Mood Disorders In Adolescents Research Articles

COVID-19 Pandemic and Mood Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Coronavirus-19 pandemic is a worldwide public health problem which affects our country as well The treatment of children and adolescents with existing mood disorders is affected by the pandemic and questions concerning the continuation of the treatment are being asked frequently The pandemic and relevant precautions also trigger mood disorders In this review, we aim to discuss the treatment of mood disorders, the effects of the drugs which are used for the existing mood disorders, impact on immune system, interactions with antiviral drugs for Severe Acute Respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

Maintaining Regular Sleep-Wake Schedule During Pandemic May Help Adolescents

Maintaining Regular Sleep-Wake Schedule During Pandemic May Help Adolescents

Mood Disorder in Adolescents with Diabetes Mellitus in Kirkuk City

Objective: Assess the severity of mood disorders in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (TIDM), andidentify the relationship between the mood disorder and some socio-demographic characteristics amongAdolescents.Methodology: A descriptive study was carried out at center of diabetics & endocrine disease in the Kirkukcity, from February, 10th, 2019 up to November 10th, 2019 in order to achieve the objectives of the presentstudy. Non-Probability (Purposive) sample of (70) patients. Developed questionnaire was constructed for thepurpose of the study which consisted of two parts: the demographic characteristics; and Child DepressionInventory (CDI) it is a Likert-type scale consisting of 27 items . The data were collected through the use ofinterview technique (face to face). The data was analyzed through the application of descriptive statisticalanalysis (Frequency, Percentage (%), Mean of Score) and inferential statistic (ANOVA & t. test).Results: The findings of the study indicated that the majority of the sample (40%) of them with age group(16-17 years), (54%) of them were male, (71%) of them single, the most of the sample were graduated fromintermediate school (47%), regarding to the occupation (42.9%) of the sample was student, and in relationto financial status the majority of the adolescent was in barely sufficient and constitute (77%).

Pandemonium Versus Paralysis: The Internal Experience of Adolescent Girls with Headaches

Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) have been shown to be successful in treating mood disorders in adolescents. However, the application of MBI treatments for non-clinical populations may be a missed opportunity. Globally, headache affects 54 percent of school-age girls, and headaches are often correlated with poor mental health. In order to better understand the internal experience of teen girls with headaches, we conducted a modified grounded theory exploring two adolescent samples totaling 39 girls (ages 13-18). This study led to a theory of Pandemonium versus Paralysis - a cycling between feeling “cluttered,” or “unable to think” and feeling “dead” or “incapable of functioning.” This theory illustrated the teens’ internal experience of managing their stress and headaches. We then confirmed our theory within existing literature, current media, and anecdotal experience. We propose that teens oscillating between the polarities of pandemonium versus paralysis would greatly benefit from building their awareness through evidence-based therapies such as mindfulness-based stress reduction which may in turn reduce their headaches.

Electroconvulsive Therapy for the Treatment of Severe Mood Disorders During Adolescence: A Retrospective Chart Review.

Objective: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a well-recognized treatment of refractory mood disorders in adults. However, relatively little is known about its use for similar conditions in adolescents. Based on a chart review, we describe its use and outcome in a sample of adolescents with severe, refractory mood disorders (unipolar or bipolar disorder) hospitalized in an academic medical center. Methods: The sample was drawn from referrals to an adolescent psychiatry service. After obtaining approval from the ethics board, medical records of 54 adolescents with refractory mood disorder were examined. Participants (males 24, females 30; mean age 15.8 ± 1.5 years) had received their first course of ECT before the age of 18 years during the period 1996-2010. Response to treatment was examined after the initial treatment and during a 1-year follow-up. Results: Following the index course of ECT (mean number of treatments = 13.7 ± 6.3), a 52.8% response rate (defined as a Clinical Global Impressions [CGI] score ≤2) was noted, while 15.1% achieved remission (CGI = 1). The response rate was 82.4% after a 1-year follow-up with a remission rate of 23.5%. The Children's Depression Rating scores declined significantly from pre-ECT to the end of the index course (70.7 ± 16.4 to 52.5 ± 18; p ≤ 0.00). A reduction in suicidal ideation and self-injurious behaviors along with increased school attendance was noted. Cognition, monitored by the Mini-Mental State Examination, did not decline significantly. Minor side effects were limited to the day of the treatment. Prolonged seizures (>2 minutes) were common during ECT (74% of subjects experienced one or more). The only side effect noted at the 1-year follow-up was self-reported memory loss involving events during and around the index treatment course. Conclusions: In this severely impaired sample of adolescents, ECT was found to decrease suicidal behavior, reduce depressive symptoms, and improve overall functioning, as indexed by school attendance at follow-up after 1 year. Prospective studies using large samples are needed to determine its effectiveness and safety in refractory mood disorders in adolescents.

Differential associations between passive and active forms of screen time and adolescent mood and anxiety disorders.

To quantify the strength of association between passive and active forms of screen time and adolescent major depressive episode and anxiety disorders. Data from the 2014 Ontario Child Health Study, a representative sample of 2,320 adolescents aged 12-17years in Ontario (mean age = 14.58, male = 50.7%) were used. Screen time was measured using adolescent self-report on time spent on screen-based activities. Past 6-month occurrence of DSM-IV-TR defined major depressive episode, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and specific phobia which were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents. Adolescents reporting 4 or more hours of passive screen time per day, compared to those reporting less than 2h, were three times more likely to meet the DSM-IV-TR criteria for major depressive episode [OR = 3.28(95% CI = 1.71-6.28)], social phobia [OR = 3.15 (95% CI = 1.57-6.30)] and generalized anxiety disorder [OR = 2.92 (95% CI = 1.64-5.20)]. Passive screen time continued to be significantly associated with increased odds of disorders, after adjusting for age, sex, low income, active screen time use, sleep and physical activity. A small-to-moderate attenuation of the estimated ORs was observed in the fully adjusted model. In contrast, associations between active screen time use and depression and anxiety disorders were smaller in magnitude and failed to reach statistical significance. Passive screen time use was associated with mood and anxiety disorders, whereas active screen time was not. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying processes contributing to differential risk associated with passive versus active screen time use and adolescent mood and anxiety disorders.

The effect of social media usage on the mental well-being of medical college students in Bangalore, Karnataka.

Background and Objectives:Social media offers a platform for its users to share information and spread awareness regarding various issues including mental health problems. In some previous studies it was found that people suffering from mental health issues benefited from social media. However, the use of social media is also significantly associated with increased depression, mood and anxiety disorders in adolescents. Furthermore, it was found that the prevalence of poor mental health was high in medical students. With this background, this study was taken up to contribute to the scarce literature about the impact social media has on the mental well-being of medical students.Methods:The setting was a medical college and research centre, situated in the metropolitan city of Bengaluru in Karnataka. A pretested and predesigned questionnaire was self-administered anonymously by 318 students. The data was analyzed using appropriate statistics.Results:A statistically significant relationship was found between the amount of time spent on social media and the mental well-being score, according to the Sell and Nagpal scale, of students. In participants with scores of < 90.8, (30.2%) of them used social media for 4 hrs or more, as opposed to those with scores ≥ to 90.8, (35.6%) of them spent between 1 and 2 hrs a day on social media, 90.8 being the mean well-being score in India.Conclusions:Students need to monitor their screen time. There is a need to go back to old times of establishing human connections and, families and friendships should be nurtured.

Electroconvulsive Therapy in Children and Adolescents: Clinical Indications and Special Considerations.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a well-tolerated, well-established, and efficacious treatment in adults, particularly in the setting of severe mood and psychotic disorders. In children and adolescents, however, ECT is infrequently administered and likely underutilized. Results from older studies evaluating the utility of ECT in children and adolescents were mixed, but recent studies have supported ECT treatment success in these patients, with particularly high response rates for treating depression. In this Perspectives, we discuss the current clinical indications for ECT in managing mood and psychotic disorders in children and adolescents. We then review the pretreatment evaluation and management of patients receiving ECT and examine the efficacy of ECT for those indications. We also address issues unique to children and adolescents, versus adults, that need to be considered when determining whether treatment with ECT is appropriate for a patient in this age group. Included in this context are the distinct side-effect profile in children and adolescents, ethical issues regarding informed consent, incorporating the child into the decision-making process when developmentally appropriate, and the need to take into account differing state jurisdictional processes.

Study protocol of Diabetes LEAP: a longitudinal study examining emotional problems in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their parents/caregivers

BackgroundType 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic metabolic condition requiring intensive daily self-care to avoid both high and low blood glucose levels. Self-care and glycemic outcomes are particularly problematic in adolescence, a period known for its increased risk of emotional problems. However, the true scope of mood and anxiety disorders in adolescents with T1D is unknown. Earlier studies are limited by a small sample size, lack of diagnostic interview data, a focus on depression only, non-adolescent specific estimates, lack of information about parental emotional problems and/or a cross-sectional design. Diabetes LEAP is a two-year prospective observational cohort study examining (a) the prevalence and course of depression and anxiety in adolescents with T1D and their parents/caregivers, (b) the risk factors predicting the presence of these emotional problems, (c) their longitudinal relation with diabetes outcomes, and (d) the psychosocial care currently in place.MethodsAdolescents (12–18 years) from 8 Dutch pediatric diabetes clinics are interviewed using the DISC-IV to establish the presence of mood and anxiety disorders in the previous 4 weeks, the previous 12 months, and lifetime. They also complete questionnaires, including CDI-2, GAD-7, and PAID-T. Parents/caregivers complete PHQ-9, GAD-7, and PAID-PR. Follow-up assessments take place after 1 and 2 years.DiscussionThis longitudinal study with diagnostic interviews in a large cohort of adolescents with T1D in the Netherlands will provide much needed information regarding the prevalence and course of depression and anxiety in this group, thereby opening avenues for proper recognition, prevention and timely treatment.

Immune response to stress induction as a predictor of cognitive-behavioral therapy outcomes in adolescent mood disorders: A pilot study

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) alleviates symptoms of depression in youth with bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Empirical research has linked inflammatory markers to depressive symptoms and acute psychosocial stress; however, a gap remains as to whether immune response to stress may serve as a putative mechanism of treatment. This preliminary pilot study determined the modest feasibility of assessing psychobiological response to stress as a predictor of CBT outcomes for youth with mood disorders. We evaluated whether participation in a 10-session group-CBT intervention for mood disorders altered inflammatory response to a laboratory psychosocial stress induction and if this alteration in immune stress responsivity was related to a decrease in depressive symptoms. Thirty-four youth (age M = 15.03, SD = 1.91) diagnosed with BD or MDD participated in a 10-session CBT group and pre- and post-group assessments; twenty-eight participants who completed the group had usable cytokine data. Pre- and post-group assessments included stress induction with the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) during which inflammatory cytokines were measured at baseline (time 0) and after the TSST at 30, 60, and 90 min. Results suggest it is modestly feasible to measure immune response to stress alongside CBT treatment for adolescent mood disorders. Our findings were mixed; across seven cytokines, hierarchical linear models indicated two cytokines, IL6 and IL12, were sensitive to acute laboratory stress. We also found significant correlations between life stress, inflammation, and depression both pre- and post- CBT group. Inflammation pre-group, as measured by IL12 and IL1 β predicted depressive symptoms following treatment. Although we did not find significant within-subject reductions in inflammation, chronic stress predicted changes in IL β, signaling the central role of chronic stress. This study offers preliminary evidence that immune responsivity to stress induction could serve as a mechanism of treatment for mood disorders in youth, indicating a potential marker for more personalized model of healthcare.

Artificial Intelligence based facial recognition for Mood Charting among men on life style modification and it's correlation with cortisol.

Images from the training dataset are classified according to one among the nine emotions. The Images that are classified accordingly are taken as training set and a suitable convolutional neural network is trained/retrained for this data. The mean values predicted moods are considered as input for another model that predicts higher the stress level. With the inception v3 trained for 1,00,000 times with the data set that's close to 12,000 images classified accordingly to the nine emotion classes as specified by psychologist the model was able to obtain 78.4% of testing accuracy while with the near perfect training accuracy. The mood analysis was conclusively helpful in the estimation of the negative emotion parameter as close to the values that are obtained by with Depression, Anxiety and stress scale (DASS21) the mood analysis. The salivary cortisol as unbiased variable correlating with DASS 21 score could have a potential uses in early detection of mood disorder and correction. This platform will be helping the subject as a early mood screening tool.

Effectiveness of School-based Health Center Delivery of a Cognitive Skills Building Intervention in Young, Rural Adolescents: Potential Applications for Addiction and Mood

PurposeUniquely positioned, school nurses address two of the most critical adolescent health issues – addiction and mood. Cognitive behavioral therapy, the mainstay in management of adolescent mood disorders, demonstrates promise in the treatment and prevention of addictive behaviors. Quality decision-making may protect adolescents from substance abuse. Executive function, a neurocognitive aspect of decision-making, involves impulse control, future thinking, and behavioral regulation. Further, the continuum of addition implicates executive function, which makes executive function a viable target for prevention and treatment of substance use. This pilot study examined the effectiveness of a nurse-led cognitive skills training intervention, Creating Opportunities for Personal Empowerment, on executive function and mood in a novel population and setting. Design and methodsThe study sample included adolescents ranging in age from 12 to 15 years and enrolled in a rural school-based health center. Fifteen (n = 15) adolescents completed the seven-week cognitive skills building intervention led by a nurse practitioner. Researchers measured executive function, anxiety, and depression at: baseline, after the intervention series, and three-months later. ResultsOne domain of executive function – behavioral regulation – improved, as did anxiety. Depression showed short-term improvement. Metacognition did not change over time. ConclusionsPreliminary results indicate that cognitive skills building delivered by school nurses may enhance aspects of executive function linked with addiction and coping, such as behavioral regulation. Further, this intervention may also improve mood in this population. Practice implicationsDelivery of cognitive skills training by school nurses could be an accessible, effective piece in addressing addiction and mood in young, rural adolescents.

Clinical case conference focused on mood disorders in children and adolescents

Clinical case conference focused on mood disorders in children and adolescents

The prevalence, comorbidity and socio-demographic factors of depressive disorder among Iranian children and adolescents: To identify the main predictors of depression

BackgroundDepressive disorders are a major public health problem in developed and developing countries. Recently, several risk factors have been described for depressive disorders in children and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to identify the main risk factors that can affect the incidence of depression in Iranian children and adolescents. MethodsA total of 30,546 children and adolescents (between 6 and 18 years of age) participated in a cross-sectional study to identify the predictors of depressive disorders. Depressive disorders were assessed using the Persian version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-PL). In addition, a demographic characteristics questionnaire was completed by parents of the participants. The data was analyzed using the SPSS22 software via performing the descriptive analysis and the multiple logistic regression analysis methods. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. ResultsResults showed that a higher age (15–18), being female, and the father's unemployment were associated with an increased odds ratio for depressive disorders. The age of 10–14 (OR = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.57–2.81), the age of 15–18 (OR = 4.44; 95% CI, 3.38–5.83), female gender (OR = 1.44; 95% CI, 1.2–1.73) and the father's unemployment (OR = 1.59; 95% CI, 1.01–2.5) were significant positive predictors, whereas, the mother's job (as a housewife) (OR = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45–0.96) and a history of psychiatric hospitalization of the father and mother (OR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.15–0.78 and OR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.14–0.84) were negative predictors for depressive symptoms. ConclusionDepressive symptoms are common in children and adolescents and are correlated with age and gender. The assessment of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, especially the depressive disorders and their comorbidities, may help to prevent mood disorders in children and adolescents.

SCREENING INVESTIGATION OF DISTRIBUTION OF MOOD DISORDERS IN ADOLESCENCE AND PECULIARITIES OF THEIR CURRENCY

Introduction:. The problem of mood disorders in adolescents has recently become acute due to the high frequency of encounter and social significance. The aim: To investigate the screening of anxiety and depressive disorders and their manifestations in adolescent children to determine risk factors and to develop measures for their prevention. Materials and methods: The study was attended by 189 students aged 16-17 years of the educational institutions of the Khmelnytskyi region. For study it was used: Spielberger questionnaire in adaptation A. Andreeva and questionnaire for child depression M. Kovacs, 1992. Results: A high level of personal anxiety was detected in 44 adolescents (23,3%) and situational in 76 (40,2%) adolescents. In 48 (25,4%) adolescents there were signs of depression, in 11 (5,8%) - severe depression. The level of depression in girls was significantly higher compared to boys (95% CI, 2,6-8,8) (p<0,0004), which was manifested in the form of aggressive behavior (95% CI, 3,3-9,4) (p<0,0001) and anhedonia (95% CI, 1,7-7,0) (p<0,001). Signs of depression more often were appeared in adolescents who had an incomplete family (95% CI, 0,7-8,5) (p<0,02) and manifested in the form of aggressive behavior (95% CI, 0,6 (p<0,02), anhedonia (95% CI, 0,7-7,3) (p<0,01) and negative self-esteem with the presence of suicidal thoughts (95% CI, 0,3-7,5) (p<0,03). Conclusions: Mood disorders are quite common among adolescents and require timely detection and correction in order to improve their social adaptation and prevent suicidal behavior. The main factors of mood disorders in adolescents can be an incomplete family and a female.

Understanding Mood Disorders in Children.

Mood disorders include all types of depression and bipolar disorder, and mood disorders are sometimes called affective disorders. We will discuss newly developing two issues in affective disorders in children and adolescents. Those are the new diagnostic challenges using neuroimaging techniques in affective disorders and the introduction of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD). During the 1980s, mental health professionals began to recognize symptoms of mood disorders in children and adolescents, as well as adults. However, children and adolescents do not necessarily have or exhibit the same symptoms as adults. It is more difficult to diagnose mood disorders in children, especially because children are not always able to express how they feel. Child mental health professionals believe that mood disorders in children and adolescents remain one of the most underdiagnosed mental health problems. We are currently trying to introduce the new diagnostic technique-machine learning in children and adolescents with MDD. We will discuss the current progress in the clinical application of machine learning for MDD. After that, we would also discuss a new challenging diagnosis-DMDD. We are still suffering from a lack of evidence when trying to treat the patients with DMDD. In addition, there are some debates about the diagnostic validity of DMDD. We will explain the current situation of DMDD studies and the future directions in the study of DMDD.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bipolar Affective Disorder (BPAD) in Children and Adolescents.

According to the census of India, 40% of individuals are children below 16 years of age. There is a paucity of prevalence studies of mental disorders in children and adolescents. There are some community studies who have reported prevalence rates of 9.4% in children aged 8–12 years, 12.5% in children aged 0–16 years, and 1.81% in adolescents aged 12–16 years. Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) has been recognized in children since 1990; however, there is active controversy whether it could occur before the age of 12 years. Some robust Indian studies have reported 3%–4% prevalence of mood disorders in children and adolescents. Lifetime prevalence rates of BPADs in this age group have been calculated 2.1% equal in males and females. These disorders are often associated with comorbid disorders such as anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorders (CDs). Some authors feel that bipolar disorders often start in adolescents with an episode of major depression, chronic fluctuating abnormalities of mood overactivity, cognition, and conduct disturbances. In the early stage, presenting symptoms are nonspecific and not limited to mood spectrum.

Associations between marijuana use and anxious mood lability during adolescence

ObjectiveTo date, research investigating the association between adolescent marijuana use and anxiety is mixed, given differences in how anxiety is measured and the age ranges studied. The research is further limited as many relevant studies have small sample sizes. This investigation examines the association between marijuana use (use in the past 30 days) and anxious mood lability (rapid fluctuation in emotional states) during early adolescence (average age 14.4, spring of 8th grade) through midadolescence (10th grade). MethodsParticipating adolescents (N = 466; 52.8% female) were from rural and suburban communities and 38% were Hispanic/Latino. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) was used to measure adolescents' anxious mood in real time; the EMAs were collected within 30 days of the adolescent report of their marijuana use. ResultsMultilevel models with measurement waves (7 time points) nested in individuals showed that anxious mood lability was significantly higher for adolescents reporting recent marijuana use compared to those reporting no recent marijuana use. Although females were higher than males in anxious mood lability, the association between anxious mood lability and recent marijuana use did not differ by gender. Post hoc analysis showed that the associations between anxious mood lability and recent marijuana use did not differ between assessments conducted pre and post legalization of adult recreational marijuana use. ConclusionsThe association between recent marijuana use and anxious mood lability for youth is important for understanding the developmental processes of cannabis use and anxious mood disorders in adolescence and young adulthood.

2.24 Utilization of Cyp450 Genotyping in the Treatment of Adolescent Mood Disorders: A Look at the Impact Within an Outpatient Setting

This 2-arm study sought to evaluate the efficacy of using pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing in the treatment of mood disorders in children and adolescents. We examined whether using CYP450 genotyping to guide selection of pharmacologic agents in a treatment-as-usual setting resulted in better outcomes than unguided treatment.

Ecological Momentary Assessment and Mood Disorders in Children and Adolescents: a Systematic Review.

The aim of the present review is to systematically examine published data regarding ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in children and adolescents with mood disorders. EMA is increasingly used to collect participant's information in their real environment and in real time. There are multiple studies focused on the evaluation of mood disorders in children and adolescents, but only a few of them used EMA protocols. Results found in this review showed a wide variability of works with different fields of study, methodological approaches, and EMA protocols. More than 60% of EMA studies in children and adolescents with mood disorders were conducted via phone call, showing high completion rates with data missing in 5 to 11.5% of the calls. Length of studies varied from a 4-day EMA protocol to a maximum of 8weeks. Positive and negative affect, daily activities, and social context were the main EMA measures. Despite the limited number of studies using EMA in children and adolescents with mood disorders, EMA was useful in assessing mood symptoms in the moment and in patients' real-life environment. Studies also showed high completion and satisfaction rates. Although web pages and apps use have been increasing over the past years, the evidence base is still scarce. Future studies can facilitate understanding of EMA methodology among youth with mood disorders.