Mood Patterns Research Articles

The Days Add Up: Daily Marital Discord and Depressive Reactivity Linked to Past-Month Depressed Mood and Marital Risk across 10 Years.

Marital discord fuels depression, according to decades of research. Most prior studies in this area have focused on macro-longitudinal change in depression over the course of years, and on global ratings of marital satisfaction. Less work has examined fluctuations in depressed mood and marital discord in daily life, and none has investigated associations of short-term patterns with longer-term depressed mood and marital outcomes. Using data from participants in the Midlife in the U.S. (MIDUS) project, the current study examined daily associations between marital discord and depressed mood, as well as their links to concurrent and prospective patterns of past-month depressed mood and marital risk. Results showed that, on average, depressed mood rose on days when individuals had an argument or tension with their spouse (i.e., marital discord). More frequent daily marital discord was also associated with greater past-month depressed mood and marital risk, above and beyond prior levels. Those with larger depressive mood responses to discord in daily life (i.e., greater reactivity) exhibited higher concurrent past-month depressed mood and greater 10-year increases in depressed mood. As the first study to link daily marital patterns to concurrent and prospective changes in depressed mood and marital outcomes, this investigation uncovered two novel processes-daily marital discord and depressive reactivity-as important for understanding long-term patterns of marital risk and depression.

A review: Circadian Rhythm Dysfunction and Bipolar Disorder

IntroductionCircadian rhythm (CR) dysfunction is a prominent feature in bipolar disorder (BD) and sleep disturbances are characteristic, although not essential to the diagnosis.ObjectivesTo review the literature regarding the CR dysfunction and its impact on the onset and clinical course of BD.MethodsWe conducted a MEDLINE search using bipolar disorder, circadian rhythm and sleep as keywords, selecting studies written in English.ResultsCR dysfunction is a trait marker of BD. It’s known that during depressive episodes insomnia is present, with difficulty falling asleep/ maintaining sleep and early awakening. Regarding mania, decreased need for sleep is a critical marker. During the euthymic period significant alterations in sleep pattern have been described. It’s also known that changes in the sleep pattern occur prior to those in mood patterns, indicating that sleep dysregulation may trigger the onset of mood episodes or relapses. Therefore, CR disruption may be associated with the pathophysiology of BD and some factors have already been identified: irregularity of the sleep-wake rhythm, eveningness chronotype, abnormality of melatonin secretion, vulnerability of clock genes and the irregularity of social zeitgeber.ConclusionsDisturbances of sleep are pervasive, and an essential feature of BD, worse during mood episodes, but still present during euthymic periods. It remains to determine whether circadian rhythm dysfunction is a trait marker or mood state dependent. Further studies are warranted to clarify this association.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

COMRADE: A Productivity and Selfcare Website

Abstract: With the growing world and increasing opportunities, mental health issues have become a major challenge, affecting the productivity. Hence, in this world where technology has become our shadow, we give our attempt here to help beat this by building an application ‘Comrade’ .This is basically an application that will focus on bringing the various patterns of mood swings to the user’s attention and will provide an assistanceto combat procrastination. Comrade will not only help to track the mood changes and analyse it, but also assist the productivity and focus.

Characterization of Depressive Symptom Trajectories in Women between Childbirth and Diagnosis

The inhomogeneity of postpartum mood and mother–child attachment was estimated from immediately after childbirth to 12 weeks postpartum in a cohort of 598 young mothers. At 3-week intervals, depressed mood and mother–child attachment were assessed using the EPDS and the MPAS, respectively. The diagnosis was based on clinical interviews at the end of the 12-week follow-up. The latent class mixed model estimated multiple distinct patterns in depressed mood and mother–child attachment. The baseline EPDS cluster contained 72% of the study population and showed low EPDS values during the follow-up period, while the five remaining clusters showed either deterioration or improvement of the EPDS levels. The majority of women with postpartum depression showed deteriorating, and the majority of adjustment disorder cases improving, behavior. While the cases with more pronounced EPDS values were found to constitute more homogeneous clusters in terms of diagnosis, subclinical or only temporarily increased EPDS levels represented less homogeneous clusters. Higher EPDS levels correlated with the higher risk factor profiles. The four MPAS/EPDS clusters demonstrated that higher EPDS lead to lower mother–child attachment, and vice versa.

A Data-Driven Clustering Method for Discovering Profiles in the Dynamics of Major Depressive Disorder Using a Smartphone-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment of Mood.

BackgroundAlthough major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by a pervasive negative mood, research indicates that the mood of depressed patients is rarely entirely stagnant. It is often dynamic, distinguished by highs and lows, and it is highly responsive to external and internal regulatory processes. Mood dynamics can be defined as a combination of mood variability (the magnitude of the mood changes) and emotional inertia (the speed of mood shifts). The purpose of this study is to explore various distinctive profiles in real-time monitored mood dynamics among MDD patients in routine mental healthcare.MethodsEcological momentary assessment (EMA) data were collected as part of the cross-European E-COMPARED trial, in which approximately half of the patients were randomly assigned to receive the blended Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (bCBT). In this study a subsample of the bCBT group was included (n = 287). As part of bCBT, patients were prompted to rate their current mood (on a 1–10 scale) using a smartphone-based EMA application. During the first week of treatment, the patients were prompted to rate their mood on three separate occasions during the day. Latent profile analyses were subsequently applied to identify distinct profiles based on average mood, mood variability, and emotional inertia across the monitoring period.ResultsOverall, four profiles were identified, which we labeled as: (1) “very negative and least variable mood” (n = 14) (2) “negative and moderate variable mood” (n = 204), (3) “positive and moderate variable mood” (n = 41), and (4) “negative and highest variable mood” (n = 28). The degree of emotional inertia was virtually identical across the profiles.ConclusionsThe real-time monitoring conducted in the present study provides some preliminary indications of different patterns of both average mood and mood variability among MDD patients in treatment in mental health settings. Such varying patterns were not found for emotional inertia.

Mental health related differences in healthcare worker’s temporal patterns of cognition, stress, mood, and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic

Mental health related differences in healthcare worker’s temporal patterns of cognition, stress, mood, and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic

Circadian rhythm disturbance in agitation of Alzheimer's disease

AbstractBackgroundAgitation in Alzheimer’s Disease (Agit‐AD) is a major cause of burden for caregivers and may be driven by disrupted circadian rhythms and sleep. The circadian clock that generates these rhythms regulates patterns in mood, wakefulness, and other physiologic processes, such as body temperature and hormone levels. This project aims to examine if agitated AD subjects (AgitAD+) exhibit delayed circadian phase and lower rhythm strength compared to non‐agitated AD subjects (AgitAD‐) and healthy controls. We will additionally compare sleep amount, sleep quality, and degree of sleep disordered breathing among AgitAD+ vs. AgitAD‐ and healthy controls.MethodParticipants completed wrist actigraphy for one week to quantify rest/activity rhythms and sleep; consumed an ingestible, disposable temperature sensor for 1‐2 days to quantify core body temperature rhythms; and completed a single night of home sleep testing (HST). Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of AD and age 55‐90 years, and exclusion criteria include seizures, significant tremors, delirium, CPAP use for sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, and circadian rhythm disorders. Due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, we implemented hybrid visits with telemedicine to limit in‐person interactions.ResultTo date, 26 participants have enrolled. There were no statistically significant differences observed in actigraphic sleep parameters between groups (Table 1). However, AgitAD+ participants had lower levels of activity in the morning and greater activity in the afternoon and evening (Figure 1). After adjustment for age, agitation was associated with lower activity in the morning and a trend towards greater activity in the afternoon and evening (Figure 2). This preliminary finding may suggest that AgitAD+ participants express lower and delayed activity rhythms. HST results show a trend toward less REM sleep and longer initial REM latency in the AgitAD+ group (Table 2). Updated results will be presented at AAIC (estimated 6‐10 additional participants).ConclusionThis study could provide evidence for CRD/sleep disturbance as a driver of Agit‐AD and could identify Agit‐AD subtypes who are most likely to from chronobiotic or sleep interventions.

Designing Movement, Modulating Mood

This article illustrates how the isomorphism between bodily form and emotional expression is manifest in architectural experience through applying research findings in the fields of cognitive science, phenomenology, and psychology to practical examples in the work of Aldo van Eyck, Alvar Aalto, Rosan Bosch, Herman Hertzberger, Steen Eiler-Rasmussen, and Gaston Bachelard. Beginning with the micro-scale movement in facial expressions to larger scale patterns of collective movement and mood, this work understands architecture in its activeverbal form, as a patterning force capable of modulating rhythms and resonances at individual and societal scales of interaction.

Psychophysiological dynamics of emotional reactivity: Interindividual reactivity characterization and prediction by a machine learning approach

The fast reaction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to an emotional challenge (EC) is the result of a functional coupling between parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) branches. This coupling can be characterized by measures of cross-correlations between electrodermal activity (EDA) (under the influence of the SNS) and the RR interval (the interval between R peaks) (under the influence of the PNS and the SNS). Significant interindividual variability has previously been reported in SNS-PNS coupling in emotional situations, and the present study aimed to identify interindividual cross-correlation variability in ANS reactivity. We therefore studied EDA and the RR interval in 62 healthy subjects, recorded during a 24-minute EC. A Gaussian Mixture Model was used to cluster tonic EDA-RR cross-correlations during the EC. This identified two clusters that were characterized by significant or non-significant cross-correlations (SCC and NCC clusters, respectively). The SCC cluster reported higher negative emotion after the EC, while the NCC cluster reported higher scores on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression scale. The latter finding suggests that NCC is a pathological mood pattern with altered negative perception. Furthermore, a machine learning model that included three parameters indexing the functionality of both branches of the ANS, measured at baseline, predicted cluster membership. Our results are a first step in detecting dysfunctional ANS reactivity in general population.

Discovering different profiles in the dynamics of depression based on real–time monitoring of mood: a first exploration

BackgroundAlthough depression is typically characterized by a persistent depressed mood, mood dynamics do seem to vary across a depressed population. Heterogeneity of mood variability (magnitude of changes) and emotional inertia (speed at which mood shifts) is seen in clinical practice. However, studies investigating the heterogeneity of these mood dynamics are still scarce. The aim of the present study is to explore different distinctive profiles in real-time monitored mood dynamics among depressed persons. MethodsAfter completing baseline measures, mildly-to-moderately depressed persons (n = 37) were prompted to rate their current mood (1–10 scale) on their smartphones, 3 times a day for 7 consecutive days. Latent profile analyses were applied to identify profiles based on average mood, variability of mood and emotional inertia as reported by the participants. ResultsTwo profiles were identified in this sample. The overwhelming majority of the sample belonged to profile 1 (n = 31). Persons in profile 1 were characterized by a mood just above the cutoff for positive mood (M = 6.27), with smaller mood shifts (lower variability [SD = 1.05]) than those in profile 2 (n = 6), who displayed an overall negative mood (M = 4.72) and larger mood shifts (higher variability [SD = 1.95]) but at similar speed (emotional inertia) (AC = 0.19, AC = 0.26, respectively). ConclusionsThe present study provides preliminary indications for patterns of average mood and mood variability, but not emotional inertia, among mildly-to-moderately depressed persons.

Maternal depressed mood and child development over the first five years of life in South Africa

BackgroundWhile the negative impact of peri-natal depression is well-documented in high-income countries, the long-term effects across the life course in low and middle-income countries is less clear. Children's adjustment over the first five years is examined as a function of patterns of maternal depressed mood. MethodsPregnant women in 24 peri-urban townships (N = 1,238) were randomized to a home-visiting intervention or standard care and reassessed five times, with high retention. There were no intervention effects on children past 18 months. Multilevel regression models examined the impact of depressed mood on child outcomes. Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, four patterns of maternal depressed mood were identified: never (40.6%); antenatal (13.0%); early childhood (26.1%); and recurrent episodes of depressed mood (20.3 %). FindingsMothers' patterns of depressive symptoms and child outcomes were similar, regardless of intervention. Never depressed mothers were significantly younger, had higher income, less food insecurity, were more likely to have electricity, be living with HIV or have an HIV positive partner, and had fewer problems with alcohol than depressed mothers. Children of mothers who experienced depressed mood weighed less, were more aggressive, and were hospitalized more often than children of never depressed mothers, but were similar in cognitive and social development. InterpretationsDepressed mood, has significant negative impacts on South African children's growth and aggressive behavior. The timing of maternal depressed mood was less important than never having a depressed mood or a recurrent depressed mood. FundingThere were no funding conflicts in executing this trial.

Energy Balance-Related Behavior Risk Pattern and Its Correlates During COVID-19 Related Home Confinement.

Self-reported weight gain during the COVID-19 shelter-at-home has raised concerns for weight increases as the pandemic continues. We aimed to investigate the relationship of psychological and health markers with energy balance-related behaviors during the pandemic-related extended home confinement. Ratings for stress, boredom, cravings, sleep, self-control, and beliefs about weight control were collected from 1,609 adults using a questionnaire between April 24th–May 4th, 2020, while COVID-19 associated shelter-in-place guidelines were instituted across the US. We calculated four energy balance behavior scores (physical activity risk index, unhealthy eating risk index, healthy eating risk index, sedentary behavior index), and conducted a latent profile analysis of the risk factors. We examined psychological and health correlates of these risk patterns. Boredom, cravings for sweet/savory foods, and high sleepiness ratings related to high risk of increasing unhealthy eating and sedentary behavior and decreasing physical activity and healthy eating. Having greater self-control, control over cravings, or positive mood was related to lowering all aspects of energy intake and energy expenditure risks. Although individuals in risk pattern classes showed similarity in physical activity and healthy/unhealthy eating habits, they exhibited different patterns of positive mood, craving control, food cravings, boredom, and self-control. Psychological and health variables may have a significant role to play in risk behaviors associated with weight gain during the COVID-19 related home confinement. Emerging behavioral patterns may be meaningful in developing targeted weight management interventions during the current pandemic.

Digital aripiprazole as a human technology

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved the first ever ‘digital’ drug, an antipsychotic (aripiprazole) embedded with a sensor (Abilify MyCite) that tracks data about drug ingestion as well as activity level and mood patterns. In this paper, we identify the financial and sociopolitical drivers that have facilitated the development and regulatory approval of a digital drug marketed for people with psychotic disorders. We explore the novel ways that such devices blur the distinctions between medication, machine and mind. The risks of digital aripiprazole obscuring and exacerbating the effects of social inequity are discussed. However, we also consider the possibility that this digital psychotropic drug may allow for new forms of personhood, performances of subjectivity, and resistance to emerge. This paper addresses both the conditions that enabled the development of digital aripiprazole as well as the possibilities and limitations it may bring to health providers and service-users.

Day-of-week mood patterns in adolescents considering chronotype, sleep length and sex

In this study, the day-of-week effect on positive and negative affect, taking into account the moderating effect of chronotype, sleep length and sex, was analyzed. Ninety-four adolescents (16.1 ± 1.24 years old) attending high schools in the morning filled out diaries to assess the natural day-to-day fluctuations in mood and sleep. Using multilevel modeling, the results indicated that positive affect increased and negative affect decreased over the weekend. Negative affect was moderated by chronotype such that negative affect decreased less over the weekend in evening adolescents. Short sleep length was related to negative affect, and girls reported higher negative affect. Individual differences in weekly mood patterns should be taken into account when designing psychosocial interventions for adolescents.

Migraine and Mood in Children.

Migraine is one of the most prevalent headache disorders in children and negatively influences their quality of life. Physical, social, and school functioning are negatively affected. Mood changes are common in migraineurs and may happen before, during, or after a migraine headache. Children with migraine are not exempt from mood swings. The majority of mood changes occur during the prodromal phase, manifesting as a psychobiological response, e.g., difficulty thinking, trouble concentrating, irritability, higher or lower energy, confusion, and depression. A bi-directional relationship between migraine and mood has been proposed, but mechanisms are not clear. Collectively, a maladaptive stress response has been suggested to explain the inability to balance homoeostatic changes when facing various stressors. Recognizing mood changes and monitoring mood patterns in children with migraine, for example, by various apps and so-called mood monitors, is valuable for better management. A multidisciplinary intervention has been recommended to reduce migraine disability, improve coping strategies, and reduce chronification risks in children with migraine. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies are both available and effective. Biofeedback, relaxation, and cognitive-behavioral therapy yield positive outcomes in pediatric migraine. Developing healthy lifestyle habits (diet, exercise, sleep) also seems to improve migraine in this population.

Circadian Rhythm Disturbance in Agitation of Alzheimer's Disease

<h3>Introduction</h3> Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) affect nearly all individuals with AD. Agitation in AD (Agit-AD) is one of the most common NPS, with an estimated prevalence over 40%. Agit-AD is a major cause of distress and burden for AD caregivers and may be driven by disrupted circadian rhythms and sleep. In healthy individuals, the circadian clock that generates these rhythms regulates patterns in mood, wakefulness, and other physiologic processes, such as body temperature and hormone levels. Individuals with Agit-AD may experience disturbance in their circadian rhythms such that aggressive and disruptive behavior is increased. This project aims to examine if agitated AD subjects (AgitAD+) express delayed circadian phases and reduced rhythm strength as compared to non-agitated AD subjects (AgitAD-) and healthy controls. Additionally, we seek to 1) evaluate if circadian phase and rhythm strength vary between subtypes of Agit-AD (affective dysregulation vs. executive dysfunction); and to 2) compare sleep amount, sleep quality, and degree of sleep disordered breathing among AgitAD+ subjects vs. AgitAD- subjects and healthy controls. <h3>Methods</h3> We studied 25 subjects (Table 1): 15 AgitAD+ subjects, 8 AgitAD- subjects, and 2 age-matched healthy controls (HC). Participants completed wrist actigraphy for one week to quantify rest/activity rhythms and sleep; consumed an ingestible, disposable temperature sensor for 1-2 days to quantify core body temperature, a marker of the endogenous circadian rhythm; and completed a single night of home sleep testing (HST; Table 2). Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of AD and age 55-90 years, and exclusion criteria include seizures, significant tremors, delirium, using CPAP for sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, and circadian rhythm disorders. NPS were measured with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Clinician Version (NPI-C), the Cohen Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI), the Neurobehavioral Rating Scale (NBRS), and the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD). Agit-AD was defined using criteria from the International Psychogeriatric Association. AgitAD+ subjects had clinically significant agitation, defined as NPI-C Agitation or Aggression subtotals ≥ 4. Disease progression was measured using the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR), and subjects underwent a physical and neurological exam. Cognition was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA), the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT), the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), Animal Naming (AN), and the Trail-Making Test (parts A & B). Sleep questionnaires included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Caregivers were asked to complete a sleep diary for subjects and an agitation log over the week they completed actigraphy. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we implemented hybrid visits with telemedicine to limit in-person interactions. <h3>Results</h3> 25 subjects have completed the study to date. There were no statistically significant differences observed in actigraphy-derived sleep parameters between agitated and non-agitated AD subjects (2-group t-test); see Table 1). However, significant differences between the groups have been observed in the rest/activity rhythms: compared to subjects without agitation (AgitAD-), AgitAD+ subjects had lower levels of activity in the morning and greater activity in the afternoon and evening (Figure 1). We also have performed function-on-scalar regression (FOSR) (Goldsmith et al., 2015<i>,</i> Biometrics 71:344-353) using subject-specific activity profiles as outcomes and age and agitation/control status as predictors. Figure 2 shows functional effects of age on rest/activity rhythm (left panel) and the functional effect of agitation status (right panel); the red background shows times of day during which there were statistically significant differences, using the pointwise method of analysis (p<0.05). After adjustment for age, agitation was associated with lower activity in the morning period and a trend towards greater activity in the afternoon and evening period (not statistically significant). This preliminary finding may suggest that AgitAD+ subjects express lower and delayed activity rhythms. Additionally, the HST results show a trend toward less REM sleep and longer initial REM latency in the AgitAD+ group (Table 2). Updated results will be presented at AAGP (estimated 6-10 additional subjects). <h3>Conclusions</h3> The collection of multimodal noninvasive data on sleep, activity, and core body temperature is feasible in agitated AD outpatients. This study could provide evidence for CRD/sleep disturbance as a driver of Agit-AD and could identify Agit-AD subtypes who are most likely to benefit from chronobiotic or sleep interventions for Agit-AD. Furthermore, this study could provide evidence for the use of actigraphy as a surrogate biomarker in proof-of-concept intervention studies targeting Agit-AD. <h3>Funding</h3> National Institute on Aging, R01AG054771

A LINGUOSYNERGIC VECTOR OF THE ANALYSIS OF A CONCEPT: THE DYNAMICS OF MODI

The focal topic of this paper is the discussion of a linguosynergic perspective on the analysis of a concept in modern linguistics. The study is informed by solid research in linguistic synergetics (Dombrovan, 2018), psycholinguistics (Zalevskaya, 2014), a theory of semantic constellations (Hardy, 1998), and a theory of modus models of concepts (Morozova, 2007; Nikitin, 2003). In the focus of attention are logical, identifying, and organizational modi of a concept. It is stated that activation of different modi in cognition occurs simultaneously, depends on the level of knowledge about a particular concept, ideological principles, value orientations, interests, life experience, extralinguistic factors, and is unique to each person. The process of self-organization of modi occurs due to internal factors, without external specific human influence. Will expression of an individual, together with the change of external conditions, can have only a stimulatory or inhibitory effect. As order parameters of the conceptual system leading it to the attractor (internal tendency to a relatively stable existence in discourse), the modi are able to cooperate or compete in the brain. If they compete, one of them prevails. In this case, the concept is quickly visualized in the cognitive system of a man and is easily differentiated in discourse. In the case of cooperation, the conceptual system uses a complex hierarchy of modi at the same time. Logical modus stimulates the emergence of irrational conceptualization – specific images, memories, fantasies, desires, patterns of mood and behavior, fragments of phrases, etc., which constitute identifying modus. At the same time, a person correlates the above-mentioned constituents of the concept with its intentional and implicational, involving organizational modus to work. Transformation of the structure at modi levels does not prevent the possibility of recognizing the concept, but rather contributes to its sustainable functioning as a systemic whole in a discursive environment. The analysis reveals that conceptual modi as system order parameters are forms of representation of different ways of comprehension and verbalization of holistic knowledge about the concept.

Circadian rhythm disturbance in agitation of Alzheimer's disease

AbstractBackgroundAgitation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major cause of distress and burden for AD caregivers and may be driven by disrupted circadian rhythms (often termed “sundowning”) and sleep. In healthy individuals, the circadian clock that generates these rhythms controls patterns in mood, wakefulness, and alertness. We examined the association of activity and sleep with agitation in AD in an observational study using wrist actigraphy, home sleep testing, and measurement of core body temperature.MethodWe studied 13 participants with AD+agitation (AgitAD+) and 7 with AD but without agitation (AgitAD‐) who completed wrist actigraphy for one week (to quantify rest/activity rhythms and sleep); consumed an ingestible, disposable temperature sensor for 1‐2 days (to quantify core body temperature, a marker of the endogenous circadian rhythm); and completed a single night of home sleep testing (HST) using NoxT3. Agitation was measured with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory‐Clinician Version (NPI‐C).Result20 participants have completed to date (7 controls/13 agitated, mean age of 68 years, 60% female, 10% African American). There were no statistically significant differences observed in actigraphy‐derived sleep parameters between agitated and non‐agitated participants (2‐group t‐test; see Table 1). However, significant differences between the groups have been observed in the rest/activity rhythms: compared to participants without agitation (AgitAD‐), AgitAD+ participants had lower amplitude in the morning and greater amplitude in the afternoon and evening (Figure 1). We also have performed function‐on‐scalar regression (FOSR) (Goldsmith et al., 2015, Biometrics 71:344‐353) using subject‐specific activity profiles as outcomes and age and Agitation/Controls status as scalar predictors. Figure 2 shows functional effects of age on Rest/Activity Rhythm (left panel) and the functional effect of Agitation status (right panel), the red background shows the pointwise statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) times of the day. Adjusted for age, Agitation was associated with a lower amplitude in the morning period and a trend towards larger amplitude in the afternoon and evening period (not statistically significant).ConclusionThe collection of multimodal noninvasive data on sleep, activity, and core body temperature is feasible in agitated AD outpatients. We will present HST and core body temperature data at AAIC. Funding: R01AG054771.

The Psychosocial Outcome of Conduct and Oppositional Defiant Disorder in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common mental disorders diagnosed in children below the age of 12 years. It is characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsive behavior. ADHD affects the social, academic, and psychological aspects of children and adolescents. Children with ADHD struggle with school tasks and performance. They have lower grades than their peers and have difficulties interacting with their friends.Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a mental disorder characterized by disruptive behavior, a pattern of angry and irritable mood, argumentative, and vindictive behavior. Children with ODD struggle with forming friendships and have problems at school. Conduct disorder (CD) is divided into the childhood onset and the adolescent onset types. The childhood onset is associated with poor outcomes in adulthood, an increase in criminal behavior, violence, and progression to antisocial behavior. Children with CD are at increased risk for substance use disorders (SUD) and antisocial personality disorder. The current literature review is aiming to provide an overview of the psychosocial impact of comorbid ODD and CD in children with ADHD. The results of this study review showed the comorbidity of ODD and CD is very strong. ODD is a strong predictor of CD in boys. The presence of comorbid ODD and ADHD in children is a significant predictor of adolescent onset CD. The comorbidity of ADHD with ODD and CD worsens symptom severity and is associated with high psychosocial dysfunction. Children with ADHD and comorbid ODD and CD have difficulties with school, friends, and trouble with the police.

Factors Affecting ESL Students' Willingness to Communicate in English Classroom Discussions and Their Use of Linguistic Strategies

In the past few years, the importance of willingness to communicate (WTC) has received greater attention among scholars in the field as it has generally been found that WTC is closely related to the development of linguistic competence. This study employed the WTC Model (MacIntyre et al., 1998) and Halliday's (1985) Systemic Functional Linguistics to examine Malaysian students' WTC behavior through the analysis of classroom observations, journal entries and interview data. Thematic analysis was used to identify the situational factors affecting students' WTC in classroom discussion interactions. Moreover, linguistic analysis of the data concentrated on interpersonal meaning of tenor to find out how students' WTC was realized and how role relations were established among them through mood patterns and speech functions. The study found the major factors that increased the students' WTC in the classroom discussions including topics of interest, relevance of the topic to one's experience, teaching method, the relationship with peers, etc. Furthermore, the findings revealed that the students' WTC was realized linguistically through the predominant use of declarative and interrogative discourse. Moreover, students tended to react more through supporting moves rather than confronting moves which showed a cooperative and positive atmosphere in the classroom. It can be concluded that students' WTC in a particular situation is related to certain factors that promote their behavioral WTC to be manifested through language.