Monumental Impact Research Articles

Education of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students and Accountability Reform: Issues for the Future

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) has had a monumental impact over the past decade on how educational reform is viewed in the United States. As a result of how the law is structured, schools for students who are deaf or hard of hearing have been the focus of attention for educational reform under NCLB. While there have been some shifts in policy, reauthorization of NCLB will need to respond to some of the larger calls for changes to the law. The author discusses some key issues related to assessment and accountability that are central to how the reauthorization of NCLB affects the education of deaf and hard of hearing students.

Shi‘ism and the Early Dinars of the Fāṭimid Imam-caliph al-Mu‘izz li-dīn Allāh (341–365/952–975): An Analytic Overview

The Imam-caliph al-Mu‘izz al-Dīn Allāh undertook a series of monetary changes which were to have a monumental impact on all future Fāṭimid coinage, would lead to many imitations even after the dynasty had fallen, and create an easily identifiable pattern that attracted medieval merchants and modern collectors. The fact that al-Mu‘izz's coinage went through three stages with slight variations in the wording and layout indicates that he was determined to create a new model for Fāṭimid coinage which would distinguish it from the Aghlabid and ‘Abbāsid coinage that preceded and competed with it. In contrast, Sijilmasa coinage was so conservative in layout due to its role in the African trade.

Standards of Care for Acute and Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: The Bone and Joint Decade (2000–2010)

Walsh NE, Brooks P, Hazes JM, Walsh RM, Dreinhöfer K, Woolf AD, Åkesson K, Lidgren L, for the Bone and Joint Decade Task Force for Standards of Care for Acute and Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain. Standards of care for acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain: the Bone and Joint Decade (2000−2010). Musculoskeletal conditions often manifest with the onset of pain and the resulting physical limitations. Musculoskeletal pain is almost inevitable in an individual's lifetime. It is one of the most common reasons for self-medication and entry into the health care system. Musculoskeletal pain affects 1 in 4 adults and is the most common source of serious long-term pain and physical disability. The monumental impact of musculoskeletal conditions is now recognized by the United Nations, the World Health Organization, World Bank, and numerous governments throughout the world through support of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000 to 2010 initiative. Individuals with musculoskeletal pain concerns are regularly ignored, their complaints often misunderstood by health care providers, and accordingly they do not receive timely or effective treatment. The standards of care in this document are designed to provide generic guidelines for appropriate care of people with acute or chronic musculoskeletal pain. This document was developed over a 4-year period using multiple international meetings and a Task Force of the Bone and Joint Decade for developing international standards for the care of acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain. The final document is a product of the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Evidence-Based Health Care in Musculoskeletal Disorders.

Influence of cathodic protection and transmission-line proximity on oil-flow electrification

Two reduced-scale closed oil cycles are used to investigate the influence of both the cathodic protection of a pipeline and its proximity to AC power transmission lines on the oil-flow electrification (OFE). For the former case, the results reveal that the OFE is highly dependent on the magnitude of the protection current. The higher the protection voltage the higher is the OFE. Also, the results show that the OFE is enhanced by oil velocity and/or temperature. For the latter case, the results indicate that conductor bundling has a monumental impact on all measured quantities: pipe floating potential, and both corona and streaming currents. In addition, oil temperature causes evident quantitative as well as qualitative changes in the measured streaming current, but no effect was found on both pipe floating potential and corona current. The results are interpreted in terms of physico-chemical and electrochemistry point of view together with electric field computation using a program based on charge simulation method.

Radically Redefining Literacy Instruction: An Immense Opportunity

Students in today's English and language arts classes typically are not asked to read, discuss, or write analytically. But by emphasizing such authentic literacy activities, Mr. Schmoker maintains, we could bring about the results that all our reforms seek: higher test scores, intellectual development, and a narrowing of the achievement gap. ********** AUTHENTIC LITERACY--the ability to read, write, and think effectively--belongs at the very top of the reform agenda. There every reason to believe that these capacities, if acquired across the disciplines, will change lives by the millions and will redefine the possibilities of public education. Best of all, the most effective ways to impart these vital skills are disarmingly simple. For Vincent Ferrandino and Gerald Tirozzi (the respective presidents of the national associations for elementary and secondary principals), under-developed literacy skills are the number one reason why students are retained, assigned to special education, given long-term remedial services and why they fail to graduate from high school. (1) They conclude that literacy speaks to the larger societal issues of access and equity. In our society, being literate opens doors--and opens them wide. If literacy so important, how difficult would it be to provide excellent literacy instruction across the disciplines? Mike Rose's classic, Lives on the Boundary, gives us a clue. Rose grew up poor in East L.A., in a tiny house where he shared a bedroom with his parents. For years, school was a place of boredom and frustration. He assumed he would never attend college or escape the conditions that accounted for the ravaged hope felt by the adults he grew up around. (2) Then, in the 10th grade, a maverick teacher came to Rose's rescue. Jack MacFarland taught in a fashion radically different from his colleagues. To the near exclusion of all other activities, he had his students read, discuss, and write about record numbers of books and articles in response to questions he prepared for the reading and writing assignments. And the students did this work in class. As Rose puts it, they merely and wrote and talked their way toward an education that few students receive in the K-12 school system. Simple stuff. Any teacher can begin to do these things. Only later did Rose realize that he and his fellow members of the voc ed crowd had in fact received a prep-school curriculum. Rose's personal success--he now a professor at UCLA--suggests what could happen for students on a grand scale, across the social spectrum. But his success shouldn't surprise us. The literature strewn with evidence that such straightforward literacy instruction would have a monumental impact on students' lives. It all begins with close, careful THE POWER OF DEEP, PURPOSEFUL READING No subject of study, writes Jacques Barzun, is more important than reading ... all other intellectual powers depend on it. (3) Intellectual power and development flow only and directly from what Richard Vacca calls strategic reading, what James Popham calls purposeful reading, and what legendary inner-city principal Deborah Meier calls deep reading. (4) But this not the kind of reading most students now do in English and language arts. There's no mystery here: such reading starts with good questions and prompts. From the earliest grades, students need numerous, daily opportunities to read closely (or reread) an article or a chapter in a textbook for meaning: to weigh or evaluate the logic or evidence in a text--or in two or more related texts--in order to find the answer to an arresting or provocative question. (5) We do such reading to test a proposition, such as Columbus was a great man. We do it to marshal support for an argument or propose a solution to an intriguing social or political problem. From college on, most of us have done such reading with a pen or highlighter in hand so that we can mark key passages or patterns in a text. …

A Tribute to Geoffrey C. Godbey

The Pennsylvania State University's Department of Recreation, Parks and Tourism Management is blessed with an extraordinary faculty. While each member of the department is distinguished by her or his own academic specialty, there has been one individual among who has distinguished himself in a more global way. For more than three decades Geof Godbey's name has been synonymous with Penn State, and the university is bound to be a different place now without him. I say this because Godbey, as much as any other in our field, has had a monumental impact on recreation, park and leisure studies through his teaching, scholarship and service.Godbey once described himself as a pointy-headed professor (Godbey, 199Oa, p. 63). I will not argue that. He loves the thrust and parry of debate, the theatrical pomposity of those who think themselves to have answers (and occasionally who do), the hide and go seek with the truth, the endless knocking on the door of the unknowable, showing off with numbers and startling statistical techniques, the invention of arcane terms to develop taxonomies which knock the common sense out of what we formerly knew in order to 'privatize' the truth, the cocksure pronouncement, which, like intellectual Chinese food, somehow leaves your mind hungry an hour later. can only play in universities, Godbey insists, you feel home in them (p. 63). One of the things I will miss most about Godbey is his at home ness in the university, the joy and exhilaration he feels living in, and contributing to, the unfolding world of ideas.I confess that when I first met Godbey in the 1980s, he intimidated me. He is, after all, a large man. Standing six feet four inches tall, with a shock of white hair, and the look of a scrappy dog that is ready to pounce if you show fear, I feigned courage to get through my first few interactions with him. To this day I don't know how I would have fared had I been one of his graduate students. Insecurity about oneself does not set well with a big dog. Godbey's modus operandi has been to challenge what he perceives to be weakness, to see what holds up under pressure. That style has served him well on campus, on the squash court, and on television. He has a presence about him, a confidence that commands your attention.Godbey's self-assuredness comes not only from his intellect, but also from traveling and reading widely. You can't be worth a damn as a unless you he proclaims (Godbey, 199Oa, pp. 65-66). He doesn't mean reading everything within the field of recreation, parks and leisure studies. He means reading widely, reading the latest of most everything that's been written. Over the years I have received scores of emails from Godbey alerting me to something significant he had just read, and I have many of those same books in my library that were gifts from him as well.It is this gradual spiraling outward from a tighdy focused interest on leisure to wider and wider views of how leisure relates to other dimensions of our lives and how other dimensions of our lives relate to leisure that marks the evolution of Godbey's career. He has been busy placing leisure into larger and larger contexts, thereby giving leisure larger and larger meaning. This has been especially evident in his recent forays to mainland China. He has blazed the trail for several of his colleagues. This is a desirable path for a mature professor, to integrate one's own learning into a more general understanding of, and appreciation for, the overall workings of things. In this regard, Godbey has come a long, long way. In doing so, he has brought our field a long, long way as well.What separates Godbey from the rest of us is his media presence. He has served as the principal spokesman for our field in communicating the significance of what we study to the larger world. He has been interviewed on, and his work has been summarized in, a multitude of mass media outlets including US News and World Report, Newsweek, Time, Reader's Digest, The Economist, The Today Show, Good Morning America, CBS Morning Show, New York Times, Glamour, Psychology Today, Wall Street Journal, USA Today, Washington Post, Modern Maturity, The Chronicle of Higher Education, Cosmopolitan, Redbook, The Utne Reader, NBC Evening News with Tom Brokaw, CNN News, and The ABC Evening News. …

Investment dealers' ways of working: Integrating compensation with relational capital

AbstractFor the past 20 years, practitioner and academic research has highlighted that the performance of companies is linked to staff and management's ways of working, particularly in service‐oriented enterprises (A. P. Kakabadse, Savery, Kakabadse, & Lee‐Davies, 2006). Yet despite the monumental impact that financial institutions have on a nation's economy, few studies have examined the ways of working of investment dealers. In the finance literature, two distinct bodies of thought have endeavored to grasp the enigmatic nature of financial markets, investor behavior, and investment decision making. These are, on the one hand, the more traditional finance theories and, on the other, behavioral theories that examine, respectively, the quantitative and qualitative psychological attributes of individually driven investment decisions. Yet it appears that both areas do not meaningfully consider the impact of contextual dynamics on investment decisions (A. Kakabadse, 2000). In response, this article attempts to redress this imbalance by presenting emerging findings from 41 interviews with corporate finance specialists and managers employed in retail and institutional broker departments. Presented is an array of evidence highlighting that employees' ways of working are influenced by investment‐related demographics—namely, structure of compensation and the disciplined pursuit of relational capital. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Reflections on World Englishes

The journal World Englishes has become one of the most highly regarded publications . . . : the acronym WE itself symbolizes the inclusiveness. The pluralization of the word English by adding the suffix -es symbolizes the model. In my estimation, the impact of WE has created a new field of language research: the linguistic, socio-cultural, and pedagogical dimensions of the worldwide spread of English. The longstanding tradition in English linguistics was to regard only the use and usage of ‘‘native’’ speakers of English as the legitimate subject for description of the language. When studied at all, ‘‘non-native’’ speakers’ divergences from ‘‘native’’ speakers’ norms for usage were universally viewed as deficient approximation of those norms, useful only for analyzing processes of second-language acquisition and for developing teaching strategies to overcome these deficiencies. The WE paradigm has challenged this tradition by defining and establishing a more realistic theoretical perspective in which ‘‘non-native’’ varieties of English are accorded a significance equal to that of the ‘‘native’’ speaker varieties. The concepts of world Englishes and the Three Circles of English have created a new paradigm of the kind that Kuhn (1970) has pointed out in his treatise on the structure of scientific revolutions. World Englishes has had a monumental impact on the study of English and the entire field of applied linguistics. In the application of linguistic theory, WE has provided crucial insights to the fields of language policy and language planning. The primary contribution of WE has been to demonstrate unequivocally that these contexts rather than any panel or authority, appointed or self-proclaimed, define the functional adequacy and necessity of all formal features in a language variety.

Age Limits of Pediatrics, American Academy of Pediatrics, Council on Child Health,Pediatrics,1972;49:463

The purview of pediatrics includes the growth, development, and health of the child and therefore begins in the period before birth when conception is apparent. It continues through childhood and adolescence when the growth and developmental processes are generally completed. The responsibility of pediatrics therefore may begin during pregnancy and usually terminates by 21 years of age.1 Short and concise, yet this Statement developed by the Council on Child Health of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and published in 1972 had a monumental impact on the health of teenagers, as well as on the practice of pediatrics. An earlier position of the AAP (1938) had defined the upper limits of pediatric practice to extend “well into adolescence.”2 Although some pediatricians at the time were seeing early adolescents, many chose to discontinue care for patients who were approximately 12 years of age. The age cutoff for admission to hospital pediatric services was 14 years. It is noteworthy that in 1969, the Council on Child Health had been charged with updating this position. What transpired in the 3 years that intervened reflects perceptions about the respective practice domains of the other specialties, as well as changing views about the health of adolescents. According to those close to the debates that took place, the Statement went …

Morton Amsterdam, DDS, ScD

If one were to examine the rolls of the dental profession during the past 120 years, several individuals who were associated with the University of Pennsylvania would qualify for a seat in the “Dental Medicine Hall of Fame.” Certain individuals have had a monumental impact on the dental profession, including W.D. Miller, Edwin Darby, Robert Ivy, Matthew Cryer, Edward Kirk, Louis Grossman, Lester W. Burket, L.A. Cohn, and Milton Leof. One superstar of the modern era who has distinguished himself as a master clinician, teacher, mentor, and author is Morton Amsterdam, to whom this issue is respectfully dedicated.

Differentiating between current fashions and major innovations

Every professional discipline has current fashions. Certain ideas or topics are promoted by those who are most closely associated with the idea. These people often have a great deal to gain when ideas are accepted. The traditional approach of testing a hypothesis and finding important results before forming a new company seems to be old-fashioned today. Important innovations such as biotechnology and gene therapy have had a monumental impact on the pharmaceutical industry and have created new related industries. Probably the greatest threat to a pharmaceutical company from new fads is the strong encouragement to adopt the latest management fad to redesign, reengineer or simply reorganize the company. One new fad is the creation of gerontology as a new medical specialty. On the other hand, two examples of important innovations are quality of life and pharmacoeconomics. There are clearly both positive and negative reasons for certain ideas to be popularized.

Siberian Colonization and the Future of Asiatic Russia

UNTIL THE LAST CENTURY Siberia was almost a void in terms of population as well as power.' The affairs of this vast expanse inhabited by relatively few people were managed by St. Petersburg or Moscow. The Russian government took account of the claims and strength of Peking and Tokyo, but the regional interests of Siberia itself received scant consideration. To St. Petersburg, northeastern Asia was a land of fur and exile, and the outside world accepted this estimate readily enough. Beginning around the 188o's, the old Siberia was invaded and overwhelmed by a mass incursion of new settlers. In imperial policy as well as in the realities of Siberian society, fur and exile shrank in importance. Unfortunately these facts and their implications did not become well known in the West. The rise of the Russian revolutionary movement occupied the center of foreign attention, and Siberia was known only as the destination of the political offenders whom St. Petersburg caught. Ignorant of Siberian potentialities, Western public opinion was shocked and further misled by such reports as George Kennan's Siberia and the Exile System, published in 1891. Efforts of other journalists like Harry de Windt to restore some perspective about the exile system and attempts of such writers as Jules Legras and Philips Price to tell the story of the great Siberian migration went unheeded,2 and the monumental impact of the new settlers never really penetrated the consciousness of the West. The mass movement to Siberia in the period up to World War I involved some seven million people, almost all of them peasants. They went to Siberia in search of freedom and free land. The most pervasive single factor prompting their departure was their feeling that the amount