Archaeological Monuments Research Articles

KARABAKH-LAND OF ANCIENT UNIQUE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CULTURES OF THE CAUCASUS

The ancient land of Azerbaijan, Karabakh, has gone through different stages from ancient times to modern times. Karabakh has a rich history, where the stages of primitive society, and the archaeological cultures of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages have been consistently represented since the creation of prehistoric man. Karabakh archaeology, one of the urgent issues of Azerbaijani archaeology, is very important in this regard. Karabakh, the land of unique archaeological cultures such as Guruchay, Leylatapa, Kur- Araz, Goycha- Uzerlik, and Khojaly- Gadabay, is distinguished by the richness of archaeological monuments. Azykh and Taghlar caves, Bronze Age mounds, Uzerliktepe, Yedditepe, Goytapa, grave monuments of Khojaly-Gadabay culture, Albanian period settlements, grave monuments, Albanian temples, Islamic period monuments replace each other chronologically. The study of historical, archaeological, and architectural monuments in the land of ancient archaeological cultures - Karabakh, is always relevant as a priority of science.

A Potential Mitigation Measure for the Seismic Distress of the Circuit Wall at the Acropolis of Athens

The seismic design of new retaining structures is usually performed following modern seismic norms. Nonetheless, there are various monumental retaining structures (e.g., fortifications) with high seismic vulnerability, which must be protected against earthquakes, while there exist several limitations on the type of mitigation measures that can be applied to such cultural heritage structures. The present study investigates numerically the seismic response and distress of the Circuit Wall of the Athenian Acropolis. The Wall is a monumental masonry retaining structure surrounding the world-class archeological monuments of the hill of the Acropolis. Given the fact that the wider region of Athens is characterized by moderate seismicity, it is necessary to protect the Wall from strong ground motions. For this purpose, the geological, seismological, and topographic conditions of the Acropolis hill, as well as the geometry and the mechanical properties of the Wall, are realistically taken into account. A realistic finite-element model has been developed for a critical section of the Wall, which has been validated with available records from accelerometers being installed on the Wall. Subsequently, an efficient and suitable—according to international monument restoration guidelines—seismic mitigation measure is proposed. The results of dynamic earth-pressure distribution on the Wall are presented before and after the application of expanded polystyrene (EPS) blocks behind the Wall. Α detailed parametric study illustrates a substantial reduction of dynamic pressures on the Wall when the EPS blocks are applied, either along the entire height or only at the lower part of the Wall.

Origin of the Scythians of the Northern Black Sea Region: Issues, Hypotheses and Prospects

At the current stage of Scythology, numerous studies of archaeological monuments have been carried out, their historical and cultural interpretation has been given; zones of move- ment and regions that did not have a permanent population were determined; potential initial foci of migration and innovation have been identified. A general methodological approach has been proposed for synchronizing Asian materials with Scythian chronology; the concept of the formation of nomadic cultures in the Asian mountain-steppe regions has been put forward, archaeological materials has been combined into cultural and chronological hori- zons. However, there are tendencies towards subjectivity of assessments and interpretations concerning the entire spectrum of Scythian issues. The absence of ethnic attribution of the concept of "Scythian" and generally accepted definitions of the concepts of "Scythian cul- ture" and "Scythian archaeological culture" are considered by the authors the reasons for the complexity of the ever expanding topical issues of the "Scythian question". The difficulty of their identifying is due to the intersection and blurring of the boundaries of the areas of distribution of monuments of the "culture of the Scythian type", equally belonging to the territory of the Northern Black Sea region and other territories of the "Scythian world". In the further development of the complex issues of the genesis of the Scythians and their culture, the authors consider inevitable and expedient rational and systemic integration and further development of various hypotheses put forward by the classics of archaeology, as well as their deepening at a new epistemological level of modern knowledge.

Dnipro University of Technology, 19, Dmytro Yavornytskyi Avenue, Dnipro, 49005, Ukraine

Petrographic research was undertaken on the second casting moulds complex discovered in 2018 at the archaeological monument Tokivske-1 in Ukraine. Metalworking of the Late Bronze Age in the Northern Black Sea region is known for its utilisation of stone moulds made from meta-ultrabasites (“talc schists”) by representatives of the Sabatynivka culture. Field investigations in the vicinity of Tokivske indicated the probable place of stone mining, from where a considerable part of the casting moulds under study were made. The discovery of the place of stone mining near Tokivske-1 and finds of similar moulds in other regions give grounds for considering the monument to be not only a centre of metalworking but also stone-processing. The obtained data are also the first geologically proved evidence that the Kryvyi Rih area, which was previously considered the main supplier of “talc schists”, was not the only place of mining of raw materials for the manufacturing of casting moulds in the Middle Dnipro area. Both complexes, the second and the previous one, found in 2017, contain matrices made of identical raw materials, namely, the samples made are untypical for the Middle Dnipro area species. This fact indicates the synchronicity of both complexes and a significant volume of casting production in Tokivske-1.

Semantic Segmentation (U-Net) of Archaeological Features in Airborne Laser Scanning—Example of the Białowieża Forest

Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) technology can be used to identify features of terrain relief in forested areas, possibly leading to the discovery of previously unknown archaeological monuments. Spatial interpretation of numerous objects with various shapes and sizes is a difficult challenge for archaeologists. Mapping structures with multiple elements whose area can exceed dozens of hectares, such as ancient agricultural field systems, is very time-consuming. These archaeological sites are composed of a large number of embanked fields, which together form a recognizable spatial pattern. Image classification and segmentation, as well as object recognition, are the most important tasks for deep learning neural networks (DLNN) and therefore they can be used for automatic recognition of archaeological monuments. In this study, a U-Net neural network was implemented to perform semantic segmentation of the ALS-derived data including (1) archaeological, (2) natural and (3) modern features in the Polish part of the Białowieża Forest. The performance of the U-Net segmentation model was evaluated by measuring the pixel-wise similarity between ground truth and predicted segmentation masks. After 83 epochs, The Dice-Sorensen coefficient (F1 score) and the Intersect Over Union (IoU) metrics were 0.58 and 0.5, respectively. The IoU metric reached a value of 0.41, 0.62 and 0.62 for the ancient field system banks, ancient field system plots and burial mounds, respectively. The results of the U-Net deep learning model proved very useful in semantic segmentation of images derived from ALS data.

RESCUE ARCHAELOGICAL RESEARCH AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE

Abstract. Thorough knowledge of the area on which the construction or similar activities are to take place is the basis for responsible decision-making and for the elimination of unpleasant surprises. Central Europe is an area where archaeological monuments can be discovered on almost every plot. Their presence can mean expanding our knowledge of the past and significantly enriching our cultural heritage. The builder often sees the presence of archaeological sites as an obstacle. The position of archaeological monuments in term of ownership is unusual. The land is usually owned by builder, but the archaeological findings themselves are the property of the Regions according to the Act on Protection of Monuments. Archaeological monuments can be examined on each plot by non-destructive methods that determine their extent. The following is a decision as to whether the original plan will be implemented or withdrawn. Implementation of the project is preceded by rescue archaeological research, the course of which is also regulated by law. Carefully executed rescue excavation means saving the testimony of the past and the importance of the place and for the builder to release the land for implementation of the project.

Вопросы идентичности дунайских болгар с историческими предками чувашей в исследованиях А.А. Куника

Introduction. Academic of the Imperial Academy of Sciences of Saint Petersburg Arist Kunik published his work “On the Relationship of Hagan-Bulgarians with the Chuvash According to the Slavic-Bulgarian Nominalia” in 1878. The matters of the historical relationship of Bulgarians and Chuvash have been widely discussed since that time. The objective of the article is to evaluate the basic provisions of Kunik’s study from the point of view of innovative advances in this field. Attention is focused on the identity of Danube Bulgars and the historical ancestors of modern Chuvash. Methods and materials. Kunik based his reasoning on two books of Andrey Popov with the review of chronicles in the Russian version. Such chronicles are consolidated in scientific literature under the conventional name ‘Nominalia’. Kunik also used the opinions of Vasily Radlov. Analysis. Matters of the Danube Bulgars ethnogenesis enter largely into Kunik’s work. Given the fact that the Bulgars had come from the Caucasus and then divided into descents in the Volga and the Danube regions, Kunik resorts to comparative characteristics of the Danube and Volga historical ancestors of the Bulgars. In the Middle Volga region, the Bulgars appeared in the 8th – 9th centuries. This is evidenced by the archeological monuments of the saltov type. Bulgarian researchers find direct correspondence between the Kubrat and Asparuhovo Bulgarians. Results. Kunik says that the Chuvash are direct descendants of Bulgars. However, his views on this matter are quite unreliable. His doubts were dispelled in the 20th – 21st centuries by the historical science. In spite of the ambiguity of a lot of Kunik’s provisions on the identity of Danube Bulgars and the Chuvash, now his suppositions are confirmed to a great extent – primarily, by linguists. Generally Kunik based his research on the names of Bulgarian khans and numeral adjectives in the Nominalia.

The Maikop culture in the Northern Caucasus

The Maikop culture in the Northern Caucasus

ПРАВОВОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ ПО ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВУ РЕСПУБЛИКИ АРМЕНИЯ / LEGAL REGULATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE UNDER THE LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA

The article discusses the issues of legal regulation of archaeological heritage which is defined by the legislation of the Republic of Armenia. It is worthy to note that Armenia is rich with archaeological monuments and according to the current legislation archaeological monuments are stone-built stations, cave-dwellings, ancient-medieval settlements, castles, mausoleums, cemeteries, megalithic monuments, petroglyphs, lithographic monuments and archaeological cultural layers. The main goal of the research is to reveal the essence of the archaeological heritage, to clarify its concept and composition, to raise and record the main issues of legal regulation of monument investigations and archaeological excavations. The article provides clarifications on the archaeological heritage, its composition, such as the archaeological sites, archaeological monuments, objects or the remains of the objects. From the point of view of scientific-practical significance it is important to correctly define the legal concept of the cultural layer and its legal status. Its components are also presented. Finally, the article studies and clarifies the procedures defined by law on monument investigations and issuing permits for archaeological excavations, the functions of the authorized body and the inter-agency archaeological commission attached to it and the rights and responsibilities of the initiator and supervisor conducting monument investigations and archaeological excavations.

ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ЗОН ОХОРОНИ ДЛЯ РІЗНИХ ТИПІВ ПАМ’ЯТОК ТА ОБ’ЄКТІВ КУЛЬТУРНОЇ СПАДЩИНИ

Only part of the historical heritage that has a legal status as a "monument", is on the protection of the Ukrainian state. Because now the process of creating a national geospatial database is underway in Ukraine, it is necessary to determine the actual protection zones for all these monuments. The method of determining protection zones for cultural monuments, which is enshrined in Ukrainian law now, doesn't include all types of monuments. It applies only to architectural monuments, including separate buildings and ensembles. After the repeal of the decree that applied to all types of monuments in 2002, the method of determining protection zones for the historical monuments, archeological monuments, objects of monumental art, objects of science and technology, historical landscapes, and historical gardens isn't defined. It is recommended to expand the range of the protected architectural heritage by including in protection zones all objects of valuable historical buildings in the historical cities. Thus, it is proposed to link the protection zones not only with separate monuments and ensembles but also with the most valuable areas of historic cities. In order not to provoke subjectivity and misusage, it is necessary to fix in the legal field the method of defining protection zones for those types of monuments that are not currently described. There is a possibility to partly use old practice when the protection zones define as a circle around the base point of the monuments. It can use for single small objects which sizes aren't more than 3х3 m. But for all other objects, the protection zones should be defined around the territory of the monuments. They should consider the specific requirements for the preservation of specific types of monuments, such as the possible boundaries of mass graves that cannot be established visually, or the possible shifting of land layers when establishing the boundaries of archaeological sites. It is also necessary to consider the conditions of the visual perception of the monuments, which depend on the environment in which these monuments are located. A separate legal issue is to define protection zones for monuments that have been included in the protection lists before the setting of modern rules for the description of cultural heritage sites. The methodology for defining protection zones should take into account the existence of such errors in the descriptions and clearly define the procedure at these rates.

Направления развития сельского туризма на территории Новосибирской области

Rural tourism, based on the active participation of the maximum number of stakeholders and the principles of sustainable development, is now becoming wide spread. The pandemic has also made its “contribution” to the development of the industry, especially the restrictions associated with the spread of the coronavirus infection. The aim of the study is to analyze the state of rural tourism in Novosibirsk Oblast and identify prospects for its development. The object of the study is rural tourism in the region, considered as one of the system-forming factors of the territory’s development. The focus of the study is organizational and economic relations arising in the process of formation and development of rural tourism in the region. One of the promising regions in terms of rural tourism development is Novosibirsk Oblast, which has been among the TOP 20 most attractive regions of Russia for travel in recent years. The tourist and recreational complex of the rural areas of Novosibirsk Oblast is diverse and extensive. The authors consider the current state of rural tourism in Novosibirsk Oblast, present the most promising practices, describe the regional authorities’ role in the development of rural tourism. The problem of Novosibirsk Oblast is the fact that, currently, historical and archaeological monuments are dispersed throughout the region, have poor accessibility, and many are suitable only for intra-district local history purposes. To include such objects in tourist routes, an integrated approach is needed: the development of master plans for the development of settlements, the preparation of objects for tourists to visit, the improvement of their maintenance and repair, the construction of viewing platforms, the formation of new expositions in museums, the development of legends, guidebooks, etc. In the course of the study, the authors evaluated all districts of Novosibirsk Oblast for the possible development of agrotourism according to the selected criteria and proposed options for their development. Proceeding from this, the main objectives of the development of rural tourism in the region should include: creation of a tourist cluster; introduction of rural areas and their residents to the agrotourism industry; organization of relevant advertising; training of competent personnel to work in rural tourism; creation of an appropriate infrastructure and related services; development and sale of relevant souvenir products; ensuring transport accessibility. Thus, despite the shortcomings in the legal documents, the activities of rural tourism are already carried out in the format of small business in some areas of the region. This indicates both its demand among the population, since it is a new format of tourism, and the development of agriculture. Contribution of the authors: the authors contributed equally to this article. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Geomorphological Zoning of Racha Region for Geopark Planning

Geomorphological zoning and complex relief research were conducted in the Racha region, which is located In the Caucasus, in the northwestern part of Georgia, south of the Greater Caucasus, in the central part of which there are Precambrian and Paleozoic crystalline substrates (gneisses, migmatites, crystalline shales) and granitoid intrusions of different ages. The Caucasus axis and higher massifs are built of granitoid, gneiss, and metamorphic shales. The oldest rocks (600 million years old) are found at the highest points and the age of the rocks decreases in the vicinity of the hypsometry steps (70 - 30 million rocks). The geological structure of the region has made a significant contribution to the formation of relief landscapes. Karst, erosion-denudation, volcanic, periglacial relief, and various interesting forms are formed here: caves, valleys, canyons, glacial and rocky lakes, waterfalls, deep valleys, mineral waters, and more. The peculiarity of the relief also influenced the mining geological history (5000 AD) and the creation of ancient settlements. Here, still in ancient Racha, at the head of the main river, Rioni, ancient settlements were formed due to iron, gold, and copper metal, which is confirmed by archeological monuments.

The landscape of the Late Bronze Age royal tomb of Seddin (NE Germany): linking geomorphology, archaeology, and historic evidence

ABSTRACT The monumental Late Bonze Age royal tomb of Seddin is located in the old morainic landscape of the Prignitz region, northeastern Germany. Together with other richly equipped burials and a row of stone pits in its direct vicinity, it provides evidence for the presence of an elite from the nineth to sixth centuries BCE in this region. Our map emphasizes the well-chosen location of the royal tomb in relation to the spatial arrangement of other archaeological monuments that together form an ensemble of a ritual landscape. We trace legacies of land use from the Bronze Age to the present against the backdrop of Late Quaternary landscape evolution. These include the Bronze Age landscape (re-)organization for ritual and economic purposes, its medieval use for arable farming, its economic use and settlement history in historic times, and modern times melioration of agricultural areas that together form the palimpsest of the present-day landscape.

Reflection on Architectural Image of Contemporary Archaeological Museums with Monuments In Situ

In the second half of the 20th century, archaeological and restoration sciences took a significant step forward. Furthermore, the museum industry and the way in which monuments should be displayed was also changed. In recent decades, museums that mainly exhibit an immovable archaeological monument emerged. It seems that the creation of such exhibition spaces requires special approaches, methods and planning techniques that enable to display the monument in the most successful way, to ensure its preservation and to organize the immovable archaeology inside the building, the route of its examination and the rest of the exposition harmoniously. We consider a variety of techniques for the reconstruction of the monument unfinished parts and for the reconstruction of its three-dimensional characteristics, ranging from the widely known and used anastylosis to modern unique solutions, which are peculiar ‘scientific installations’. However, the most interesting aspect of the topic under consideration is what the image of architectural space (against which an archaeological monument will be perceived) should look like. The examples of archaeological museums show that their stylistics can be divided into four main directions: – Development of the heritage, when the archaeological museums’ architecture contains quotes from the cultures that are mainly exhibited inside. – Creation of neoclassical spaces unrelated to the national color of objects that are displayed in the museum. – Very simple and functional modernist architecture, which is essentially a neutral background for exhibits. – Images of the building, formed from postmodernist metaphors, which, in this case, are closely related to the informal redefinition of the museum’s specificities and cultural features. The main purpose of the report is to consider all the ‘pros’ and ‘cons’ of the approaches described above to the architectural solutions of archaeological museums. It seems that all directions are valid and the choice is always relatively subjective and depends on a variety of factors, including the specifics of the museum exposition, the volumetric-spatial characteristics of the monument, the context surrounding the museum building, etc.

ПОТЕНЦІАЛ СТВОРЕННЯ ТЕМАТИЧНОГО 3D-КОНТЕНТУ НА БАЗІ ІСТОРИЧНИХ І МУЗЕЙНИХ АРЕАЛІВ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ІСТОРИКО-ЕТНОГРАФІЧНОГО ЗАПОВІДНИКА «ПЕРЕЯСЛАВ»

The purpose of the study is the development of certain areas, methods and techniques of historical digital 3D-reconstruction in the development line of a comprehensive strategy of the formation the thematically oriented virtual environment based on monuments and objects of the National Historical and Ethnographic Reserve «Pereiaslav» (hereinafter – NHER «Pereiaslav», Reserve). The specifics of creating thematic 3D-content with the objects of the Reserve in the context of adaptation of the museum sphere of Ukraine to the conditions of the fourth industrial revolution are revealed. On the example of separate historical and museum areas of NHER «Pereiaslav» it is described the main aspects and features of the development of digital spatial visualization of territories, archaeological and architectural monuments, exhibitions, museum objects, as well as reconstructions of historical events, political, social and cultural processes. Possibilities of popularization of historical and cultural heritage of Ukraine by introduction of these products on web resources of the Reserve and in applications of augmented reality. For the first time, the innovative potential of NHER «Pereiaslav» and historical areas of the city as a pilot platform during the development of theoretical, methodological and applied base for the implementation of the latest projects and formats of digitalization in the museum sphere. Taking into account the tendencies of integration of a wide range of museum and tourist products’ consumers with the cyberphysical environment, it has been developed a methodical basis for effective updating of knowledge on Ukrainian history and culture in this aspect. There are outlined the directions of engaging potential visitors of the Reserve to narrowly specialized research issues in the fields of ancient, medieval, modern and postmodern history, archeology, history of architecture and a number of auxiliary historical disciplines through the developed high-tech museum products. The complex of these measures is considered as a means of expanding the target audience of NHER «Pereiaslav» and increasing the tourist potential of the region. It is provided a number of problematic aspects and difficulties associated with the creation and implementation of these digital developments at different stages.

ИСТОРИКО-АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ПАМЯТНИК САРАЗМ - ПАМЯТНИК ВСЕМИРНОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ ЮНЕСКО

The article is devoted to one of the most ancient historical and archaeological monuments of Central Asia - the Sarazm settlement, which is located on the bank of the Zeravshan river in the Penjikent district of the Sughd region of the Republic of Tajikistan. The author reports that the Sarazm settlement was first discovered in 1976 by A.I. Isakov and since then it has been the subject to close interest of Tajik, Russian, French archaeologists. Within the course of their work, such important characteristics of Sarazm as the initial size of the settlement, its chronology, the evolution of the economy of the Sarazmians, and others were established. In particular, there are four periods in the Sarazmian history: 3500–3200 BC, 3200–2900 BC, 2900–2700 BC and 2700–2000 BC. The high days of the settlement came in the period of the Late Paleolithic and Early Bronze Age. The Sarazm population was engaged in agriculture and livestock breeding, the crafts of the Sarazmians were at a high level, as evidenced by the finding of well-preserved buildings (palatial , religious, residential), tools and jewelry. The author also emphasizes that the Sarazm settlement was one of the main metallurgical centers of the region, which used its own raw materials (due to the rich resource potential of the mountains in the upper reaches of the Zeravshan River) and had steady contacts with the ancient population of Iran, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, India and others. The uniqueness of the historical and archaeological site of Sarazm and its significance for world history and culture were confirmed in 2010, when Sarazm was included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The Map of Cultural-Archaeological Areas of Eastern-European Plain in the 10th Century (to the Problem Posed)

The paper presents an experimental map of archaeological cultural areas of the East European Plain in the 10th century, each of which represents a set of archaeological cultures and groups of archaeological complexes similar in a number of characteristics. In the paper the necessity of revision of traditional approach to the interpretation of the archaeological date of the East European plain, which is based on a rigid, but often a priori binding of groups of archaeological monuments to politonyms and ethnonyms, known from written sources, is substantiated. Since archaeological cultures have been named on the basis of such identifications, there is a need to revise the principles of their designation (naming). A bird’s-eye view of the East European Plain made it possible to see the process of the revolutionary transformation of this part of the geopolitical mega-structure of Eurasia, which took place during the “long 10th century”, from the last quarter of the 9th to the middle of the 11th century.

The centenary jubilee of the discovery of prehistoric striped flint mines in Krzemionki

Undoubtedly, the exploitation field in Krzemionki, situated within the properties of the present villages of Sudół, Stoki Stare and Ruda Kościelna, constitutes a unique relic – the monument of prehistory whose preservation in as good state as possible accompanied with skilful facilitating it to the public is going to be the subject of our concern throughout the upcoming century. From one hand, one could be surprised that the monument did not become a symbol equally recognizable to the Biskupin fortified town. On the other, it should be admitted with delight that the whole range of activities completed regarding the monument have not caused any significant alterations to the object as specified. They might possibly occur along with vaster popularization and commercialization of Krzemionki mines. Of course, some interference took place here indeed. However, luckily their scale have not caused loss which we could reckon as considerable, taking into account the number of intact mining shafts or post-mining landscape, visible until today at substantial stretch of the field. It seems that in the case of this archaeological monument a successful compromise was obtained. It merges a strive for retaining as little changed state as possible, getting knowledge in the course of research and finally the need for the knowledge and the object as it is to be presented. If we manage to keep the situation like that it will be possible to claim that intergenerational actions of various environments in the service of Krzemionki monument led to proper effects.

Научная деятельность С. А. Федосеевой в контексте изучения древней истории Якутии: практика, теория, организация

The article highlights the biography and professional activities of the outstanding researcher of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) – Svetlana Aleksandrovna Fedoseeva (1936–2017), the first archaeologist after A. P. Okladnikov, who together with Yu. A. Mochanov has been engaged in systematic study of the prehistory of Yakutia for more than half a century (1959–2017). The main purpose of the article is to evaluate the role and contribution of S.A. Fedoseeva to the archeology of Yakutia. This is the first attempt to collect and analyze its most important archaeological achievements. Fedoseeva´s first studies were carried out in the Upper Vilyui in Western Yakutia, because of which the consistent succession of archaeological cultures from the early Neolithic to the early Iron Age was proved and the first traces of bronze foundry were discovered. Then she and Yu. A. Mochanov in the 1960–1970 discovered several successive archaeological cultures of Yakutia from the Paleolithic to the early Iron Age, as well as developed their first periodization and chronology. In total, over all the years of work by Fedoseeva and Mochanov in Yakutia, more than 800 new sites were discovered and studied, including such reference sites as Bel´kachi I, Sumnagin I, Ust´-Timpton I, Talanda II, Ust´-Chirkuo I, Diring- Yuryakh, Mungkharyma I–II, and others. Fedoseeva made a special contribution to the study of the Ymyyakhtakh culture of the late Neolithic of Yakutia (III–II millennium BC), having carried out a detailed typology of stone, ceramic, and bone inventory. Today it is the most studied culture. Excavations of the Ymyyakhtakh burial ground Diring-Yuryakh in Central Yakutia allowed her to offer original conclusions about the existence of primitive atheism in the late Neolithic of Yakutia. In her latest writings, Fedoseeva spoke out against the modern division of the Late Neolithic of Yakutia into local variants, believing that there were no sufficient grounds for this so far. The organizational abilities of the researcher are also emphasized – since 1972, the small laboratory of archeology of the Institute of Language, Literature and Art of Yakutia, headed by her, was transformed by 2004 into an independent Center for Arctic Archeology and Human Paleoecology, now the Arctic Research Center of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Fedoseeva did a great deal of work to include the archeological monuments of Yakutia in the republican list of cultural heritage sites, and today all of them are under state protection. For his work, S. A. Fedoseeva was awarded the high title of Honorary Citizen of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

ЧИННИКИ РУЙНАЦІЇ ФОРТЕЦЬ ПІВДНЯ УКРАЇНИ

ЧИННИКИ РУЙНАЦІЇ ФОРТЕЦЬ ПІВДНЯ УКРАЇНИ