object. A new mooring method integrating ship hydrodynamics, mechanism kinematics and intelligent algorithms is proposed. Through numerical simulation and comparative analysis of the model, the motion inhibition effect of mooring ships under different working conditions is obtained. The results show that the control strategy and intelligent algorithm of the system can realize the active control of the wharf mooring ships and achieve the goal of improving wharf stability conditions through an intelligent mooring system.

Dynamic Inversion Model of the Mooring Force on a Floating Bollard of a Sea Lock

Sea locks that connect inland canals and rivers to the open sea are crucial links that ensure the efficient navigation of ships. Floating bollards (FBs) are significant components of sea locks, and they are affected by factors such as large ships, speed of entry, and irregular mooring lines coupled with corrosion by chloride salts from seawater intrusion from the environment. These factors aggravate damage to metal structures, which seriously threatens the safety of FBs. Overloading of FBs by mooring forces caused by the illegal use of FBs for the braking of large ships that enter locks at excessive speed is the main cause of structural damage and overload failure for FBs. Controlling the dynamic mooring force acting on the FB is an important prerequisite to ensure the safe passage of a ship through a lock. It is impossible to perform real-time monitoring of the magnitude and direction of the mooring force on an FB by installing load-measuring equipment on the mooring line. Therefore, in this study, the structure of an FB in a sea lock project was taken as an example, and the mathematical relationships between the strain in the load-sensitive area of the FB and the mooring force and the mooring angle were quantified. A dynamic inversion model of the ship mooring force on an FB was proposed. This model used real-time feedback from the strain signal in the load-sensitive region of the FB structure to obtain information about the mooring force. The accuracy of the model was verified by conducting tests with a physical model of the topside structure of the FB and comparing the predicted results with the test data. The research results can lay a theoretical foundation for real-time monitoring of the structural response of an FB under the action of mooring forces and promote the development of intelligent methods for the operation and maintenance of a sea lock, which have important scientific significance and engineering value.

Investigation on ship mooring forces including passing ship effects validated by experiments

Additional loads on the moored system are generated due to the interaction effects of a passing ship in the proximity of a moored ship and, in the worst case, can even cause the breaking of mooring lines. Existing studies on mooring lines considering passing ship forces and the effects of passing ship parameters on mooring line tension are limited. A mooring analysis is performed using OPTIMOOR to evaluate the impact of passing ship forces and environmental loads on mooring line tension. Results indicate a maximum mooring line tension increment of around 40% due to passing ship forces. The passing ship forces are obtained from the experiments conducted on scaled tanker models. A wide range of significant parameters, such as the passing ship size, passing ship speed, the separation distance between the ships, water depth and moored ship's length, are considered for the study. It is observed that the Froude number based on length (FrL) has the most significant impact on the passing ship effects compared to displacement ratio (DR) and Froude number based on water depth (FrD). Also, FrD influences the interaction effects more when compared to DR. The experimental results are compared with numerical simulations.

ANALISIS KEBUTUHAN FASILITAS PERAIRAN PADA PELABUHAN KUSAMBA, DESA PESINGGAHAN KABUPATEN KLUNGKUNG

Klungkung Regency has a growing tourism attraction because it has a very exotic archipelago, namely Nusa Penida, Lembongan and Ceningan Islands. So that it requires adequate crossing facilities, the Regional Government of Klungkung Regency plans to build this Kusamba Port. With this function, port development must be accountable both economically and technically. The purpose of this study was to determine the area of the construction of water facilities and to determine the needs of water facilities at the Kusamba port in Pesinggahan Village, Klungkung Regency.This research uses a quantitative descriptive method that is aligned with research variables that focus on actual problems and phenomena that are happening in the form of research results in the form of numbers that have meaning. In this study data analysis uses wind data, tidal data, ship visits, ship data, wave data, shipping channel data, berth areas, ship loading areas, rotary pool areas, ship mooring areas, ship mooring areas, emergency place. Based on the data analysis carried out, the priority needs of Kusamba Port water facilities are, wharves, shipping lanes, areas where ships berth, rotary pool areas, areas where ships moor, areas for moving ships and areas for emergency needs. The results of calculating the need for water facilities at the Kumba port in Pesinggahan Village are a 140.00 m rotating pool, 1.126 km2 shipping channel, 5.170 km2 berth area, 2645.163 m2 ship berth area, 39677.445 m2 ship mooring area, 39677.445 m2 area where the ship is needed emergency 5,170,617.695 m2. So that the area of each water facility is obtained.

An integrated approach of intuitionistic fuzzy fault tree and Bayesian network analysis applicable to risk analysis of ship mooring operations

An integrated approach of intuitionistic fuzzy fault tree and Bayesian network analysis applicable to risk analysis of ship mooring operations

A Testing Method for Shipborne Atomic Gravimeter Based on the Modulated Coriolis Effect

Shipborne atomic gravimeter (SAG) is an instrument that can directly measure absolute gravity in dynamic environments. As a new type of gravity sensor, a standard method for evaluating its detailed performance has not been proposed and the detailed performance of SAG was rarely reported. In this paper, a system of dynamic gravity measurement, which was integrated with a home-made atomic gravimeter, is demonstrated, and a novel and simple method for testing the performance of SAG on the lake based on the modulated Coriolis effect is put forward. Firstly, in the state of ship mooring, a tilt modulation of the gravity sensor has been realized to make sure the Raman wave vector is parallel to the gravity axis. Moreover, a comparison between the measurement result of CG-5 and SAG has also been carried out to evaluate the accuracy of the SAG. Then, the Coriolis effect modulating experiment is carried out with various routes on lake to test its performance in dynamic environments. In the ship mooring state, the accuracy has been demonstrated to be 0.643 mGal. The internal consistency reliabilities are evaluated to be 0.8 mGal and 1.2 mGal under the conditions of straight line and circle navigation, respectively.

Safe Mooring of Ships Under the Influence of Wind and Currents

In this paper, the simplified calculation method in the "Load Code for harbor Engineering" to quickly calculate the force on moored ship's lines and wharf bollards under the influence of wind and currents is introduced. In view of the fact that real ship had happened mooring lines breakage accident at berth under ballast condition, use the actual ship X moored at NBGB wharf as an example to verify and calculate the force on ship’s lines and wharf bollards when the ship suffers the most adverse influence. The result show that when the ship encounters a gale (class 8) and a current (velocity 2.6 knot) in ballast condition, some of the mooring lines are subjected to forces close to their breaking strength under the combined effect of wind and current. If there is uneven force on the mooring lines, the possibility of mooring line breakage is great, which is consistent with the actual situation. By calculating and analyzing, give the ship’s mooring stabilize conditions under specific environment. The calculation method in this paper facilitates the captain to judge whether the ship can be safely and steadily moored, and facilitates the port to make clear regulations on the ship’s mooring stabilize according to the actual situation of the berth, which provides important theoretical support for the decision of stability and safety of the moored ship, the proposed preventive measures for the safety risks of stability and safety have reference value for improving the safe operation efficiency for the ship and the terminal.